NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS OF IRAN
Year:2013 | Volume:3 | Issue:3|Papers Count:9

One of the most effective solutions for guaranteeing consistency in the northern Zagros forests with maximum destruction and minimum regeneration is sprout-clumps nurture. Therefor awareness of sprout-clumps quantitate conditions in these forests can help better management of them. Considering aim of this study, the forests of Havarehkhol village, located in Baneh city, were selected. 60 square samples with systematic random sampling method in 200 × 300 m network were selected. To study the effects of distance from village on quantitative characteristics of sprout-clumps, Havarehkhol forest classified into three classes with 500m, 1000m and 1500 m distance to village centrality. In each sample, quantitative characteristics including the number of sprout-clumps, the number of existed sprouts in sprout-clumps, the number of sprout-clumps with less than two meters in height, DBH of the largest diameter sprout, the height of the most height of sprout and two perpendicular diameter in crown of sprout-clumps were recorded. One way ANOVA and Duncan test were used for mean comparison of measured factors. The results showed that mean comparison of quantitative characteristics except DBH had significant difference (95%) among different classes for distance from rural. The results also showed a high degradation in near of village.

Forest type mapping using satellite data is daily progressing and developing. Using of new techniques can improve the results of such data. For this purpose, Landsat ETM+ digital data on 7 August 2002 from Qalajeh as part of Zagros forests located in Kermanshah province were analyzed using maximum likelihood supervised classification method and neural network method. Classification was done using %80 of the sample plots, for both the maximum likelihood and artificial neural network methods and then results each of maps results were evaluated using %20 of the rest sample plots. Results showed that forest type map obtained from artificial neural network method was better compared with maximum likelihood method, so that the overall accuracy and kappa coefficient were about %14 and 0.05 higher, respectively. However, in despite of this superiority of neural network method, with regarding to obtained results for forest types classification in four classes, these results doesn't satisfied application of this maps for executive managers.

This research was carried out to evaluate quantity and quality of urban parks of Ghaemshahr and determining its green spaces for sustainable development. For this target, the attributive - analyzing and surveying methods were used. At first, the valid sources of Building and Urbanism Organization (BUO) and Municipality of Ghaemshahr were used and the required analysis was conducted on them. Thereafter, in order to determining the proposed urban green space in the city, the field surveying was conducted. Following assessing points and places identified for parks and urban green spaces, regarding to compatibility with adjacent land uses, the matrix for land use consistency was purposed. Accordingly, firstly, the surface area of present park and green space was registered and regarding to urban population the capitation index was calculated. With this work, the capitation index of park and urban green space improved from 0.98 m2 to 4.33 m2. From viewpoint of compatibility with adjacent land uses, the sites proposed for park and green space was relatively proper. Accomplishment this proposal, based on increased urban green space, causes the realization of socio-economic justice, suitable congruence of park with around environment and city confine, and generally sustainable development of city.

Hyrcanian forests have long been exploited by livestock grazing. In this study, forest regeneration and revitalization of the importance of forests in sustainable forest and forest reproductive effects of grazing on the trap is tested. The aim of this study was to evaluate the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the regeneration and also species composition of regeneration in a vegetative stages (Seedling, Sapling, Thicket) considering the driving directions and the distance from the Gavsra every class is different. The study area is located on Sarcheshmeh1 serie of watershed forestry project 39 basin. In this study, navigating from Gavsara site on transects in eight geographic directions using GPS was done and on sampling line at intervals 250 meters of Gavsrara if there were condition and reproductive spots, a random sample of 2*2.5 (m) for seedling and sapling and dimensions of 5*10 (m) was established and inventory including species, high, diameter, cover percent estimates forest of regeneration, seedling health, lopping and canopy was done.

Mountainous rangelands ecosystems provide best natural habitats, biodiversity, soil and water conservation, thus their sustainable management needs information and knowledge about relationship between elements of this ecosystems. The aim of this research was study of the relationships between plant species and environmental factors to determine the most important effective factor in the distribution of the understudy plants. For this purpose 20 land units were selected from overlaying slope, aspect and height maps using geographic information system (GIS). Within each unit was done along three 100 meter transect. 10 plots (1m2) established along each transect in 10 meter distances. Sampling method was randomized-systematic. At the beginning, a profile was dug and soil samples were taken from 0-30 centimeter in starting, mean and ending points of each transect. Soil factors such as N, P, and OM, pH, EC and texture were determined. Phytosociological data was analyzed by AFC and CAH methods using Anaphyto software. In this area 5 ecological groups have been distinguished. In order to investigate the relationships between plant species and environmental factors multivariate analysis was used. The results showed that the most important soil factors in establishment and distribution of species are N, P and texture and topographic factors are slope and elevation.

