Library and Information Science Research
Year:2019 | Volume:8 | Issue:2 (16) |Papers Count:20

Introduction: In the current situation of employment in the field of Knowledge and Information science (KIS), it is essential to carry out researches that provide a groundwork for entrepreneurship and employment. The main goal of this study is to conduct a qualitative content analysis of the new syllabus of KIS in order to identify entrepreneurship competencies in the field of Search Engine Optimization (SEO) and the degree of compliance of the syllabus with it. Methodology: The present study is an applied research based on a qualitative content analysis method. The research population included ads for the SEO field and the latest approved syllabuses of the undergraduate and masterdegrees in the KIS. Findings: The main entrepreneurial competencies of SEO in the form of Content Analysis Structures were developed in five general categories and 39 items. The analysis of the syllabuses showed that there was 66% of the SEO competencies in the KIS’ s syllabuses. Conclusion: The results showed that the main drawbacks of the KIS’ s syllabus in web topics are site optimization for search engines (SEO) as well as entrepreneurship, and reviewing and updating the syllabus is essential in this regard.

Introduction: Studying and researching the challenges and research needs of entrepreneurship in knowledge and information science can help us to develop entrepreneurship in this field. In this way, the purpose of this study was to identify and categorize the important entrepreneurship research topics in knowledge and information science and measuring their importance to determine research priorities in the field. Methodology: This study was conducted as a survey, The purpose of the study was application and the nature of the research was descriptive and analytical. The study population consisted of faculty members and doctoral students of knowledge and information science in Tehran University, Kharazmi University, Al-Zahra University, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Shiraz University, University of Esfahan and Shahid Chamran University in the academic year 2016-2017. Data were collected by a questionnaire was made by researchers. To assess the formal validity of the questionnaire, the opinions of experts in the field of knowledge and information science were used and construct validity was applied to assess its validity and Pearson's correlation coefficient Cronbach's alpha was used to measure its reliability. In order to analyze the data, descriptive statistics (mean) and inferential statistics (Friedman test and t test) were used. Findings: After reviewing the literature and experts' views, 58 research topics were identified and classified in 8 main aspects. Among the research topics identified, research priorities from the viewpoint of the studied population were included "entrepreneurship education", "research in entrepreneurship", "information technology", and "the relationship between entrepreneurship and knowledge and information science". Conclusion: Results indicate that new and applied topics and topics related to information technology are more preferred than the traditional subjects and theoretical subjects for future research in this area. Research planning in order to target research topics requires identification of the most important research axes. The results of this study will help to clarify the research needs of the field of entrepreneurship in knowledge and information science.

Introduction: This study aims to design and validate a semantic model of education in the field of Information Sand Knowledge Science (KIS) as a domestic pattern taking from research literature. For achieving the goal, a pattern based on ontologies was followed. In this way, it can introduce an influential solution for current issues dealing with this field and bring a bright area in front of the academic society including policy-makers, educators and learners by representing a comprehensive scene of educational elements and their relations. Methodology: In view of designing, implementing and testing model, the method of design science was used in this research. In view of research approach, it is considered as a qualitative one. Applying the meta-synthesis in the first step, this study used Cohen’ s kappa coefficient for model validation in the second step. All original articles related to different aspects of education semantic model including twenty works from 430 ones were selected and analyzed. Findings: Using the seven steps of Meta-Synthesis, the final model consisting of three layers (category, concept, and index) was attained. Five categories, sixteen concepts and sixtytwo indices were realized. To validate the semantic model, Cohen’ s kappa coefficient was calculated. Conclusion: The obtained model, was approved by high level of expert agreement. It not only can be a suitable solution for the problems dealing with KIS in Iran, but also considered as a pattern for future researches in designation and implementation of semantic model of education in other disciplines. The findings indicate that the semantic model is a complex concept including different aspects and indices which can be noticed by policy-makers, designers and other role-players in designation and assessment of teaching-learning systems.

