GEOGRAPHY AND REGIONAL PLANNING
Year:2010 | Volume:1 | Issue:PRE|Papers Count:12

The rapid process of globalization after the industrial revolution and the advent of the internet as one of the globalization consequences in the second half of the 20th century influenced the main concepts of political geography such as nation, government, boundary, state, etc. It also resulted in the emergence of virtual equivalents like cybernation, multi-identity of individuals and the fading of concepts such as borders and sovereignty. With regard to the influence of these concepts and virtual space on the real space of human life, it becomes necessary to present a new research on adapting to political, economic, social and cultural conditions. The aim of this study is to analyze the concept of nation in the cyberspace, thus we will make an attempt to answer this question: Does the concept of nation have the ability to be reflected in the cyberspace? The main deduction is the fact that the internet, due to its high speed of processing of information, has the transformation of traditional factors and elements of human concepts and it seems that the internet has enabled the cyberspace to being reflected.The Analysis of Necessary Prerequisites for the Development of IT in Rural Areas Nowadays, the attempt to provide public access to information technology.

Access to continuous development in regional space settlement system is one of the necessities that have attracted the attention of planners and policy makers to towns. In fact, supporting towns is one of the approaches to expand regional space. In the Tehran province and during the last two decades, and as a result of implementing the policy of converting rural areas to urban areas, most of the villages have turned into towns. The purpose of this paper is to study the process of conversion of the village to the town and its role in space organization. This research tries to find out if this policy of conversion can be viewed as a step forward for administration of space organization. Bumhen, one of the villages near Tehran, was turned into a town in 1996.This case is evaluated and analyzed, during the two periods before its becoming a town and afterwards with regard to population, occupation, service facilities and its effect on the space organization. This research has used statistical and documentary data. The method used is library, field and scientific work. The data on the effect of turning the village to town were obtained from residents of nearby villages. The data were then processed by using Spearman method in order to find the rate of tendency for staying in that area, creation of occupation and having the facilities. Results show that this town has been successful in retention and stabilization of population, positive space organization and expansion of functions.

The goal of this survey is to investigate the changes of temperature and precipitation and the possible deviance of climate from its normal condition in Tehran synoptic meteorology station.Therefore, at first mean temporal series of minimum and maximum temperature and monthly precipitation during 1951–2005 were collected and adjusted. Statistical defects of some series were resolved by doubled mass method. In order to examine and identify the series temporal changes, the statistical-graphical method of Man-Kendall were used. Then, time and type of data changes were determined. According to the examination of T statistic of Kendal test and KMS and U component of man-kendall graphical diagram, the possibility of the results being due to chance is strongly rejected and increasing trend situation is dominant over data.According to examination of temperature and precipitation graphical diagrams, temperature has changed in past fifty years. Most of these changes are the kind of short term climatic fluctuations and the trend is apparently evident in most of the temporal series, particularly in early 2000s.Trend changes of annual and minimum and maximum temperatures are increasing and positive. But changes of precipitation had consequent fluctuations. Most sudden changes of series temporal have been in early 2000s making them not meaningful.

Tourism is one of the most important economic resources in the world, which is affected by weather and climate. This information is vital for determining the destination and direction of tourists. In this research, we used the Mieczkowski index and climate data of 144 synoptic stations to study the tourist climate condition of Iran. First, the course of wet and dry periods in any station in 1990-2005 and the amount of monthly TCI were determined, then the condition of tourist climate of Iran was interpolated by IDW method and six neighbors.Results show the condition of tourist climate in Southern areas in the cold season and northwestern and northeastern in the warm season is an optimum condition. But in North, West and East of Iran in second half of the year the condition is an optimum. In the autumn, conditions are undesirable in the greatest parts of Iran due to the effect of low precipitation in preceding months, so much so that in the November of dry years the south of Iran has a more undesirable condition in comparison with the wet years. The worst of the tourist climate condition in North and northwest occurs in December of dry years and January and April of mean condition. On the whole, drought can shift the optimum area to next months, so it causes undesirable situations in North and northwest in dry years.The mean condition is closer to the wet condition in most months, so in mid-latitudes of Iran the wet condition prepares the optimum condition only in summer. Generally, the northwest of Iran was in a better condition in dry year than the mean and wet years. North of Iran, in any of the three conditions and throughout the year, has an undesirable condition of tourist climate mainly because of high precipitation and its consequences.

The goal of the present article is to analyze the effects of migration and economic condition of inhabitants on social structure and social ecology of Mashhad and its physical development.This study has been carried out through one of the interpolation techniques of GIS software by applying the population and physical data. Mashhad, which has been developing quickly as the result of the influx of immigrants, has formed a various social structure, so that its effects and influences on body of city can be seen clearly. The economic condition of its inhabitants, as the major factor on ecological movements, has been the essence of differences with other urban areas. The result is a city whose appearance shows its inner structure. The present study examines the effects of social ecology factors such migration, economic condition of families and ecological movements on urban physical growth of Mashhad. In this article, the statistical data of employment and migration indexes related to Mashhad, migration and interior movements of citizens in the ninth zone of municipality, have been examined (the statistical data of the 9th zone in 1378, have been prepared through sampling data collection). The social and physical structure of the 9th zone has been chosen as the case study, because it can demonstrate the more exhaustive image of social ecology if Mashhad. Descriptive study has been used initially in the first step. We deal with describing how indexes differ with each other.Then we examine the existence of a relation between variables and physical development by using correlation coefficient formula and in position correlation. The relations were defined and described in different formats, the results show that migrations have had the major role in spatial distribution of social groups and physical development of Mashhad.

