IRANIAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECONOMICS
Year:2018 | Volume:8 | Issue:26 |Papers Count:6

Informal jobs are jobs that people who work without formal contract work, with the lowest wages and without social support (such as social insurance), and minimum employment benefits (such as warning before dismissal, annual paid leave or sick etc. ) working. Unofficial employment today has a significant share of the Iranian economy. In the present study, using raw data of household income-expenditure sampling plan in urban areas of Kurdistan province, the informal employment rate and the composition of informal employment by gender for each age, level of education, marital status and type of activity in the years 2001, 2008 and 2014, it has been investigated and compared. Then, the effect of each of the characteristics of the employees on their probability of presence in the informal sector is investigated using logit regression model with qualitative dependent variable. The criterion for calculating informal employment is the index of legal minimum wage and social insurance. The results of calculating unofficial employment show that between 2001 and 2014 the proportion of informal employment in urban areas of Kurdistan province increased from 67. 1 to 73. 8%. The results of Logit model estimation show that variables such as age, marital status, educational level and type of activity have a significant effect on informal employment. Increasing age, increasing education, and marriage reduce the probability of informal employment. In the urban areas of Kurdistan province, the industrial sector, followed by the service sector, has the largest share of informal workers.

In the present study, using monthly data and Eviews 9, OXMETRIC and TCM software during the period of 2008-2013, the uncertainty of the monetary and real sector on the returns of Tehran Stock Exchange were investigated. Accordingly, on behalf of the monetary sector 5 indicators (inflation, money supply, exchange rate, oil revenues and domestic gold prices), and on behalf of the real sector 5 indicators (industrial output, real sector investment in housing, economic growth, government volume to GDP, the growth rate of non-oil exports) entered the PLS model. Based on the results of the estimation in the PLS model, the economic growth variable, on behalf of real sector and the oil revenue variable from the monetary sector, had the highest impact on the stock market. According to the results of the research, it was found that monetary variables were faced with uncertainty. Based on the results of the MSEGARCH model for monetary variables, it was concluded that uncertainty in monetary variables, both in high and low fluctuations, had a significant negative effect on stock returns. In real variables, the MSVAR model was used to achieve the results. The results of this model reflect this fact that, economic growth in both flourishing of stock market and stock market recession regimes have a significant effect on the returns of the stock index.

The main purpose of this research is to investigate the role of the life cycle on the efficiency of the corporation governance mechanisms in firms' financial Bankruptcy probability in Tehran Stock Exchange. For this purpose, we first estimated the firms' financial Bankruptcy during the years of 1388 to 1394, based on the Zmijewski model. Then the impact of corporation governance mechanisms and other descriptive variables were estimated separately for three groups of firms in the stages of development, Decline and maturity using panel data Logit model in random-effects. The obtained results from the estimation on three groups indicate that the coefficients of all variables in the confidence interval; of 95% are statistically significant. In a way that the firm's size, board's independence, substantial ownership and managers' ownership have a negative effect and board size and financial leverage have a positive impact on the probability of putting the firms in a bankruptcy situation. Also, the board's reward has a positive influence on the bankruptcy probability of declining firms and a negative influence on the bankruptcy probability of maturing and developing firms.

The present paper examines the effect of insurance development on economic growth considering the environmental institutions role. This research includes the macroeconomic data of 20 countries with healthy and unhealthy environmental institution role according to Freezer institute reports for the time period 2002 to 2015 for that purpose to review the effect of insurance development on economic growth was evaluated using a dynamic threshold limit econometric method. The results of the study indicate a positive and significant effect of inflation variables and the financial development index on economic growth and negative and meaningful impacts of the coefficient of insurance penetration, environmental institutions role and government expenditures in the first limiting regime. also positive and meaningful impacts of the coefficient of insurance penetration, environmental institutions role and government expenditures and negative and meaningful inflation variables and degree of openness of the economy in second limiting regime on economic growth. Finally, in the amount of transfer limit value was-0/0476, that represents being in the first or second limit regime and the transfer speed was also 5/98, that represents a mutation in the transition from the firs regime to the second regime.

The main objective of this study is to answer the question of whether the low democracy indicators in Islamic countries, has led to an increase in military burden? For this purpose, is used the statistical data of the 45 member countries of the Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC) during the period 2006-2014 and two indicators to measure democracy: Polity and democracy. In this study, design a general model of military expenditure (Including economic, social and strategic variables) for OIC countries with include democracy indicators and in order to estimate it, is used spatial econometric method. The model estimation results show that the decrease (increase) in democracy using both indicators, has been a positive and significant impact (negative) on military spending in studied countries. Also, the results of the estimate, confirming the hypothesis of spatial dependence in models, and also, proximity, had a positive effect on the growth of military spending in OIC countries.

In this research the direct rebound effect of Iran’ s residential gas demand was specified using Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL). For this purpose the seasonal data related to years 2005-2015 was applied. Results of long run and short run ARDL indicated that average temperature, real per capita income and population have strong direct significant effect on Iran’ s residential gas demand. Also, residential gas price has strong indirect significant effect on Iran’ s residential gas demand and long run and short run direct rebound effect due to Iran’ s residential gas efficiency is equal to 34% and 31%, respectively. It is revealing that 100% decrease in residential gas price in long run and short run due to improve its efficiency its consumption will increase 34% and 31%, respectively. Finally, it is suggestible that notice to cultural issues because if society have not enough believe to optimum consumption of energy resources, operating price policies couldn’ t carry out effective outcomes.