Introduction: The research was carried out with the aim of designing and constructing a metadata application profile for describing and organizing content objects of the databases of the Computer Research Center of Islamic Sciences (CRCIS) with analyticalsystematic approach. Methodology: The research population included the content objects of four databases including Hawzah Net, Noormags, Noorlib and Andishvaran. In addition to the content objects of these databases, elements, sub-elements and attributes of the most utilized metadata standards including Metadata Objects Description Schema (MODS), Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI), Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard (METS) and MARC Metadata Format have been studied as the another part of the research. The data was gathered by interviews and structured observations made by the means of a questionnaire and a checklist. Findings: To design application profile, native features of the content objects and the goals and desired functions of the four databases of the research population were compared with the features of the studied metadata standards and the best elements, sub-elements and attributes that were able to meet the needs of describing and organizing of the four databases were chosen. In some cases, if a new element, sub-elements or attribute, was needed or it was needed to redefine the existing elements, sub-elements or attributes natively, the new elements, sub-elements or attributes were designed and if existed, a native definition was presented to increase its functionality and usability for the databases. Conclusion: The metadata application profile of the Computer Research Center of Islamic Sciences was designed and constructed based on the native requirements and features of the databases of that center and also identifying structures, elements, functions and semantic features resulted in totally 23 elements-16 elements from Metadata Object Description Schema (MODS), 5 elements from Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI) and 2 native elements-and by providing a description for each element.

Introduction: Due to the importance of reading for individuals and society and the low per capita reading in some countries like Iran, some researchers, thinkers, and authorities on reading, including those of public libraries are attempting to attract people towards reading through providing approaches, programs, and fitting and establishment of infrastructures and suitable advertisement. There is no doubt about reading and its advantages and benefits for individuals and society, but the effects and results of reading in people’ s life is important, eventually. This study aimed at studying the achievements and practical effects of reading among the members of Kermanshah’ s public libraries. Methodology: This research has been done in a qualitative methodological approach named content analysis. Data has been gathered with a deep interview technique. Participants were 31 members of Kermanshah’ s public libraries in autumn 2016. Sampling was done in a purposeful way and continued up to saturation of information. Data analysis was done at the same time with data gathering along with content analysis approach. Finding: Data analysis led to extraction of 14 main subjects, 27 sub-subjects, and 21 subsidiary subjects. 14 main subjects including scientific progress, development of mind, updating, useful recreation, reaching to calm and vitality, self-development and character creation, achieving power and social rehab, earning experience, problem solving, improving the quality of life, earning credibility, creativity and mental participation. Each one of these main subjects has sub-subjects and subsidiary ones. Conclusion: Results showed that people will get achievements through reading that causes them to reach success and positive objective and subjective changes, tangibly or intangibly. Although these changes are individual, but are indirectly effective in progress and improvement of society. So, emphasizing on/and recognition of these achievements could be a way to reaching the reading community.

Introduction: Knowledge management is used in the organization for guidance on the process of creating, disseminating and applying knowledge for organizational purposes. Understanding the weaknesses of/and barriers to the success factors in the flow of knowledge in the organization can affect the knowledge management process. Therefore, the present study deals with the identifying and prioritizing the barriers to knowledge flow in university libraries based on the maturity of knowledge management model taken from the American Productivity and Quality Center. Methodology: The present study is a survey-analytical study. The statistical population included 184 managers of central libraries of some universities, all included as the research census. Data were collected through a researcher-made questionnaire. Findings: The barriers to knowledge flow are ranked in priority order: Management factors with a mean rate of 5. 72 in the first rank, the source of knowledge with a mean rate of 5. 7 in the second rank, organizational factors with a mean rate of 4. 67 in the third rank, time factor with a mean rate of 4. 37 in the fourth rank, communication channel with a mean rate of. 22 in the fifth rank, individual factors with a mean rate of 4. 21 in the sixth rank, technical factors with a mean rate of 3. 92 in the seventh rank, and knowledge characteristics with a mean rate of 3. 72 in the eighth rank. In terms of ranking the barriers of the dimensions of the flow of knowledge with the level of maturity of knowledge management the barriers are the level of innovation, the level of optimization, the level of standardization, the level of development and the level of beginning, respectively. Conclusion: Academic libraries face the barriers and bottlenecks in the main steps of the knowledge management cycle. Although these obstacles exist in the entire dimensions of the flow of knowledge, the barriers are more tangible in the management dimension. Therefore, attention to effective leadership indicators, the right styles of management, organizational support, and attention to knowledge workers are necessary to eliminate these barriers.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the components of meritocracy and creativity among librarians working in the libraries in Isfahan governmental universities in 2015. Methodology: This study was a descriptive– correlational one. The study population included all librarians in the libraries of Isfahan governmental universities in the academic year of 2015-2016. A random sample of 102 persons selected by a stratified random sampling approach have been included. In the present study, collected data from two questionnaires were used; meritocracy based on a questionnaire developed by the researchers and creativity based on the scale developed by Randsepp. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation coefficient, linear regression, t-test, ANOVA, eta coefficient) were used. Findings: Creativity related in significantly positive vein with all components of meritocracy including the components of planning, organizing, leading, controlling and monitoring, communication, informational roles and decision making(p<. 05). Creativity can also predict 30 per cent of meritocracy changes. Conclusion: Given the relationship between meritocracy and creativity, librarians of governmental university libraries of Isfahan are better to try to increase their professional skills. Libraries need to focus on the creativity of librarians and their creative ways to promote and better manage the library.

