ARABIC LITERATURE (FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES)
Year:2018 | Volume:10 | Issue:1 |Papers Count:14

In this research, the temporal characteristics of the resistance literature, such as noncompliance, the fight against oppression, the awakening of the dreams of conscience, the characteristics of the literature of resistance, were first briefly presented to the literature of resistance and the call of history and heritage of the past and the life of Shaghavi and his works and introduction of this play. Then, defending the oppressed, jihad and martyrdom, endurance and patience of women, and continuing the path of the martyrs with a focus on the Karbala and the insurrection of Imam Hossein have been considered. Ashura's movement is narrowly related to the resistance literature these days. Accordingly, Ashura and the uprising of Imam Hussein have always been the theme of the fiery, oppressive and frenzied poets and writers. In Arabic literature specially present literature Suuni authors and poets had been promisingly expressed by Karbala incident and Imam Hussein resurrection and have created immortal works. Abdolrahman Sharghavi is one of this Sunni literature that has been familiar with Imam Hussein’s resurrection since childhood. The purpose of Shaghavi from this play is to remember the duty and responsibility of today's human beings in relation to himself and society and to create the motivation of resistance and uprising and social awakening in his community through the purpose of clarifying the ends of Imam Hussein's uprising and highlighting and evoking the characteristics of resistance at the heart of the play demands them to be heroic against oppression and injustice and defend their rights. In the scenario "Al-hussain Saeran SHahidan" he challenges the reality of Greek’s today’s social and political problems society through this historical and worthy religious incident. This research aims at analysis of resistant elements in this scenario which is adopted by descriptive method. Findings demonstrate that SHarghavi by retelling Imam Hussein’s resurrection and Ashoura movement and its message, rise his people against cruelty and invite them to martyrdom, justice, jihad, fighting, and incubus.

An analysis of narrative discourse with a holistic approach is one of the branches of discourse analysis that is used to examine units above the level of a sentence. This article attempts to story content, " Your eyes are my destiny" Ghada al-Samman in the form of a research-oriented structure with an emphasis on the most important issues of narrative discourse of reference "Gerard Genette ' French structuralist theorist studier’s Only to discover the techniques of narrative, The main purpose of this research is to examine the three elements of time, aspect and tone as narrative techniques and their function in depicting the hardships and problems of women in the form of a feminist story the reader writer thinking about women and their position in the familiar limitations of personal and social life. Methods In this study, descriptive analysis and citing the book of genetics and library resources and try to answer this question is to what extent the narrative discourse in conflicts reflection of the author on the problems of women succeed? At first, the woman's storyteller (Talat) has been studied and his role in the story is being studied. Through this, it became clear that the author, by creating this role in the story, sought to highlight the importance of women's identity in women's lives. Secondly, from the point of view of the analysis and critique of discourse and its function in discovering and explaining the duality of identity, which has been the result of denial of femininity, has drawn attention to the character of the story. The narrative discourse analysis is very successful in this regard and reveals the hidden layers of the text through timing, change in the canon and the position of the narrator in the story. Anachronies, In two modes of presentation (passing to the future) and backwardness (passing to the past) and breaking the linear system of events within the discourse, creating gaps and breaks a story, double Kanvnysazy, bold or different positions Kmrngsakhtn role of the narrator in the story, the time to reach some kind of synchronicity between story and narrative and Creating a Time Diversity action of the narrative techniques used in this story. Removing a woman's identity and dare to accept her is the main result of this story.

