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Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources
Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources
Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources
Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources
Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources
Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources
Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources
Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources
Author(s): 

RABATEL Alain

Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2019
  • Volume: 

    13
  • Issue: 

    23
  • Pages: 

    165-188
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    176
  • Downloads: 

    45
Abstract: 

French abstract: L’ article fait d’ abord le point sur certaines conceptions externes ou internes de l’ é nonciation. Il distingue le locuteur, source de la voix à l’ origine des é noncé s et l’ é nonciateur, source des points de vue, puis hié rarchise les locuteurs et les é nonciateurs avant d’ é voquer des cas de syncré tisme ou de disjonction entre locuteur et é nonciateur. Il pré sente ensuite une thé orisation é nonciative inté grative de la notion de point de vue, à partir de la construction de la ré fé renciation des objets du discours. Il dé finit la notion de point de vue (PDV), en linguistique, comme tout é noncé qui pré dique des informations sur n’ importe quel objet du discours, en donnant non seulement des renseignements sur l’ objet (relatifs à sa dé notation), mais aussi sur la faç on dont l’ é nonciateur envisage / imagine / se repré sente l’ objet. Enfin, l’ article revient sur les notions de sujet et d’ intentionnalité . L’ intentionnalité se lit à travers les relations (motivé es) entre perceptions, pensé es, paroles, actions. Elle correspond aux intentions des é nonciateurs ou locuteurs seconds, celles des agents des é noncé s, et /ou celles des locuteurs / é nonciateurs premiers, ou encore celles des ré cepteurs / interprè tes des textes, qui cherchent à y reconstruire les deux niveaux d’ intentionnalité s pré cé dents et à les combiner avec leurs propres hypothè ses, en fonction de leur situation. English abstract: tHE paper "First and second enunciators, points of view, modality and intentionality confronted to the principles of interpretation" offers a linguistic approach for the notion of point of view, based on an enunciative and pragmatic theoretical framework, which attempts to justify the locutors’ intersubjective choices and the effects that they intend to produce on their addressees (including the readers of texts or speeches). Firstly, the article reviews several external or internal conceptions of enunciation and of the various enunciative instances at work in any text (written or spoken). It compares Ducrot’ s and Culioli’ s enunciative approaches. It also emphasizes the originality of Ducrot’ s contribution, which consists in highlighting the existence, in the first locutor’ s voice, of other points of view than his own; these points of views of non-speaking second enunciators are expressed in the voice of the first locutor who, empathically, steps into someone else’ s shoes whose point of view he strives to reconstruct without necessarily making him speak (so without using a reported speech or explicit judgments), without necessarily sharing the validity of this point of view. In other words, these speechless points of view emerge in descriptive, narrative, informative, etc. utterances, which describe the real world and give information, in addition to the denotation, on the enunciator’ s point of view – who is not necessarily the locutor behind the utterance (or utterances, or even texts). The paper highlights the distinction between the locutor, whose voice is the source of the utterances, and the enunciator, who is the source of the points of view; it then ranks the locutors and the enunciators, according to whether they are first/primary (i. e. the locutor who is the source of the primary utterances or responsible for the choice of the quoted/reported/represented utterances), or second (i. e. the locutor(s) represented in the first locutor’ s speech, or the non-speaking enunciators). The paper describes several cases of syncretism between the locutor and the enunciator – the locutor takes responsibility for the point of view (he considers it true and shares its values) – , or cases of disjunction – when a locutor reports or reconstructs a point of view that he does not share, (especially when this point of view co-refers to a non-speaking enunciator). Secondly, the paper offers an integrative enunciative theorization of the notion of point of view, based on the construction of the objects of discourse (meaning their referenciation). Beyond the meanings of the complex lexicon point of view, in natural language, it gives the linguistic definition of the notion of point of view (POV), that is any utterance that gives information about any object of discourse, information not only on the object and its denotation, but also on how the enunciator considers/imagines/visualizes the object, expressing by this a POV. The object of discourse expressed through the donation of the reference contains traces from the enunciator’ s the point of view on the object, regardless of the fact that the enunciator expresses an explicit judgment on the object, because of the implicit value judgments underlying the choice of (de)nominations, qualifications, modalizations, connections, aspectual-temporal markings. . . ), as it is impossible to dissociate