Introduction: With rapid growth of social networks and due to their facilities including the possibility of publishing/re publishing messages by all users, the accuracy of messages is critical. The accuracy of messages will lead to improve confidence of content in social networks. User’ s ability to recognize and retrieve, evaluate and use of information is considered to be important factor in this matter. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between information literacy of social networks users and messages correctness on this networks. Methodology: Data were collected with an information literacy and information correctness two-part questionnaire. This questionnaire was sent to 300 users of Telegram social network and 165 cases were collected. The Cronbach's Alpha (reliability) for information literacy component was. 875 and that for information correctness was. 894. Questionnaire validity were confirmed based on the views of the experts of these two matters. Findings: This study shows that information literacy of social network users is in the moderate level. Out of information literacy seven indexes, use of information has maximum size (mean of 3. 76) and skill in evaluating information sources and searching databases has minimum size (mean of 3. 47). Between accuracy of message correctness indexes, “ health” is in the maximum level (average 3. 72) and "narrator expertise" in the minimum level (average3. 54). Conclusion: There is a relative relationship between users’ information literacy skills and the accuracy of messages disseminated in the social networks.

Introduction: The per capita reading is seen as one of the key indicators for the evaluation, growth and development of societies. Therefore, it is reasonable to consider how to take advantage of modern technologies to increase per capita book-reading. Given the importance and spread of social networks, this study aims to examine the factors that affect intention to read in social networks. The consumer culture theory was used to assess the adaptation of variables under study. Methodology: This research was undertaken by using a descriptive-survey method. After extracting some of the major determinants of the study in the social media environment based on the exploratory study, the conceptual model of the research was designed. Following the assessment of validity and reliability of the questionnaire, 400 questionnaires were distributed among students of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad using stratified sampling method, out of which 366 questionnaires were used for the data analysis. Structural equation method was used for data analysis. Findings: In this study, all the seven hypotheses tested were approved. The results of path analysis indicated that factors such as the reliability of sources, the argument quality and issues raised, reviewers of cyberspace and Para-social Interaction had the highest to lowest impact on the intention to read, respectively. Also, two factors of source credibility and the number of followers revealed the greatest level of synergy in both groups of non-peers and reviewers. Also, subjects were more reliant on comments made by strangers and reviewers than were on comments made by acquaintances, and these comments were in turn strongly motivated by factors such as the credibility of resources, number of followers, and in particular, the social interactions of reviewers. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that concepts of consumer culture theory were adaptable to the intention to read in social networks. Therefore, promoting a reading culture via cyberspace is underpinned by several factors such as the quality of captions, comments or hashtags, positive or negative comments about a scientific work, number of likes on pages, inclusion of comments by renowned figures as well as the comments made by friends and strangers and the number of likes, comments, or followers, which can in turn influence the positive or negative judgment of people about a post and ultimately the intention to read that post. Accordingly, relevant authorities should pay particular attention to these factors in order to exploit cyberspace capabilities for the introduction of scientific works such as books or other readable and useful resources. In cyberspace, pages that are particularly dedicated to introduction of specialized and scientific books or other works should take into account all of the above points and their upshots. In this case, we can hope that some steps for the development of the culture of reading and its encouragement in society are taken.