The authors of the children's literature use this type of literature to teach religious teachings and social norms. The teaching of religious concepts, like any other science, requires the identification and application of correct, effective and effective principles and methods. Therefore, as the recognition of the characteristics and abilities of children in optimizing the teaching of religious concepts is certain. Understanding the principles and methods of teaching children's religious concepts is also necessary. Dialogue is one of the most important elements of fictional literature that works along with the narrative structure of the story. And the characters, the theme, the conflicts, and the overall design of the work is consonant. The writers of the story of the child are particularly interested in their artwork, and their works are closely intertwined with dialogue. This paper tries to examine the element of dialogue with the method of structuralist critique and based on the American School of Comparative Literature, emphasizing religious doctrines in the two stories of Little Blackfish by Samad Behrangi and al-Hadiqa al-Ajmal by Zahir Ibrahim Rasam. The results of the research show that among the various functions of dialogue, the advancement of fiction has the highest frequency in two stories and despite the parallels between the story of the little black fish and religious teachings such as helping others, dying, hatred of pride and lies, sometimes there are heterogeneities with religious teachings like not saluting, mocking others, beating and etc. but Abraham Rhyman brought his religious teachings more than a fairy tale in his story and it can be said that his story does not contradict the teachings of Islam and over the story of the little black fish is consistent with religious doctrines. in the case of a dialogue between animals and humans in two stories, too, in the story of the little black fish, dialogue between animals and birds has only taken place but in the story of al-Hadiqa al-Ajmal, the conversation is not limited to animals.

Tahavvolat Al-Asheq poetry collection, has written by Adonis one of contemporary Arab poet. Adonis is one of the most prominent critics and literates of the world with his innovations and iconoclasm in Arabic poetry and critique. He composed and published the poetry collection Tahavvolat Al-Asheq in 1961-1965. During this time, Adonis was greatly affected by mystical and religious studies, and this period of time can be considered as the stage of poet's maturity and poetic perfection. He was affected by the opinions and thoughts of the nominated mystics, in particular, Abdul Jabar Neffari, Ibn Arabi and Sheykh Mahmoud Shabestari, to a certain extent that he published a magazine entitled "Moaghef". Al-mavaghef va Al-mokhatabat were some literary works of Neffari that were related to the spiritual progress, wayfaring and journeying of mystics and order of conduct. This poem is closely related to mystical and religious insights. In this article, relying on inductive approach based on the description and analysis, we explain the stylistic elements of Tahavvolat Al-Asheq poetry in different layers of literature and language. In this research, with an overview of this components in both literature and language, relying on clear specifications of poet poetic style, we analyzed the intellectual level and intellectual level has not been studied separately because poet’s thinking and mentality, consciously or unconsciously, has direct influence in language formation and literary levels. By examining the literature level we can regard him as most familiar remover among Arab poets and based on the obtained results with examining the language level (lexical frequency and repeating elements), since governing structure and content of the poetry has religious signs, Adonis’s poetic style is abstract, mind-oriented and use of mental and labeled terms as well as the use of mystery and myth, has neared poetry language to sufi language, thus causes its complexity and ambiguity. On the other hand, array replication in this poem, in addition to the rhythmic word is represents poet`s internal feelings.

Intertextuality is a technique which has widely been used in contemporary Arabic poetry. According to the mentioned application and its high importance, critics have developed various definitions about it. Looking at the definitions of this concept by Western critics such as Roland Barth and Julia Kristeva, and Arab critics such as Abd al-Malik Murtaḍ, mohammad azzam, mohammad meftah, Abdollah al- ghathami and khalil mossa. We can say that they considered the concept as a methodological and structural phenomenon. However, this phenomenon has a practical function in the target text in contemporary Arabic poetry, in addition to its structural function. Therefore, the authors of this study, have sought to emphasize the practicality of intertextuality-rather than only seeing its structural role- by studying Qur’anic intertextuality in Mohammad Qaisi’s poems using a descriptive-analytic method. It is concluded from the findings of the research that the poet used the Qur’anic words or verses consciously as a means of referring the reader to the text of the Quran and subsequently confirming his own claims. Thus, by reversing the relationship and using the Qur’anic verses in a contradictory sense, such as the use of images showing hope within an atmosphere of frustration and despair, he illustrates the depth of the disaster. On the other hand, using the verses which represent the awakening, the warning and the condemnation of the oppressors and the unbelievers, he tries to wake up the Palestinians and other Arab nations, describing their enemies and condemning them. So it can be said that the poet has used the intertextuality technique in four main directions: creating a revers relationship and using Qur’anic images in a contradictory sense, using Qur’anic images expressing dead incitation, using Qur’anic images to describe the oppressors and unbelievers, and using Quarn’aic images which reflect awakening and preaching to arouse the Palestinian nation and other Arab nations.