the object from its comment, as if subjectivity manifested itself only in terms of connotation and not of denotation. This enunciative formal definition is not totally unrelated to the meanings of the natural lexicon: the linguistic definition implies that POVs might include perceptions, opinions, or judgments, but remains much broader than that since any choice of denotation, any choice of words order makes sense. The POV can thus refer to a conception restricted to the study of perceptions or concern any utterance, if the analysis considers the choices of referenciation of the objects of discourse. The point of view is not limited to the propositional content of utterances, but also takes into account the enunciator’ s modal intent on the object as well as the speech acts underlying the predications. Thus, any utterance (or set of utterances) can be read in two ways: objectively, the denotation describes a reality that seems separate from the enunciators; subjectively, the descriptive, informative, argumentative elements, etc. are reinterpreted according to the enunciators’ desires, motivations, determinations. Furthermore, these strategies are made up by the locutor/first enunciator (the narrator in a narrative context, the journalist in a media context, etc. ), who gives his POV on the POV of his character(s) whose acts and speech he reports. Based on a large number of literary examples (fictional texts, third person) or media examples, the paper highlights several important characteristics: A) The fact that the POV is indicated by full or empty words, or by grammatical morphemes. Thus, it draws up a large list of marks of the POV requiring a cross-linguistic analysis, which, while being anchored in the analysis of sentences, opens up to transphrastic issues, of the textual order. B) The fact that the POV can be expressed by a word (micro-POV) or by a predication (meso-POV), or even by several convergent predications (macro-POV) and can include more or less traces of the enunciator’ s subjectivity. The fact that these POV can apprehend, in a global manner, the object of discourse (embryonic POV), then go on to a more analytical stage of the object (represented POV), possibly appear in judgments, explicit comments (asserted POV). C) Nevertheless, the paper stresses that it is arguable to consider that only the marked elements are subjective and only the unmarked elements are objective. They might seem so, but one must always keep in mind the (subjective) strategies can give the utterances an objectifying turn. This remark is decisive for analyzing the phenomena of enunciative deletion, which are legion in the media discourses, where the marks of the first person are almost forbidden, but where the subjectivity is not absent. The same goes for the effects of the implicit or of putting into text. D) The POVs can refer either to the first enunciator – auto-POV – (the narrator in a narrative context, the journalist in a media context, etc. ), or to second enunciators – hetero-POV – individual (characters in narrative context, personalities in media context) or collective. Thirdly, the article examines the notions of subject and of intentionality. It begins by rejecting the linguists’ reluctance towards the notion of subject, justified by an anti-psychologism that would reduce the language to an aware intention to speak of a subject that exists outside the language. It is not because the subjects speak and think based on preconstructions, pre-speech, not because they are strongly constructed and constrained by them, by norms and genres, as well as by their personal history and their time, that we must deny them this responsibility of making certain choices and not others. “ What speaking means” does not correspond to the expression of a completely clear and fully conscious intention to speak, anterior and external to language, which would only have to be encoded then decoded, but plays on the tension between what the utterance/text says and what the addressee knows about the locutor and his intentions. In all cases, the subjects are related to a certain intentionality, essential for the addressees’ interpretative process, but also for the interaction and the action. In reality, the subject is mostly constructed by the text itself, by the choices of referenciation. These choices help explain the abstract notion of enunciator and are crucial for the interpretation of points of view. This intentionality is reflected in the (motivated) relationships between perceptions, thoughts, words, actions, and it may correspond to the intentions of enunciators or second locutors, who are often agents of the utterances, and/or those of the first locutors/enunciators, or those of the addressees who interpret the texts, seeking to reconstruct the two previous levels of intentionality and to combine them with their own assumptions, their own desires, their own history. In conclusion, the paper underlines how the notion of the POV helps the reading of (all) texts by going beyond their pseudo-transparency, by revealing their complexity, by offering tools to describe an intricate web of intentionalities and of POV, not for the sake of complexity in itself, but because things are indeed complex. Such a lesson concerns both the analysis of literary and non-literary texts, of narrative, descriptive, informative/explanatory, argumentative or injunctive/instructional texts. The same applies in the case of reception and of the addressees/allocutors or recipients who are more or less passive or active, and who can benefit from adopting an active posture.