Introduction: The business of the book is different from other ones. Books are uncertain products that have a high failure rate in reaching the target audience, with only a small percentage of them entering the customer's shopping list. Hence, such businesses should always seek low-costs and innovative strategies to attract their customers. Content marketing is one of these strategies that despite its important role in reaching the audience, there have only been a few books related to it and its effectiveness. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of content marketing on increasing the rate of online book sales at a certain publishing company. Methodology: This study is a qualitative research; done by using a case study method. Content marketing strategies were performed at a publishing company for six months and its effect on increasing the rate of online sales of books was evaluated. For this purpose, among the active Persian publishing companies in Tehran, the Aban publishing company was purposefully selected as a case study. Data was collected using observation and online sales transactions. Findings: The findings from the use of content marketing showed a 3. 6% increase in book online sales rate compared to the previous state. However, it is also likely that people affected by different factors have decided to increase their offline purchases. This is justified by the consumer's behavior in online environments. Conclusion: If content marketing is considered as a long-term effort, it will provide better results by integrating it with other book-marketing activities.

Introduction: Social networks are being considered and used in all societies. Book-based social networks have also been featured as one of these kinds of networks. Therefore, with the growth and expansion of various technologies in libraries, in addition to traditional services, these innovations should be synchronized and applied. The present study addresses the components of these types of networks in an indigenous level. Methodology: This research is a mixed type and has used quantitative and qualitative methods. First, top-ranked social cataloging sites on Alexa's site were identified, including the Goodreads, Librarything and Anobii, and then, in order to provide a checklist about the components of book-based social cataloging sites, these sites and their constituent elements were studied. Library studies were used to provide an evaluation checklist on the criteria and components of book-based social network sites evaluators. Then, the components presented in various texts and sources were extracted and classified according to the proposed criteria. The data gathering tool was a checklist consisting of 14 criteria and 73 components, finalized by using the Delphi method. Finally, using structural equations, the proposed components were investigated for use in the indigenous pattern. Findings: The results of this study showed that all of the components studied in this research are important and all of the criteria can be used in the proposed model and have the appropriate amount and all of the factors are of an appropriate size and credibility. Also, in the bookbased social sites, the Librarything ranked first and Goodreads ranked second and Anobii ranked third in terms of compliance with the components. Also, the indicators showed that the proposed model has suitable goodness of fit. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that all the identified components of this type of network are necessary for design, and if these networks are designed based on the criteria, they will be effective. It is suggested that a similar research be done for other social cataloging sites and their elements be examined in an indigenous level.

Introduction: Indigenous knowledge is an experiential, verbal and mental knowledge. It is difficult to compile because the implied knowledge is hidden and is neglected and subject to destruction with the advent of modern science and the progress of societies. This study aimed to propose and provide a protocol to document, preserve and promote South Khorasan villagers’ indigenous knowledge in rural libraries. Methodology: Grounded theory method was performed. Data were collected based on a semi-structured interview from 3 different samples, including a sample of 20 rural males and 10 rural females, a sample of 8 rural librarians, and finally a sample of 3 governmental officers informed in indigenous knowledge in South Khorasan province. The study validity was confirmed by peer feedback, detailed and rich explanations, and external reviewers. The study reliability was strengthened by imaging and sound recording and verbatim taking notes along with transliteration. Findings: Based on the results, many organizations are able to work in order to preserve and promote indigenous knowledge. In the meantime, as rural libraries are the nearest centers for preserving knowledge in the country, they can motivate and increase the professional, technical, research and verbal skills of their librarians, and play a coordinating role among other organizations, with documentation of indigenous knowledge in both digital and print formats. The yielded protocol was the most important outcome of this study which was based on four principles of expertise, commitment, interaction and balance, and in which ten stages, including identification, selection, learning, communication, action, implementation, monitoring, recording, organization and access were offered to document, preserve and promote indigenous knowledge of villagers in rural libraries of South Khorasan. Conclusion: Paying attention to the role of the libraries, especially rural libraries, is a new subject in documenting, preserving or disseminating indigenous knowledge and proposing a protocol for this aim can be beneficial and applicable in Iran.

