Maremat & memari-e Iran
Year:2011 | Volume:1 | Issue:1|Papers Count:7

Gilding ornament on stone is one of the popular Iranian architectural ornaments during Qajar Period. Present research is based on qualitative case studies of two historic monuments in Golestan Palace namely Shams-al-Emare building (Edifice of Sun) and Takht-e-Marmar (Marble Throne). Microscopic observations confirmed the presence of gold metallic leaves in these ornaments. So, SEM-EDS (Scanning electron microscope- Energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis) and FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) techniques were used to recognize applied metallic leaves and binding medium. The findings indicate the use of an oil binding medium, which is more likely to be Kaman-oil. According to present research, during Qajar period, gold was employing in the decorative ornaments and the leaf-gliding technique was oil-gliding.

The knowledge of geometry is essential in all stages of constructing buildings. Nowadays the use of accurate instruments which are structurally based on mathematics and geometry is very common in all construction. Operations one of the hitherto unknown facts about the architects in the past is their method for dividing various measures without having contemporary tools. Traditional architects were using geometry for shaping the form of buildings so as to control theiraesthetical and statistical features. The specific triangles called “Hanjar triangles” were applied for calculating square roots, exponents and various divisions of lines as the basis of ‘practical geometry’. These triangles were founded based on simple geometrical concepts applicable in the construction of all structural and ornamental members of buildings including the implementation of arches, ribs and vaults. Amongst all measurement methods ‘Hanjar triangles’ are the most accurate and simple which will be introduced in detail in this paper for the first time in a written manner. This could also help to reveal a part of forgotten traditional knowledge of construction as an Iranian intangible heritage.

Having a great eultural background and a splendid civilization., Iran has significantwooden objects among its so many valuable conservation objects. Wood is unstable substance, so it must be kept under conservational situations. Acidifying is one of common defects of wooden artifacts. Utilizing the nanoparticles of Calcium Hydroxide and Magnesium Hydroxide in relevance to Conservation basics and ethics, for managing an up to date efficient restoration method is the main goal of this research.Wooden samples taken from a historic piece of wood(dated about 10 A.H. /17A.C.) had a 3/98 pH. These uniform pieces were immersed in separate solutions of Calcium Hydroxide and Magnesium Hydroxide for an exact time under controlled situations. The results showed that nanoparticles of Magnesium Hydroxide are more efficient, because they have better identical penetration and adequate alkaline residue, and the cured wood can be more stable in future.

In this paper an attempt to looking for a safe, effective and enviromental friendly inhibitory compound. The aim of present work is to study a new corrosion inhibitor for treatment of historical copper artifacts with no changes and damages to patina. On this basis, according to studies, a new non-toxic inhibitory solution extracted fromgarden sage (Salvia officinalis) and then its efficiency was investigated in 0.5 M Nacl. Electrochemical measurement, weight loss studies were carried out to evaluate the performances of this compound. Next it was used for treatment of bronze diseases in some copper alloy artifacts with regard to treatment policies.Then the evaluation of patina changes in historical samples was performed. For this purpose optical densitometry on patina, optical microscope(OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) were applied. The results showed good inhibition property of this solution.

Retouching of wall paintings has been the important matter in theory and practice. Some of the real problems are exact knowing of retouching methods and right choosing them in appropriate with each case. By reason of observing confusion infield of theory and need to highlight the connection between theory and practice, aim of this paper is to review these viewpoints and to extract main regulation in choosing good approach; thus it wants to answer these questions: “what issues are bases of retouching work? And, what ranges are domains of these studying?”In response process going through a descriptive approach, are searchedreferences in this field to gain basic terms at the start; then by help from personal experiences, with a qualitative analysis can gain final results that are “knowing principles to face wall paintings and choosing the best method.”

Conservational interventions are considered to be a cornerstone of cultural heritage conservation, and minimum of intervention is known as the basic fundamental principle in this field which establishes a new approach in heritage conservation. However, it involves some shortcomings which would bring about some conservational challenges.Using a rational argumentation, this study sets out to identify, classify, and analyze the limitations and shortcomings of minimum intervention and the prevailing challenges which follows the approach. Having a theoretical basis and an evolutionary background, and by analyzing different aspects of this principle, the article tries to achieve a proper recognition of minimum intervention, its essence and shortcomings, and there will be an attempt to improve and enrich the intervention principles of cultural heritage conservation.

The Ancient and Historic metallic artefacts have deteriorated due to various environmental factors by different mechanisms over time. Factors such as alloy compositions, microstructure and corrosivity of long-term burial environment influence chemical composition as well as structure of natural patina formed on metal artefacts. Corrosion occurs in metals in different forms and cause different types of corrosion morphology. One of the obvious corrosion mechanisms in bronze artefacts is decuprification or selective dissolution of copper which cause the formation of different corrosion morphologies in ancient copper-tin alloys based on corrosivity of burial environment and corrosion rate.In this paper, some aspects of investigations carried out on selective dissolution of copper in ancient bronzes have been studied. Besides, some bronze artefacts belonging to Haft Tappeh historic site, Khuzestan, Iran, have examined to study decuprification (selective dissolution of copper) process by analytical methods such as SEM-EDS and XRD. The results show effect of decuprification on formation of specific corrosion morphology in these samples.