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Author(s): 

ABAI ANDIA

Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2019
  • Volume: 

    13
  • Issue: 

    23
  • Pages: 

    1-18
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    301
  • Downloads: 

    90
Abstract: 

Depuis le XIXe siè cle, plusieurs auteurs ont envisagé une influence iranienne sur les romans de chevalerie de l’ Europe mé dié vale, mais dans des é tudes qui cè dent souvent aux spé culations et aux fantasmes. Le sujet est pourtant prometteur, et cet article se donne pour objectif d’ illustrer par une comparaison pré cise, fondé e sur des textes, entre les destins parallè les du chevalier Perceval, hé ros de plusieurs textes mé dié vaux (le Conte du Graal de Chré tien de Troyes, le Parzival de Wolfram von Eschenbach, la Troisiè me Continuation du Conte du Graal de Manessier, le Haut Livre du Graal), et du roi iranien Key Khosrow, figure majeure de la partie centrale du Livre des rois de Ferdowsi, achevé au dé but du XIe siè cle. Les ressemblances frappantes entre les moments clé s de leur existence raconté e (leur lignage, leur jeunesse orpheline loin du monde, leurs qualité s spirituelles et royales, les é preuves qu’ ils traversent, leur consé cration, leur relation au sacré ) suggè rent, sinon des influences partielles des traditions iraniennes sur la litté rature europé enne mé dié vale, du moins l’ origine commune – indo-europé enne – de la culture sous-jacente à ces ré cits é piques.

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Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2019
  • Volume: 

    13
  • Issue: 

    23
  • Pages: 

    19-35
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    232
  • Downloads: 

    114
Abstract: 

Cette é tude a pour but de relever les carences qui existent dans le domaine de l’ enseignement de la compé tence de compré hension orale chez les enseignants iraniens vu l’ é cart considé rable entre le niveau de compré hension orale et celui d’ expression orale des apprenants iraniens dans les tests à enjeux é levé s. À cette fin, un questionnaire a é té conç u et distribué par les chercheurs. Soixante enseignants de franç ais et d’ anglais ont rempli le questionnaire. Les ré sultats montrent que la plupart des enseignants considè rent la compré hension orale comme la deuxiè me compé tence la plus importante, la premiè re é tant l’ expression orale. En outre, la grande majorité des enseignants consacrent moins de temps à la pratique de la compré hension orale par rapport à l’ expression orale. Nous avons aussi conclu que les enseignants iraniens ne savent pas offrir aux apprenants une gamme de solutions pour ré soudre leurs difficulté s de compré hension et que les activité s de pré-é coute sont le chaî non manquant dans la salle de classe iranienne.

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Author(s): 

BEN AYED GARGOURI Nadia

Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2019
  • Volume: 

    13
  • Issue: 

    23
  • Pages: 

    37-48
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    198
  • Downloads: 

    95
Abstract: 

Dans Sundborn ou Les Jours de Lumiè re, le narrateur essaie de revisiter le temps ré volu afin de vivre le pré sent avec l’ intensité du regard du passé . Mais son objectif ultime est d’ arrê ter le temps, de contourner son é coulement en l’ immobilisant au moyen d’ un ré cit marqué par les distorsions temporelles et axé sur les moments heureux, ou d’ un regard impré gné des techniques picturales et photographiques, afin d’ exaucer le rê ve de Delerm: « enfermer le temps dans une bulle ». L’ é crivain minimaliste ré ussit ainsi à faire surgir la sensualité de moments simples de la vie, grâ ce à une é criture qui rivalise avec l’ art. Cet article vise à montrer comment l’ é thique minimaliste qui s’ avè re une maniè re spé cifique d’ ê tre au monde, consacrant le pré sent comme temps unique et le quotidien comme seul espace d’ accomplissement possible se transforme en une vraie esthé tique.

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Author(s): 

BIENVENU NANKEU Bernard

Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2019
  • Volume: 

    13
  • Issue: 

    23
  • Pages: 

    49-66
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    265
  • Downloads: 

    100
Abstract: 

La question du bonheur est difficilement dissociable de l’ existence humaine. Aujourd’ hui, dans les socié té s de consommation (de l’ Occident), – avec une influence considé rable sur le reste du monde du fait de ce que les sociologues appellent la « macdonalisation » du monde – elle se pose avec un accent d’ intensité suivant l’ ordre du progrè s é conomique qui y pré domine. Le pré sent article est une analyse de deux romans franç ais contemporains, Les Choses de Georges Perec et La Liste de mes envies de Gré goire Delacourt, du point de vue du thè me du bonheur qui structure la narration. Pour se faire, la ré flexion met à contribution le paradigme analytique de l’ hermé neutique. Cela nous conduit aux ré sultats que les romans é tudié s sont une mimé sis des socié té s de l’ objet où le bonheur pour les individus, contrairement à ce que l’ on pourrait croire, est loin d’ ê tre une ré alité absolue. L’ analyse se clore par la mise en é vidence que le bonheur dé pend aussi de bien d’ autres choses.