Salvia verticillata is one of the largest genus of the labiateae family contains nearly 1000 plant species in the world. This plant in the pharmaceutical industry, food and hygiene is a broad application. Factors such as seed germination problem and the importance of medicine was caused the study of reason seed germination reducing, factors effect on stimulating germination and propagation through seed is examined. Therefore, to evaluate the effect of different treatments on seed germination medical Salvia species collected in summer 2010 in Arasbaran region in west Azarbayjan province, completely randomized experimental design was done in 4 repeated. The vegetative treatments include: Gibberlic acid 500 ppm in 24, 48 hours, cold stratification 2, 4 week and hot water 70º, 90º and control. The result showed that gibberlik acid 24 hours and stratification 4 week have the most and the least germination respectively in comparison to control. Since gibberlik acid in breaking dormancy is usually caused by metabolic barriers affect. So it can be said that the salvia verticillata seed dormancy is mainly caused by metabolic barriers.

This research was performed the effect of seed coating methods on Vigor Index of Medicago sativa and help to increasing of initial continuation of its in situation of dryness and different depths of planting. This plan was carried out by using factorial test in the form of completely randomized design with three repetitions. The treatment of percentage of soil moisture (dryness) in three level of 9%, 14%, 21%, dried soil weight, the depth of planting in two levels of three times of seed thickness and planting at surface and the treatment of covering substance in four observes level without covering (NC), substance with organic base (OC), substance with Hydrogel base (HC), and substance with mineral base (CC) has been used. During the test the factor of Vigor Index was tested and measured. The result of analysis of variance showed that, soil moisture percentage in 1% level and sowing depth in 5% level were affected on Vigor Index of Medicago sativa. Covering kind didn’t have any effects on Vigor Index. In generally seed coating didn’t have statistic effect on Vigor Index of Medicago sativa.

Each of the rangeland species has certain production in the months and years in different seasons. The feeder livestock at any stage of the grazing season consumed certain forage in terms of conditions and different races. Without understanding the production characteristics of plants and forage intake during the grazing period rangeland and livestock management is not feasible. To evaluate the vegetative and productive characteristics and forage consumption by livestock at different stages of Dactylis glomerata phenology, this experiment was carried out during four years in Urmia-Garebagh rangelands. Thus starting the grazing season and livestock entering, any remaining amount of forage grazing was harvested until a month intervals, and consumption rate was determined by subtraction between harvested forage and fenced plot forage. Finally, in order to study the effect of harvest months on the production and consumption of species under investigation in the study area, data were analyzed. ANOVA combined data showed that there is no significant difference between different years as production and consumption of this plant, but, there is significant differences statistically between different months (p<0.01) so that the most production and consumption was in the June. Therefore, generally it can be known the rate of production in all months depended on environmental factors and the rate of consumption related to the production rate.

Biotic carbon sequestration including the absorption and store the extra carbon of atmosphere in terrestrial ecosystems is the best method to decline the consequences of climate change. Main carbon pool of natural ecosystems is the soil. Litter is one of organic carbon entrances into the soil, is considered as part of following store of soil carbon too. Thus carbon sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems includes now store of soil and litter's carbon. Type of land use and its management is the most important factor in soil carbon sequestration potential of ecosystem. To compare the total soil carbon sequestration of the three land uses in Maydan watershed, including natural rangeland, annual dryfarm and alfalfa pasture ecosystems, soil and litter organic carbon of each ecosystems were sampled and measured in area unit. Variance analysis of data means of three subject treatments and comparing them based on Duncan test, showed that most of soil carbon sequestration occurred in natural rangeland ecosystem of 44.14 tonha-1. Low-yeild dryfarm conversion to alfalfa pasture caused a significant increase of soil carbon sequestration from 26.47 to 40.95 tonha-1, so that there wasn't any significant difference between alfalfa pasture and natural rangeland soil carbon sequestration.