COMMONITY HEALTH
Year:2021 | Volume:8 | Issue:3|Papers Count:11

Background and Objective: One of the significant problems that has a deterrent effect on individuals' efficiency and dynamism and prevents the flourishing of their talents and intellectual and emotional powers is social anxiety and the inability of social communication. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of skills training based on dialectical behavior therapy on the fear of negative evaluation and communication skills among adolescents with social anxiety disorder. Materials and Methods: This study was of quasi-experimental design with pre-test, post-test, and a control group. Statistical population consisted of adolescents aged 12 to 18 years with a social anxiety disorder referred to counseling centers in District 6 of Tehran during 2019 years. Sixty subjects who met the study's criteria were selected by the convenience sampling method and were randomly divided into two groups of 30 experimental and control. The experimental group received dialectical behavior therapy-based skills training in twelve 120-minute sessions. The Fear of Negative Assessment Scale and the Communication Skills Scale were administered for both groups before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 22 through a covariance analysis. Results: The mean (SD) fear of negative evaluation of the experimental group in the pre-test was 19. 8 (5. 2), which decreased to 16. 9 (3. 9) in the post-test (P<0. 001). However, the mean (SD) score of the control group in the pre-test was 20. 7 (4. 9), which reached 20. 1 (4. 7) in the post-test and was not statistically significant. The mean (SD) score of the communication skills of the experimental group in the pre-test was 88. 1 (20. 3), which increased to 115. 1 (20. 3) in the post-test (P<0. 001). However, the mean (SD) score of the control group in the pre-test was 93. 1 (19. 5), which reached 88. 2 (20. 5) in the post-test, but the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion: The study showed that dialectical behavior therapy-based skills training effectively reduced the fear of negative evaluation and increases adolescents' communication skills with a social anxiety disorder.

Background and Objective: Couples' relationships could always face difficulties for various reasons. In various studies, several causes have been listed, the most important of which are the cognitive and emotional functions affecting couples' communication framework. The objective of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of schema therapy and emotion-oriented couple therapy as a group on maladaptive couple schemas in Mashhad. Materials and Methods: The present study was quasi-experimental with pre-test, post-test, follow-up design and a control group. Participants included 24 couples who were referred to counseling centers in Mashhad in 2018 and were selected by purposive sampling method and randomly placed in experimental and control groups, each group of eight couples. The instrument used in this study was the Young Schemas Questionnaire, which was administered in three rounds: pre-test, post-test, and follow-up. Emotion-based couple therapy intervention was performed for one of the two experimental groups, and schema therapy was performed for the other group. The members of the control group did not receive any intervention. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance via SPSS software version 21. Results: In the emotion-based couple therapy group, the mean (SD) of maladaptive schemas increased from 140. 1 (16. 9) in the pre-test to 101. 6 (8. 6) in the post-test and 99. 8 (8. 2) and decreased in the follow-up phase, (P<0. 001). In the schema therapy group, the mean (SD) score of maladaptive schemas increased from 137. 4 (17. 1) in the pre-test to 94. 9 (7. 5) in the post-test and 94. 9 (7. 2) in the follow-up stage, P<0. 001. The effectiveness of schema therapy on reducing maladaptive schemas was higher than emotion-focused couple therapy, P<0. 05. Conclusion: The study showed that both schema therapy and emotion-oriented couple therapy interventions reduced the maladaptive schemas of couples, but the effectiveness of schema-therapy was more than emotion-based couple therapy.

Background and Objective: How parents react to their child's emotions plays an essential role in the child's emotional development and is useful in subsequent emotional interactions with important people in life. This study aimed to determine the intergenerational transmission of emotion socialization in fathers with primary school children and determine the moderating role of attachment to the spouse in the relationship between perception of parents' emotion socialization and child emotion socialization. Materials and Methods: This research is a descriptive correlational study. Its statistical population included all fathers with primary school children living in Tehran in the academic year 2017-2018. The sample included 206 people who were selected by the convenience sampling method based on the cluster sampling method from three regions of Tehran. Data were collected using the coping with children's negative emotions scale, the socialization of emotion scale (revised), and the experiences in close relationship questionnaire and were analyzed by SPSS software version 24 using correlation and hierarchical regression. Results: The mean (SD) age of the participating fathers was 43. 1 (5. 2). With increasing the mean (SD) of the perception of supportive reaction scores of father 4. 3 (1. 2) and mother 4. 5 (1), the mean (SD) of the supportive reaction to the child scores 4. 9 (0. 8) increased (P<0. 01). Also, with increasing the mean (SD) of the perception of unsupportive reaction scores of fathers 3. 4 (0. 8) and mother 3. 5 (0. 8), the mean (SD) of the unsupportive reaction to child scores 3. 1 (0. 7) increased (P<0. 01). Anxious and avoidant attachment to the spouse did not play a moderating role in the relationship between the perception of parents' socializing emotion (first generation) and socialization of child emotion (third generation). Conclusion: The study showed that the perception of parents' supportive reaction in fathers was associated with an increase in supportive reaction to the child's negative emotions. The perception of parents' unsupportive reactions in fathers was associated with an increase in unsupportive reactions to the child. Also, anxious and avoidant attachment to the spouse did not play a moderating role in the relationship between the perception of parents' socializing emotion and socializing the child's emotion in fathers.