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Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2019
  • Volume: 

    13
  • Issue: 

    23
  • Pages: 

    67-81
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    479
  • Downloads: 

    196
Abstract: 

On sait que la critique sociologique de la litté rature est une nouvelle science qui cherche à é tudier l’ influence de la socié té sur la litté rature, et vice-versa. Une oeuvre litté raire mê me si elle pré tend ê tre dé nué e des marques sociologiques, elle n’ est jamais sé paré e des ré alité s politiques et sociales de son é poque. La vision du monde de l’ é crivain qui est sous l’ influence des connaissances culturelles et sociales de son milieu, concourt à la formation d’ une partie considé rable de sa cré ation litté raire. De mê me, selon la thé orie de Lucien Goldmann, l’ oeuvre litté raire est l’ expression de la vision du monde d’ un groupe social. Alors, au contraire de ses devanciers, il valorise le texte et essaie ainsi d’ unifier la vie litté raire et la vie sociale. Goldmann considè re l’ oeuvre litté raire comme le produit d’ une logique interne autonome qui pourrait ê tre indé pendante des intentions conscientes de l’ auteur. En ce sens, dans cet article on ne vise pas à prendre en considé ration l’ intention de l’ auteur, mais nous essayons à travers la thé orie du structuralisme gé né tique, de commencer notre é tude par une analyse des structures textuelles et puis de trouver la genè se de ces donné es textuelles dans les structures de la socié té . Pour cette é tude, nous avons choisi un roman fameux d’ Albert Camus, La Peste. Notre objectif sera donc d’ illustrer des analogies entre la structure de l’ oeuvre et celle de la socié té et de savoir en quoi La Peste en est la repré sentation et le reflet.

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Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2019
  • Volume: 

    13
  • Issue: 

    23
  • Pages: 

    83-97
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    227
  • Downloads: 

    87
Abstract: 

Le temps a toujours é té la source d’ angoisse pour l’ homme, car l’ é coulement du temps le rapproche à la mort. Cet article vise à dé couvrir par le truchement de la mé thode imaginaire proposé e par Gilbert Durand et dé veloppé e dans son ouvrage de ré fé rence, Les structures anthropologiques de l’ imaginaire, comment et par le biais de quelles images la hantise du temps est reflé té e dans les oeuvres de Marguerite Duras. Pour ce faire, six romans de la romanciè re publié s principalement dans une duré e assez considé rable de trente ans (de 1954 à 1984) sont choisis et analysé s selon une approche anthropologique sous-tendue par la classification isotopique des images et des structures figuratives de l’ imaginaire. Il ressort que l’ imaginaire durassien, malgré son é criture apparemment non figurative, est hautement teinté e par les figurations né gatives de la temporalité mortelle qui se reflè tent majoritairement à travers les symboles de la bestialité , ceux des té nè bres et ceux de la chute, projetant tous son statut ontologique perturbé et sa vision dé sespé ré e du monde.

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Author(s): 

KEYFAROKHI MEHRNOOSH

Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2019
  • Volume: 

    13
  • Issue: 

    23
  • Pages: 

    99-115
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    166
  • Downloads: 

    83
Abstract: 

La litté rature est la scè ne de la vie des personnages inventé s par l'auteur ou bien celle de la ré apparition des mythes qui inspirent depuis l'è re antique les é crivains. Comme les mythes sont les repré sentants authentiques des caracté ristiques de l'homme, ils sont souvent servis comme un tré sor unique par les litté rateurs. Ainsi, Alexandre Soumet reprend le mythe de Mé dé e dans sa piè ce intitulé e Norma ou l'infanticide. En fait, malgré la ressemblance de Mé dé e et Norma, elles se ré vè lent diffé rentes. Cette diffé rence s'é claire à l'abri d'une é tude dé taillé e de la piè ce du XIXe siè cle; l'attitude repré senté e par les personnages de Soumet envers les situations antiques et l'atmosphè re lourde et terrifiante qui rè gne sur la vie des caractè res. Il est clair que les modifications subies par le mythe sont imposé es par auteur, mais la ré ponse aux comment et pourquoi de ces changements ne sera dé couverte qu'à travers une é tude sociologique mené e sur Norma de Soumet. En effet, en premier lieu, cette piè ce met en scè ne la situation pré caire de la femme et sa liberté é touffé e et ensuite, elle pré sente la majesté royale comme le repré sentant indé niable de Dieu sur la terre. Cette é tude nous conduit à mettre en é vidence la liaison é troite de la politique et de la religion au XIXe siè cle franç ais.