Introduction: There are different tools to formulate strategic plans in each organization. The SWOT matrix is one of these tools that helps managers in managing the programs by analyzing the external and internal factors of each organization. The purpose of this research was to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats in the Libraries, Museums and Documents Center of Astan Qods Razavi based on SWOT matrix and offer executive solutions to improve the programs. Methodology: This research is a descriptive-survey. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by using the expert opinions of the faculty members and its reliability was calculated by using Cronbach's alpha (amounted to %98). The statistical population of this research was all affiliated managers and employees of the library deputy in Libraries, Museums and Documents Center of Astan Qods Razavi. After collecting internal strengths and weaknesses and external opportunities and threats, these factors were placed in a separate table and component weight scores were calculated using a rated weighting method. Finally, after analyzing the factors, based on the importance and weight of each factor, appropriate research strategies were formulated and effective executive strategies were developed to strengthen strengths and opportunities and reduce weaknesses and threats. Findings: The results showed that belonging to the Astan Quds Razavi Libraries, presence of educated and expert personnel and experienced managers were of the greatest strength. Lack of space and standard library buildings in some libraries, proper mechanisms for weeding old resources and general attitude to the necessity of research were important weakness of these libraries. The most opportunities were attention of supreme leader and respected custodian of Astan Quds Razavi to qualitative and quantitative development of these libraries, presence of educated staff and existence of a suitable scientific and research potential in this area and presentation of these libraries to educational and cultural centers, belonging the libraries to Imam Reza and variety of services made in these libraries and the most important threats were academic credentials, lack of interest in studying after graduation, and the environmental and economic problems of society. Conclusion: The results showed that the libraries have many opportunities and strengths for being in an aggressive situation that by relying on them, can be directed toward the way of organizational goals, overcoming existing obstacles and strengthening their c weaknesses.

Introduction: This article was written with the objective of assessing the quality of service delivery and performance evaluation of Yazd University’ s electronic library services and its user’ s perception of these services along with identification of factors affecting the quality of services and these factors’ degree of importance. . Methodology: After reviewing the research literature and interviewing experts in this field, 20 failure factors in the quality of library services have been identified. After designing and distributing questionnaires among 120 users and experts in the form of failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) approach, these failure factors were questioned in a linguistic form and intuitionistic-fuzzy environment. In the next step, these factors were ranked using VIKOR method. Eventually, using interpretation structural model (ISM), reducing barriers’ strategies were ranked. Findings: With using the described method, the factors affecting the quality of service were ranked and found that the user information retention factor with Q = 07 is in the first priority, the processing speed factor with Q = 08 is in the second priority and the factor of updating the information with Q =. 15 is in the third priority. Other factors were ranked similarly. In the next stage, using the method of interpretive structural modeling, the strategies for increasing the level of service quality were ranked. The factors creating wide access to electronic journals and the non-disclosure of user information were placed at level 1. Conclusion: The users of the electronic library have focused their attention on maintaining information, due to which managers of this library should pay more attention to security and use of secure systems. Also, the processing speed that is the next priority of users requires special attention to provide the appropriate bandwidth and platform and the use of up-to-date and new technologies to provide users with the right speed and satisfaction. Also, other influential factors that have been prioritized in this study need some attention and, by doing so, the library can provide an appropriate quality for providing appropriate services and obtaining customers’ satisfaction.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of services and capabilities related to virtual reference components in improving the research performance of students at Shahid Beheshti University. Methodology: The study was an applied study and a survey was carried out. Data collection tool was a questionnaire. The statistical population of the study was all students of Shahid Beheshti University. 377 students were selected by stratified random sampling based on Morgan's sampling table. Findings: The results of the study showed that among the various types of components related to virtual reference capabilities, the response rate with an average score of 4. 29 is desirable and prioritized. Other dimensions, such as being respondent with a mean rate of 94. 3, the comprehensiveness of responses with a mean rate of 3. 86, and credibility of resources with an average rate of 3. 75 were in the next orders, and were relatively favorable. Conclusion: The results of the research indicate that the students' trust in Internet resources for research is high and this means that librarians should pay more attention to the dimensions and frameworks related to this issue. The value of the present study is to demonstrate virtual reference capabilities in libraries. Focusing on the components related to virtual reference, libraries will be able to facilitate the process related to researching their users in the library.