Background and Objective: Along with general health indices, policymakers have been increasingly dealing with the Subjective well-being (SWB) of society as a criterion to evaluate their performance. The objective of this study was to investigate urban-outskirts differences in SWB levels of Mashhad dwellers while focusing on different determinants of SWB. Materials and Methods: This descriptive-cross-sectional study was conducted in the city and outskirts of Mashhad metropolis based on the data obtained from structured interviews according to a designed questionnaire with 300 people. Participants were selected using the stratified two-stage cluster sampling method. Data analysis was performed using 14. 2 STATA software using Ordered Probit econometric techniques and presented the results of descriptive data analysis and correlation study between them. Results: The mean (SD) score of SWB of the outskirts dwellers on a seven-point scale was significantly lower than urban dwellers: 2. 9 (0. 9) vs. 3. 3 (1. 0) (P<0. 1). The relative financial satisfaction of individuals is one of the most influential variables on the level of SWB, and a unit decrease of it decreases the probability of dissatisfaction of individuals by 6% in the whole sample (P <0. 01). Besides, a unit increase in the index of religious beliefs has a significant effect of 2% (P<0. 1) on the reduction of the probability of dissatisfaction of city dwellers, while this effect is not significant among the other group. Conclusion: Living on the outskirts reduces the level of SWB. Being more satisfied with the financial status and that of the family, and having more positive emotions, being a woman and having academic education in the whole sample, having a more religious belief in city dwellers moreover being a woman, living with a partner and owning a property in outskirt dwellers are significant determinants.

Background and Objective: Among different types of cancers, breast cancer is the most common cancer in women that causes many physical and psychological problems among patients. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of acceptance and commitment therapy and spiritual therapy on reducing the fear of relapse among women with breast cancer. Materials and Methods: This study was quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test and control group. Participants included 45women with breast cancer who were referred to the cancer treatment clinic in February 2019, who were selected by convenience sampling method and were divided into three groups based on acceptance and commitment, spiritual therapy and control group (15 people each). The first experimental group underwent acceptance and commitment therapy in eight 90-minute sessions per week. The second experimental group, under spiritual therapy. Participated in nine 90-minute sessions per week. The control group did not receive any intervention. The instrument used in this study was a shortened 12-item fear of recurrence questionnaire. Data were analyzed using univariate analysis of covariance via SPSS software version 22. Results: In the acceptance and commitment therapy group, the mean (SD) score of fear of relapse decreased from 40. 2 (9. 2) in the pre-test to 36. 4 (9. 3) in the post-test, P<0. 001. In the spiritual therapy group, the mean (SD) score of fear of relapse decreased from 41. 2 (12. 5) in the pre-test to 39. 1 (12. 6) in the post-test, P<0. 001. However, in the control group, the mean (SD) score of fear of disease recurrence decreased from 37. 7 (9. 8) in the pre-test to 38. 1 (10. 2) in the post-test, but this difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion: The study showed that acceptance and commitment therapy and spirituality therapy both reduced the fear of relapse in women with breast cancer; however, the effect of acceptance and commitment therapy was greater than spiritual therapy.

Background and Objective: Compulsive buying disorder is a growing and dysfunctional consumer behavior with harmful psychological and financial consequences. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on emotional self-control, emotional flexibility, and life value among women with compulsive buying disorder. Materials and Methods: The study was of experimental design with, pre-test, post-test, and a control group. Participants included women aged 20-45 years with compulsive buying disorder in Rasht city, who were selected via purposeful sampling method. Compulsive buying disorder was first measured by the Faber & O'guinn questionnaire. Women with compulsive buying disorder were screened, and 60 people who were eligible to study were randomly assigned to two groups. administered and then the Then the questionnaires of emotional self-control, emotional flexibility, and value of life were protocol of acceptance and commitment treatment based on the treatment package in 8 one-hour sessions dor two months was applied to the experimental group, and the control group did not receive treatment, then the post-test was performed. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance and SPSS software version 22. Results: The mean (SD) age of the participants was 37. 6 (6. 9) in the experimental group, and 38. 9 (7. 5) in the control group. In the experimental group, the mean (SD) valued living score increased from 67. 4 (11. 2) in the pre-test to 75. 2 (13. 5) in the post-test (P<0. 001), but in the control group, the difference was not significant. In the experimental group, the mean (SD) score of the flexibility score increased from 35. 7 (6. 2) in the pre-test to 42. 2 (7. 8) in the post-test (P<0. 001), but in the control group the difference was not significant. In the experimental group, the mean (SD) self-control score increased from 28 (3. 4) in the pretest to 39. 3 (1. 1) in the post-test (P<0. 001), but in the control group, the difference was not significant. Conclusion: The acceptance and commitment-based therapy increased emotional self-control, emotional flexibility, and valued living of women with compulsive buying disorder.

