NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS OF IRAN
Year:2012 | Volume:2 | Issue:4|Papers Count:9

Iron wood (Parrotia persica) is one of the four endemic species of the Hyrcanian forest. This species was considered as a living fossil. The main habitats of the valuable species are destructing. For the survey of the genetic diversity of the natural populations, stomata variability of the six forest parks in the three northern provinces of the Iran were studied. The results showed that Kashpel site where located in highest altitude from sea level have more stomata density than other sites. The largest stomata dimensions were recorded in the Noor and Sisangan sites where temperature and rainfall condition is adequate in contrast to other species. As correlate result indicate inverse relation between temperature and stomata density and altitude and stomata dimension. According to Descriptive analysis, the width and length of stomata have considerable role for separation of the sites. Stomata type is Paracytic but Laterocytic type was observed seldom. Ghorogh site showed the Laterocytic type. The findings clearly show that stomata parameters are valuable parameters for intraspecific diversity of the species in the different ecological conditions.

The covering of seed have great importance as one of the technology of seed enhancement. In order to consider seed covering seed factoril expriement has executed in the mould of complete accidental scheme in four repeatation and three kinds treatment. persent treatment of soil wetness (dryness tension) used in three levels 9, 14 and 21 percent dry soil weight, planting depth treatment in 2 levels of third identical seed diameter and sowing in level and covering treatment in four levels of witness without covering (Nc), material with organic base (Oc) material with Hedrogen base (Hc) and material with mineral base (Cc). This has done in order to consider of effect on seed coating in species stamina index of secale montanum in different condition of wetness tension and planting depth. The stamina index have been considered in this during of time. fact didnot impact statistically. Variance analysis having meaning full effects among main impressive of treatments, wet percentage and planting depth in less than hundredth level of error according to results. But covering kind of seed has not influenced on stamina index. Three mutual effectiveness on soil wet percent, planting depth, and kind of covering material show that the most stamina index are in wet level of 21% and planting depth three times as much of seed diameter in witness treatment (NC) and treatment with mineral base. The least stamina index is in 9 and 14% of masture levels. The results showed that seed coating hasnot effect on stamina index of secale montanum species statistically.

Nowadays different variables affect increase of the quantity and quality of production in plants that consider as tools of scientific management. In natural habitats, because of the expansion and diversity, to answer questions in these areas is not possible for researchers. Therefore, in the current study the effect of liquid compost was considered by five levels of control, 10000, 20000, 30000 and 40000 litres/ha on the amount of essential oils and chemical compounds of Artemisiaaucheri, which this plant is a medicinal and industrial herb and is used as a raw material in pharmaceutical and food industries. For this purpose extraction of samples was used by hydro distillation method. Then chemical compounds were analyzed by GC and GC/Mass. Results showed that amount of the essential oil was 0.5% of dry weight in the control. 31 chemical compounds were identified in the control which it was 95.77% of total compounds. Also the amounts of essential oils were 0.3, 0.28, 0.23. and 0.21% in level of 10000, 20000, 30000 and 40000 litre/ha, respectively. The following chemical compounds were absent with applying liquid compost: b-pinene, psi-cumene, p-cymene, furan <2-acetyl-5-methyl->, y-terpinene, a-thujone, terpineol-cis- b, piperitolcis, mentha-1 (7), 8-dien-2-ol <cis-para>, 5-bromo-1-hexene, pivanolate, Isoborneol propionate, davanabis-ether.

Landslide is one of the most prejudicial mass movements. Landslides occourrence process are very complicated and various factors plays important roles in their occourring. Therefore, it is difficult to precaution the landslides occourrence. Landslide occourrence can be prevention with recognize and classification areas those are susceptible to landslide. To help planners for planning and measures and specify susceptible and hazardous areas, recognize landslide effective factors is needing to reach this goal to landslide hazard zonation in North of Tehran Watershed using AHP method. Toward survey the landslides that occur in North of Tehran Watershed and landslide hazard zonation use Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method, that survey nine factors, slope, aspect, height, distance from fault, lithology, distance from stream, distance from road, raning and land use, to provide the map of landslide hazard zonation. In AHP method the lithology factor R2 measure is 0.366 and after that distance from road. slope, and distance from stream have maximum R2 measures those sequence 0.167, 0.154, 0.112.