Revived the ancient literature and referring to the culture and history in contemporary poetry and its modern employing is one of the techniques of contemporary Arab poets that has a special occasion with the literary theory “intertextual”. Wahab al-Bayati is one of the poets of the culture and literature of the Arabs ignorant who has used his poetry. This analytic approach to literary expression Bayati's poetry has generally ignorant of the meaning of culture and literature, poetry, myths, ideas, customs, proverbs and declared places that are depicted in the poem. The findings of the present study is that some of the Sakha and forgive the ignorant Arab customs, some of their ideas as "arrogant Albian" in some ways a poem like "The Atlal conscious" and places mentioned in the announcement, some multiplication Bayati's poetry has found expression in poetry and the ignorant proverb and in most cases, the experience of the poem, and poet associated with the deployment has been successful ignorant and rude. The most striking aspect of this link, wandering in deserts and separation from the beloved poet is ignorant Bayati life experiences as a poet wandering away from her lover (native) has to interact. Among the poets ignorant, Bayati most attention Tarafeh Ben Alabd has left behind is like wandering life. In fact, Bayati has been able to reveal the culture of Jaheli as an Arab heritage in contemporary poetry, and revive some of Jaheli’s culture and customs in his poetry. Referring to the ignorance and prejudice of Arabs in Jaheli era, he uses the Jaheli's wars to eliminate contemporary prejudices from the thoughts of the readers, thus pointing to the crushing (grinding) of the people in under the rubble of these wars. The poet also intends to keep alive some ethical issues such as loyalty, forgiveness so that modernity does not separate the Arab from its past, which in its belief has been brilliant in the past.

The last years of the twentieth century were the end of a period in Arabic poetry where poets were using clear or mysterious symbols to express their views. Yet the new period in Arabic poetry, made it possible for a mainstream in Arabic poetry, and poets tends to resort to simplicity and avoiding symbolic language as they offer noticeable vision relevant to facts of life with reservation of humane poem. However, the current era paved the way an Arab poetry, namely simplicity and avoidance of the symbolic language of ambiguity, as poets provide a vision associated with life realities while preserving the humane message of poetry. On the other hand, the evolution of relationship between human consciousness on the one hand and between art and literature on the other has deepened the meanings inherent in literary works, where we feel an attempt to present meanings more simply than before. This relationship helps facilitate the introduction of this human consciousness first, while influencing the expansion of vision in the field of poetry at the same time; and also contributes to the development of literature and poetry. One example of this claim is contemporary Syrian poet Maram al-Masri’s poetry. Masri has a new and varied face in the meaning. Maram Al-Masri, a Syrian poet, is considered a poet who tries to enrich readers with life experience as a woman in her poems specifically in "Looking at You." So we can analyze these series as a feminist poetry also, we are going to analyze it in accordance with the views of the existentialist feminism for "Simone de Beauvoir”. The results show that the poet was able to express her Eastern and Western experiences utilizing easy language while maintaining the technical framework in a different space. Also poet tries to visualize these experiences in her poems. Expression of despair of active presence of women in society and life, the identity crisis, social concerns and search for the establishment of unity between itself and other is one of the main axes in the reflection of experience of the poet.