Background and Objective: Adolescence is a critical period for developing neuropsychological processes that underpin excellent cognitive functions and social and emotional behavior. The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of schema therapy and acceptance and commitment-based therapy on the emotional difficulty of gifted adolescents. Materials and Methods: This study was of semi-experimental design, with pre-test, post-test, control group, and follow-up. Participants included 36 gifted students of talented centers in the first and second secondary schools of Kerman in the academic year 2019-2020, selected via stratified random sampling. Participants were purposefully divided into three groups that were matched in terms of age and IQ. One of the two experimental groups received ten sessions of schema therapy training, while the other group received acceptance and commitment therapy. The control group did not receive any training. Both experimental groups were tested before and after the training sessions and in the follow-up period with a questionnaire in regulating emotion by Gratz & Roemer. The repeated measurement method and SPSS software version 22 were used to analyze the data. Results: The mean (SD) age of participants in the acceptance and commitment treatment group was 16. 3 (2. 4), schema therapy group 16. 7 (2. 7), and the control group 16. 2 (2. 8) years. The study showed that in the acceptance and commitment therapy group, the mean (SD) difficulty in regulating emotions ranged from 141. 8 (10. 6) in the pre-test to 96. 5 (7. 7) in the post-test and 94. 3 (8. 1) decreased in the follow-up phase (P<0. 001). In the schema therapy group, the mean (SD) difficulty in emotion regulation decreased from 140. 9 (8. 8) in the pre-test to 80. 2 (6. 8) in the post-test and 78. 6 (7. 5) in the follow-up phase (P<0. 001). The mean (SD) the difference in the control group was not statistically significant. Conclusion: The study showed that schema therapy and acceptance and commitment-based therapy reduced the difficult components of emotion regulation in high-intelligence adolescents. Schema therapy had a more significant effect than acceptance and commitment therapy on non-acceptance of emotional responses, difficulty in performing purposeful behavior, lack of emotional awareness, and lack of emotional clarity.

Background and Objective: The various attractions of Internet content in diverse functional areas have increased users' consumption and, in acute cases, lead to Internet addiction. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of cognitive emotion regulation training on emotional regulation, cognitive flexibility, and mental happiness of students with Internet addiction. Materials and Methods: The present study is a quasi-experimental study with pretest, posttest design with experimental and control groups. The statistical population of the study consisted of all students with Internet addiction at Lahijan University in 2017. The statistical sample of the present study included 30 students addicted to the Internet who were randomly divided into two groups of experimental and control (15 people in each group). The training of cognitive emotion regulation strategies was performed as a group in 8 sessions for the experimental group, but the control group did not receive any intervention. Questionnaires of cognitive flexibility, emotional regulation and mental happiness were administered before, after the treatment period and also three months later. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance and SPSS. 22 software. Results: The mean (SD) age of the experimental group was 25. 26 (1. 3), and the control group was 26. 02 (1. 7) years. In the experimental group, the mean (SD) score of the cognitive reassessment increased from 24. 2 (2. 1) in the pretest to 30. 9 (4. 6) in the posttest, and 30. 1 (4. 4) in the follow-up, P<0. 001. In the experimental group, the mean (SD) score of the emotion suppression score decreased from 21. 8 (2. 8) in the pretest to 16. 4 (3. 7) in the posttest, and 16. 8 (3. 6) in the follow-up, P<0. 001. In the experimental group, the mean (SD) score of controllability perception increased from 26. 1 (5. 3) in the pretest to 36. 1 (5. 9) in the posttest, and 35. 2 (5. 4) in the follow-up, P<0. 001. In the experimental group, the mean (SD) score of the perception of different options increased from 45. 5 (1. 5) in the pretest to 51. 4 (5. 4) in the posttest, and 51. 1 (5. 5) in the follow-up, P<0. 001. In the experimental group, the mean (SD) score of mental happiness increased from 29. 2 (4. 5) in the pretest to 41. 7 (4. 7) in the posttest, and 39. 7 (5. 2) in the follow-up, P<0. 001, but this Changes in the control group were not significant. Conclusion: It can be concluded that cognitive emotion regulation training effectively increased cognitive reassessment, controllability perception, perception of different options, mental happiness, and reducing emotion suppression among students with Internet-addicted.