The goal of regression analysis is to predict the dependent variable through independent variables. Thus in regression analysis the researcher tries to make predictions. Therefore, for advanced analysis and to predict the changes in the dependent variable as a result of changes in independent variables, we should use regression analysis methods. When we check the relation between variables we should come to the point that variables have the capacity of regression analysis. In regression analysis it is important to check the assumptions of linearity, normality, equality of variance and observation independence. So regression analysis is used in regional studies to check the relation between variables and their dispersion. Regression analysis stages consist of measurement, analysis and prediction of the data. In the measurement stage, the researcher should evaluate data for regression analysis. Then he should analyze the existing conditions of each station, and ultimately predict relationship, change rate, and dispersion of variables. Through checking variables relations and dispesion, we can realize the condition of one station. For carrying out the regression analysis, we used the temperature of Yazd and Khoramabad stations.

In order to define the short time droughts in Iran, the monthly precipitation of 70 long period stations during 1976-2005 were obtained from the Meteorological Organization of Iran. The three and six monthly Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) of Gamma distribution was applied for the monthly precipitation of the selected stations. Then the results were mapped using the Ordinary Kriging over the country.The results of the study showed that the intensive and most intensive droughts are frequent in the northern half of the country. Their relative frequency decreases from the North to the South.This implies that the climate of the northern parts of the country, despite their relatively wet climate, is becoming seriously unstable and unpredictable. It is more likely that in the future the arid climates and their characteristics may dominate the region. And one more climatic hazard may come into existence in the country. The results of this study can serve as a serious and important alert to the planners and authorities of the country.

Nowadays, the attempt to provide public access to information technology (IT) in rural areas is being paid attention in most countries of the world and they use different strategies for this purpose. But the prevalent form for providing public access to electronic services in rural areas is through telecenters or information and communication technology (IT) centers. Based on the national project called "The Establishment of 10000 rural ICT Centers", it has been anticipated that there should exist ICT centers in 10000 villages of Iran. However, considering the world experience, if these centers are to play a role in the process of rural development, in addition to technical infrastructure, we should also develop the necessary social, economical, physical and political infrastructures in different national, regional and local (i.e. the village itself) levels. From among some of the social and cultural infrastructures that can have suitable effects in the use of information technology, we can mention the need for information technology, awareness of the effects of this technology, tendency to spend budgets in this issue, positive cultural believes and basic, English and computer skills. In this research, these necessary human grounds for suitable use of information technology are studied using the descriptive and analytic methods. Meanwhile, the ideas of 20 experts are utilized to determine the importance of each of the affecting factors and 350 villagers (more than 15 years' old) are studied as a sample in villages of Khorasan Razavi province. The results indicate that there exists a significant difference between the grade granted by the experts to variables of skill and tendency variables on the one hand and the status quo of sample villagers of Khorasan Razavi province on the other hand. It means that there is not a suitable condition in these variables for appropriate use of IT. However, there does not exist a significant difference between variables of feeling for a need, awareness and cultural beliefs of villagers and the grade granted by the experts. This means that villagers of Razavi province feel the need to use IT and there is not much cultural belief that prevent the use of technology. Moreover, villagers have comparative awareness about advantages and disadvantages of IT. Therefor, in our planning we should take into consideration the IT development in rural areas, the present weaknesses in villagers' skill levels and thier tendency for spending and investment in IT.

This article is a criticism on Bobek's Rentcapitalism Theory and on the other hand is presenting a new theory to answer the questions about rapid development of Urbanization in Iran. Bobek believed that urban development in Iran was the result of capital accumulation which comes from commercialization of agricultural products in cities. It seems that he overlooked the dominant role of state in the Iranian urban development. Since Land Reform in 1960' s, the relation of landlords and rural areas was interrupted therefore they could not transfer their shares from land to the cities. In the modern period, which means after the constitutional revolution, the government had access to oil incomes and established a new position. The new government has paid for infrastructure and developing projects and also other payments in the cities. In addition, it tried to commercialize capital in the cities. This theory is going to explain the mechanism of rapid development and urbanization trend in Iran and the role of state in this process.

Flooding in urban Areas has found a new face as a result of the expansion of large cities and under the title Urban Flooding has received a new status in urban studies. Due to particular specifics of urban area, inundation management is based on integrated data structure and it will be done by geographical factors and relational techniques. In this research, northeast of Tehran as Metropolis of Iran was chosen because of basin up's effects which include Darake, Darband and Jajroud basins. Spatial structure data was produced by using techniques of Geography Information System which included basins up and part of 1, 3 and 4 zones of Tehran' s municipality. It was considered as a zone for study and for managing flood and was divided into subzones. Urban physical entities such as settlement area and transport network were inserted in data structure of subzones. Subzones, center lines and drainage points as relational factors have been placed in the geodatabase. The results of research have shown that flooding can be mitigated by controlling it up in the basins. Four control points were extracted from the analysis and their position related to present channels were obtained through field research.Because of spatial irregularities in urban elements, a lack of coincidence exists between drainage lines of basins and present channels with the exception of Darakeh basin. The center lines were compared with high ways and avenues and some deductions were made about their effects on the spread of flooding. As the transport networks of Tehran were built without attention to natural drainage and there is leveling of land and unprofessional buildings, the channels are not able to conduct Tehran's runoff safely. Whereas most urban entities such as high ways and avenues direct the flooding, flooding has inflicted great expenses on Tehran.The best strategy for flood management is integrated data structure in Metropolises such as Tehran.