Modernity is an intellectual and behavioral tendency to new cultural phenomena, and the abandonment of some of the old traditions that were very valuable to the people of that society. The arrival of modernity and its manifestations in developing countries, and among them, Iranian and Arab societies, led to different reactions in different fields. When modernity enters less developed societies, its clearly confronted with its earlier traditions and from this leader, the sociological analysis of literary that takes note of the literary work as a document of the evolution of societiest, It attempts to explain the two-way relationship and the various dimensions of confrontation between tradition and modernity in literary works. This research analyzes two novels "The Island of Confusion" of Simin Daneshvar & "The Memory of Body" from Ahlam Mostaghanemi in critical sociology within Eastern Europe doctrine to show the dialectic between tradition & Modernity in Iranian & Arabian societies. At the end it becomes clear that the arrival of modernity has coincided with both societies, but in "The Island of Confusion " we will see more contrast between traditional and Modernity values while in "The Memory of Body" This confrontation is not so obvious, and in spite of all Violations of traditions that we see, traditions continue to determine the path of the novel's characters. Traditions that the author does not approve it of, but the characters of the story easily cope with it, and these traditions are so natural in the story as far nobody can criticize them, so the story ends with the desired result of the traditional society.

This paper is based on the descriptive analytical method and using the critique of dramatic sociology, we examine short stories: " Men Vara Al Hejab, Al Saghat by Zenon Ayub, (from innovative people of contemporary Iraqi literature) based on Erving Goffman ideas (1922-1982), a Canadian researcher in the field of Sociology and Anthropology Studies, who examines how the social identity of scarlet letter characters can be patched in their interaction with healthy individuals and their executive capability. The findings of the research show that the disclosure of abnormalities in the story of Al Saghat makes it possible to marginalize, disagree, and widen the gap between him and society, which leads to a person in the critical situations. But the scarlet letter person in Men Vara Al Hejab can conceal its secrets from others by controlling the behind-the-scenes and adhering to their social role, and not allowing their social identity to be discouraged.In addition, the other findings of this study indicate that the scarlet letter for both stories is to be attracted to forbid love; the relationship of Sohan with Ehsan without respecting the customary and social criteria in Men Vara Al Hejab as well as the illegitimate relationship of the prostitute woman with The refferrals in Al-Saghat. Therefore, it is necessary to explain these two approaches, the way in which the main characters of the two stories, the actions, the rules and how to get the scarlet letter and the ability in dealing with the people who are accepted by the community, and the reaction of their circle of people regarding disgrace, according to Gaffman's theory, it has been studied and analyzed.

In cultural discourse, a caricature has a special role in contemporary world and specially in political and social issues it is preferable to written cultural. There is no doubt that the influence of visual displays and the inspiritual meanings of caricatures, is higher than the written and audience mysteries and concepts. The Palestinian case and the artists who have used their art and his moral obligation to show the pain of this nation, are manifest in caricatures of Naji Al- Ali, the Plestinian caricaturist. Naji Salim Hussain al-Ali was a Palestinian cartoonist, noted for the political criticism of "Israel" in his works. He born on 29 August 1987 in the Palestinian village of Ash Shajara and On 22 July 1987, al-Ali was shot in the neck and mortally wounded. Naji al-Ali died five weeks later in Charing Cross Hospital. Many people belive that the intelligence agency of Israel "moosad" killed Al Ali. Al Ali's cartoons were drawn from his experience as a Palestinian refugee since childhood and clearly reflected his political stance, which was often critical of the Arab regimes. He has been described as the greatest Palestinian cartoonist and probably the best-known cartoonist in the Arab world. He is perhaps best known as creator of the character Handala, pictured in his cartoons as a young witness of the satirized policy or event depicted, and who has since become an icon of Palestinian defiance. Handala has also been remarked that "He was the arrow of the compass, pointing steadily towards Palestine. Naji Al-Ali used only simple lines and traces to depict his ideas and thoughts onto paper. His works and thoughts were impressive and unusual. The intertexuallity is used in Ali’s cartoons structurally, in plan of cartoon or in one or a few words. He used another kind of technique by combining the plan and text. Al-Ali tried to use the nation’s acceptable themes that lead the viewers and readers to understand Palestinian pain and suffering. Naji Al- Ali used the historian, religious and folkoloric intertextuality and world calture and applied the contrast, surprise, question, satire and other techniques.