Drought is considered broad rang of deleterious meteorological phenomena which have a significant role in reducing plant production. Temporal analyzing phenomenon is from several days to years changing. Its normally starts with the fall of precipitation below the long-term average which itself is recognized as a meteorological drought. Intensity, duration and geographical broad of this phenomenon is indicative of the extent of this phenomenon. Understanding this relationship can be an effective step in prediction and forecast for the efficient use of water for cultivators. In this study, temperature, geopotential height, relative humidity and pressure for Rasht station for a thirty year time span starting at 1974 and ending at 2004, the website of NOAA, has been collected. The use of soft ware DIP «Effective Drought Index» (EDI) and the mean time periods of drought indices were calculated. The relationship between drought index and synoptic phenomena of shows with The SAS software. There were high correlation between the estimated data and real ones, and were meaningless. That’s it; this showman is high accuracy in daily drought estimating. Therefore, with this multilateral regression model, it can estimate the site drought position carefully.

Mangrove is a plant that grows in coastal areas of tropical and semi-tropical regions of the world. This is a single ecological environment that includes variety diverse communities. This study conducted on a species named “Rizophoramucronata” from Rhizophoracea genera in “Sorgolem” estuary of Jask. Two areas were selected, the first in existing Rizophora association and the second in surround plains of forests. Seed direct planting was conducted only 24 hours after preparing. Seeds and seedlings were planted in 1.5*1.5 and 2*2 meters, respectively. In this research, three trials include seed plantation in early august, seedlings plantation in early November and 6 months – aged seedlings in early February were compared. Then, staying percentage of them was examined in two time term include 6 months and a year. Every method cost & finally the most economical method with the most success one was proposed. The results have shown that mangrove development due to 6 months –aged seedlings plantation had the least success with 66.64 and 66.29 staying percent in forests and plain, respectively. Also seed direct plantation have a simple execution and 33.84 staying percent in present forests and 33.71 percent in surround of forests after a year. Seed direct planting with 15380 Rials had the least cost for 300 seedlings. The cost for planting 6 months – aged seedlings was 501177 Rials for 300 ones.

Zagros forests are the second natural forested ecosystem that their areas have been reduced because of impolitic Over-exploitations. In order to investigate the process of demolition along with distance from village, this research was accomplished in four villages of West Azarbijan province in two cities of Sardasht and Piranshahr. The inventory operations were fulfilled in 4 directions Out of which two directions were parallel to measure lines and two other directions were perpendicular to measure lines. For inventory in 100 m interval, 121 square sample plots with the area of 400m2 and dimensions of 20×20m were selected. Species, breast diameter and the number of stumps were considered. For statistical analysis, SPSS software and Kruskal Wallis test were used. The results of the study illustrated that demolition has a negative relation with distance from village. It means that increasing distance from village would result in decreasing the number of measured stumps in sample plots.

Factors affecting landslide hazard zonation in the same area and it is one of the main tools would be beneficial for achieving this problem and choose the appropriate control strategies and most practical option. Therefore, this study has been done aimed to identify factors which cause landslide phenomena and to identify potential areas for landslide zonation in the basin to AHP Shalmanrood. Firstly the most important factors in the occurrence of landslides occurred in the area, according to the results of previous studies were conducted. Characteristics associated with each of the landslide distribution map using satellite imagery and aerial photo interpretation and field operations using GPS were collected and digitized. Then applying AHP factors discussed in the previous stage to form pairs, compare the weight of each factor that is indicative of the effect is calculated. Due to the small amount of weight each factor, and the action plan prepared by weighing each factor weight coefficient of each factor mapping has been. The results of this study show that the AHP is based on pairwise comparison of more convenience and precision of the calculation Presenting the results of a number of factors involved in landslide hazard zonation is compared with other methods. The validity of the zoning map was evaluated with the map of landslide distribution and the results showed that hierarchical analysis model are about 22.29 per cent of landslides in high-risk zones.

Ecotourism is widely accepted as the most effective type of sustainable development. The purpose of this study was to identify criteria and indicators for ecotourism management innorthern forest parks of Iran is under the framework of sustainability. Indicators act as an instrument which can be used for monitoring sustainability. Hence, indicators should be cover all aspects of social, ecological, cultural, economic and legal factors affecting sustainability of ecotourism. This study was conducted on three occasions through the Delphi method. Questionnaires by email distributed among experts and asked them the importance of criteria and indicators, using a Likert scale to assess. At the end of the third round we reached a consensus on 8 criteria and 32 indicators, which include 7 indicators related to ecological aspects, 6 to economic aspects, 11 to social aspects, 4 to cultural aspects and 4 to legal aspects. The selected indicators would be applied by the Iranian Cultural, Heritage, Handicrafts, Tourism Organization, manage natural resources and municipalities for monitoring ecotourism sustainability in the Northern forest parks of Iran.