Background and Objective: Socio-cultural factors, due to their role and impact on leisure functions, can lead to growth and prosperity with proper planning. The aim of this study was to determine the socio-cultural factors affecting leisure functions among adolescents and young people. Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytical study with a structural equation modeling method used fuzzy Delphi method to determine and identify the research variables. Participants included 300 adolescents and young people aged 13 to 21 studying in 2019-2020, who were selected via convenience sampling method. To collect the data, questionnaires of social competence, communication skills, responsibility, physical health, need for recreation, happiness and volunteer work, Internet and media, educational system, and peace were used. Data analysis, equation modeling method and structural analysis conducted via SmartPLS software. Results: The mean (SD) score of socio-cultural factors was 3. 4 (0. 4), which improved leisure functions with mean (SD) 2. 7 (0. 4), P<0. 01. Variables of socio-cultural factors including social competence with mean (SD) 4. 6 (0. 9), communication skills 3. 4 (0. 5), responsibility 2. 8 (0. 4), Internet and media 3. 0 (1. 0) and education system 3. 0 (0. 7) and leisure functions including relaxation with mean (SD) 1. 0 (0. 4), voluntary work 3. 3 (0. 8), health 4. 5 (1. 0), happiness 1. 0 (0. 4) and entertainment 3. 4 (0. 6), with indicators, had a significant relationship in the pattern, P<0. 01. Based on the index GOF = 0. 432, the overall fit level of the model was excellent and acceptable. Conclusion: The study showed that social and cultural factors, including social competence, communication skills, responsibility, the Internet and media, and the educational system improved leisure functions.

Background and Objective: Nursing is one of the most stressful jobs that can cause anxiety for employees in this profession, which affects their health and the quality of healthcare services. The aim of this study was to investigate the structural model of the relationship between psychological capital and perceived social support with anxiety through the mediation of organizational commitment among female nurses. Materials and Methods: This descriptive correlational study was conducted with the participation of 320 female nurses working in public and private hospitals in Rasht in 2019, who were selected via convenience sampling method. Data were collected via Luthans Psychological Capital Questionnaire, the Zimet Multidimensional Perceived Social Support Questionnaire, the Allen & Meyer Organizational Commitment Questionnaire, and the Zung Anxiety Scale. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22 and AMOS version 22 software using Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling. Results: With the increase in psychological capital score with a mean (SD) of 100. 9 (18. 0) and perceived social support score with a mean (SD) of 63. 5 (12. 9), the score of anxiety with a mean (SD) of 37. 3 (8. 9) decreased, P<0. 01. With increasing psychological capital score and social support score, the score of organizational commitment increased with a mean (SD) of 103. 6 (15. 9), P<0. 01. In addition, with increasing organizational commitment score, the score of anxiety decreased, P<0. 01. Psychological capital and social support also indirectly reduced nurses' anxiety by increasing organizational commitment. Conclusion: The study showed that nurses' anxiety decreased with increasing psychological capital, perceived social support, and organizational commitment. The organizational commitment had a mediating role in the relationship between psychological capital and perceived social support with anxiety, which psychological capital and social support increased organizational commitment and thus reduced nurses' anxiety.

Background and Objective: Psychosocial, cognitive, and biological changes during adolescence provide numerous opportunities for adolescents to engage in behaviors that are implicitly important in adopting or endangering a healthy lifestyle. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the educational package based on three methods of treatment focused on compassion, emotion and acceptance, and commitment to distress tolerance in adolescents with aggressive behaviors. Materials and Methods: The present study was quasi-experimental with pre-test-post-test design, quarterly follow-up, and a control group. Participants included 30 female high school students in Ramsar city in 2019-2020, who were selected via purposful sampling method and then randomly divided into experimental and control groups. Data were obtained using Aggression Questionnaire and Distress Tolerance Questionnaire. The experimental group was trained for twelve sessions, but the control group did not receive any training. Data were analyzed using univariate analysis of covariance via SPSS software version 22. Results: In the experimental group, the mean (SD) score of anxiety tolerance increased from 45. 5 (1. 3) in the pre-test to 48. 8 (1. 5) in the post-test (P<0. 001) and 49. 1 (1. 7) in the follow-up, which indicates that the effect of the intervention was stable (P<0. 001). In the control group, the mean (SD) score of anxiety tolerance increased from 44. 2 (1. 7) in the pre-test to 45. 2 (1. 1) in the post-test and 45. 1 (0. 1) in the followup, which was not statistically significant. Conclusion: The training package based on compassion-focused therapy (CFT), emotion-focused therapy (EFT), and acceptance and commitment-based therapy (ACT) was effective in increasing the anxiety tolerance among adolescents with aggressive behaviors.