As a branch of committed literature, literature of religious resistance has chosen poetry in order to convey its concepts and ideas rather than prose. The contemporary prominent religious figures and even warriors are often introduced in the form of poetry rather than narration and story. Al-Wusul, by a Lebanese contemporary writer Abdul-Qodos Amin is considered one of the most remarkable works in the field of resistance literature portraying the life of Om-Yaser, the wife of the former secretary-general of Hezbollah, Abbas al Moussawi. She was one of the effective figures of the resistance front who finally after many endeavors for the elevation of her personality and also for the progress of the scientific and cultural level of Lebanese women’s community, martyred alongside her husband. This narrative literary piece uses the realistic approach to present the true image of a Muslim woman in the Islamic society. Through a descriptive-analytical approach, the present paper, in introduces this work of literature and attempts to analyze the presented personality of the protagonist. A multi-dimensional personality who is a success as an individual, in society, politics and even in military life. Th writer portrays the development and progress of her personality through the arrangement of events. Studying the novel shows that the writer focuses on the meaning and does not limit himself to the structure of the narration. The style of his writing fluctuates from story to a memoir. In portraying the personality of the protagonist, Amin focuses on the resistance front and explains this aspect in Om-Yaser’s personality and does not neglect the individual and spiritual factors of her personality by speaking about her intellectual and cultural backgrounds.

The application of symbol in modern Arabic poetry is far-ranging since Arabic poetry is deplete with symbolic expressions and modern contemporary Arab poets employs these indirect expressions to state their own thoughts. Making use of such symbols, Arab poets present a vivid image of contemporary human concerns. Palestine and its problems are central subjects symbolically reflected in contemporary Arab poets. Implicitly and symbolically, the poems of such poets refer to the past and present problems of Palestine. However, it is not an easy job to investigate the symbols employed in poems concerning Palestine. It is because the application of such symbols is so cleverly done that there is no clear reference to Palestine and the involved parties. The prevailing conditions in Palestine has caused Motavakel Taha, contemporary Palestinian poet, to inform his nation through his anti-cruelty poems. He has tried to make the problems of his nation and his bitter personal experiences more tangible to his readers. This famous and contemporary Palestinian poet through traditional symbols in his poetry cryptically and indirectly refers to the present-day problems of Palestine, originated from the past imprudence of Arabs. The present research attempts, based on an analytical-descriptive method, to study the collection of Motavakel Taha’s poetry through focusing on symbolic themes and to show the degree to which traditional symbols have influenced the structure of his odes. This study also exposes the link between such symbols and his personal subjective experiences and it is discussed how much they are conformed to the poets intended objectives. It is argued that poetic symbols have been managed not only to promote the aesthetic aspect of his poems but also they have been successful in bringing about human and social actions for Palestine.

Islamic unity is the issues that from the very beginning of Islam were based on God’s exhilarant teachings which were of interest to Mohammad Prophet and the Infallible Imams, respectively. They always tried to keep Muslims from division through Islamic principles and to realize the union that was mentioned in Quran as much as possible. Most of the Arab poets also by paying attention to the political and military events that happened in Arabic countries, tried to invite Muslims to Islamic unity. Ahmed Moharram is among poets who call for Islamic unity everywhere in his Divan. Muharram poetry reflects all events of his era and Arab society. Investigating the results of the research shows that important issues in the field of unity in Muslim societies have involved Ahmad Muharram's mind. Among these issues are the following: the plight of the political and social conditions governing the Arab state and the obedience of the rulers; the lack of a nationalist approach to the issue of unity, and the presentation of a macro pattern beyond the geographical boundaries in this case, in the sense that he views the issue of unity as a sub-ethnic and Islamic theme, and sees it as an Islamic unity, not Arab unity. Emphasizing the epic and passionate Arabic effects as a motivating factor for consolidating the unity among peoples; referring to the Holy Qur'an and its practical applications as reliable support for the design and unification of the themes of unity, as well as the thematic use of the verses the holy Quran gave him special depth and content, and helped him to establish a loop of connection between himself and his audience. In this study, the authors based on analytic-descriptive approach, explain and analyze Islamic unity in his poems.