ntroduction: The study of personality disorders in psychology has been done by observing and investigating the behaviors of a person with a disorder, and clinical interviews and variations of personality disorders in the book-text and fictional characters are not considered especially in children’ s literature. In this research, three personality disorders (avoidant, depressive and schizotypal) in three characters (Tuka, Mother of Tuka and Nima) of two teenage novels (THE GIANT FROM THE TIN CAN and THE DARK SISTERS) from children literature, authored by Mehdi Rajabi were studied in a bibliographic approach. Methodology: The components of personality disorders in this research are collected by library method (literature review) and research method was of qualitative and content analysis type. The instrument in this study was a diagnostic criterion in three personality disorders. These criteria in the disorder of the alternate personality included: "mental retardation, physical degradation, self-comparison, isolation, distress, and the lack of risk in life; in depressed personality disorder diagnostic symptoms: " were repetitive lifestyles, obesity and neurology, and symptoms in schizotypal personality disorder were "illusion, magical and magic thinking, unusual and strange behavior, traveling in time and place, paranoid thinking, an egalitarian or limited emotional state, loneliness, and the lack of friend. These criteria were studied in three fictional characters (Tukka, Mother Tuka and Nima) have been investigated. Findings: In the text of the book Dark Sisters, eighty-six samples were observed based on the components of schizotypal personality disorder in Nima's personality. In the book THE GIANT FROM THE TIN CAN, there were twenty-four samples based on the components of depressed personality disorder in the mother of Tuka, and twenty-two samples based on the components of the personality disorder in the Tuka personality. Conclusion: In examining the samples based on personality criteria in the three personality disorders, schizotypal personality disorder, depressive personality disorder, and avoidant personality disorder were observed more, respectively. IIn the characters of these two works, there are significant psychological problem that can help the librarians, teachers and psychologists as therapists in the children's and adolescent’ s bibliographic approach, as the children and teenagers' audience, by replicating themselves with the characters of the story, can come up with practical ways to solve their actual problems.

Introduction: Information behaviors can be divided into two general categories based on the degree of users’ awareness of information need and purposiveness in meeting it: information seeking and information encountering. In a simple definition, information encountering is serendipitous acquisition of information. The aim of this study is to see what information encountering is and to identify psychological and environmental factors affecting the occurrence of this phenomenon. Methodology: This research implemented a library research method. Findings: The conscious or unconscious decision to pursue information is guided by a complex process of cognition, motivation and emotion. Certain personality traits as well as certain motivational and emotional states seem to enhance serendipitous discovery. There are some environmental factors increasing the occurrence possibility of information encountering. Conclusion: Human behavior is the product of three factors: motivation, ability, and extrinsic triggers. Regarding the information behavior, information needs and interests create motivation; ability includes cognitive and psychological abilities; Extrinsic triggers include divergent and convergent structures in informational environment providing possibilities of appearing divergent and convergent information behavior. Although the degree of user’ s awareness of own information need and purposiveness in meeting it and so his/her cognitive and psychological abilities determine the divergence or convergence of information behavior, but this is the structure of informational environment that provides the ways users can interact and make it possible users to be diverged or converged. Individual differences in the degree of information encountering relate profoundly to cognitive abilities such as information processing, attention, and perception. The occurrence of information encountering requires divergence in information behavior. Divergent information behavior signifies divergent thinking. Therefore, it is necessary to recognize factors influencing the divergent thinking.

Introduction: In recent decades, Augmented Reality has attracted more attention and by adding a layer of virtual information, it has provided a new experience for libraries to increase their response to the needs of a large and diverse population of users. The present study seeks to identify the impact of Augmented Reality on library services in order to develop an understanding about what and how actions are currently being taken by technology. Methodology: Due to the inadequate and scattered information on the Augmented Reality flooding into the libraries, this study aimed to investigate the aspects of library services influenced by Augmented Reality. To this end, a qualitative content analysis was used to employ the data gathered from the three scientific databases of Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Scopus. Findings: The findings suggest that Augmented Reality is well capable of supporting librarians in managing library resources. Moreover, it could aid users in (1) searching for library resources, (2) learning about library services and information literacy, (3) receiving location-based services, (4) creating interactive and research networks, and (5) visiting historic and scarce recourses. Conclusion: The results of present study showed that the focus of most researchers and developers of Augmented Reality applications was on facilitation services for library users than librarians. In addition, the empowerment of children and adolescents as independent library users has been special attention. Researchers at the department of information and knowledge science, librarians, child and adolescent librarians, and computer science experts can use the practical suggestions of this research. Therefore, it is imperative that researchers interact with librarians and library users, or even bring librarians as researchers, to inform the issues of these sites and to move towards the realization of fourth-generation libraries through technologies such as Augmented Reality.