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Author(s): 

MAZHARI MINA

Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2019
  • Volume: 

    13
  • Issue: 

    23
  • Pages: 

    117-130
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    246
  • Downloads: 

    86
Abstract: 

L’ objectif du pré sent article est de comprendre la notion du plurilinguisme litté raire à la lumiè re du roman Soraya dans le coma de l’ auteur iranien Ismail Fassih et de mettre en contexte la place et le rô le du plurilinguisme, sa fonctionnalité et son mode d’ insertion dans ce roman. Nous nous inté resserons tout d’ abord et à travers un bref aperç u thé orique au plurilinguisme et à sa dé finition en litté rature. Nous é tudierons ensuite la nature plurilingue de Soraya dans le coma ainsi que les motivations de ce plurilinguisme et ses effets textuels au sein d’ un texte litté raire vacillant entre d’ un cô té l’ hé té rogé né ité du plurilinguisme et de l’ autre l’ homogé né ité du monolinguisme. Cette é tude nous permettra notamment d’ analyser ce roman iranien comme un cas particulier où la langue du roman dé voile un jeu de force constant entre le plurilinguisme en tant que l’ é lé ment dé clencheur de l’ effet d’ é trangeté et de l’ autre, la traduction comme la volonté d’ un narrateur cherchant à contribuer à la lisibilité du monolinguisme.

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Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2019
  • Volume: 

    13
  • Issue: 

    23
  • Pages: 

    131-141
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    402
  • Downloads: 

    114
Abstract: 

La place et le rô le de la femme dans la socié té iranienne est un sujet qui inté resse beaucoup de gens. Les iraniennes sont pré sentes depuis longtemps dans les arts et la litté rature, mais depuis une quinzaine d’ anné es elles sont devenues les maî tresses incontestables de la scè ne litté raire. Si beaucoup d’ iraniennes prennent aujourd’ hui la plume, c’ est d’ abord parce que leur statut a considé rablement changé depuis quelques dé cennies. Dans le passé par le biais de la traduction, de nombreuses femmes se sont introduites dans le domaine litté raire. Cette é tude en remontant dans le temps, tente de retrouver la trace de ces femmes traductrices, cherche à montrer l’ identité de ces femmes, les couches sociales auxquelles elles appartiennent, les raisons pour lesquelles elles ont opté la voie de la traduction, leurs motivations, leurs domaines favoris et les sujets qu’ elles ont choisis pour traduire. Cette recherche montre qu’ il y a premiè rement un lien incontestable entre le choix des textes à traduire avec les conditions historiques, sociales, le niveau de l’ é ducation des femmes traductrices, deuxiè mement la litté rature pour enfant é tait le domaine de pré dilection des traductrices dans le passé , troisiè mement les traductrices ont contribué à modifier le regard dé formant que les hommes portent sur les capacité s intellectuelles des femmes.

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Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2019
  • Volume: 

    13
  • Issue: 

    23
  • Pages: 

    143-164
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    398
  • Downloads: 

    0
Abstract: 

Le thé â tre d’ Eugè ne Ionesco est connu chez la critique contemporaine pour une dramaturgie de la “ contradiction” au sens gé né ral du terme. Ionesco, en tê te d’ un courant litté raire dit nouveau thé â tre – dont le nom des auteurs comme Beckett, Adamov et Genet-a remis en cause les conventions de la tradition dramatique qui ne traduisait plus la condition humaine. L’ homme, à la suite d’ extrê mes violences des anné es 40, coupé de ses racines socio-humaines, a l’ impression que la vie n’ a plus de sens et que le monde est absurde. Tel est le souci du thé â tre avant-gardiste d’ Ionesco qui s’ efforce de redé finir l’ homme contemporain qui dit “ non ” au non-sens de l’ existence, en renouvelant la conception du genre dramatique. Ce qui est du nouveau chez Ionesco, c’ est que sur le plan philosophique-linguistique la né gativité et l’ esprit du contradictoire lui servent de moyen langagier bien efficace pour s’ opposer à la banalité du quotidien et l’ insignifiance du monde. Nous allons é tudier dans l’ espace de cette recherche la question de la contradiction ionescienne qui engendre au bout de son cheminement, dans La Cantatrice chauve et La Leç on, l’ incohé rence, l’ insolite, la dispute, le vide sé mantique et enfin l’ incommunicabilité entre les ê tres scé niques.

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Author(s): 

رابتل الن

Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    1398
  • Volume: 

    13
  • Issue: 

    23
  • Pages: 

    167-188
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    69
  • Downloads: 

    0
Abstract: 

مقاله ابتدا به برخی مفاهیم بیرونی یا درونی موضوع گزاره­ گذاری می ­ پردازد و گفته ­ پرداز را در حکم منشاء اصلی کلام و خالق گزاره ­ ها، و گزاره ­ پرداز را در حکم مأخذ نقطه ­ نظر از هم تفکیک می­ کند و سپس به گزاره­ و گفته ­ پردازها سلسله مراتب می ­ دهد، پیش از آنکه به بیان همگامی و عدم تفکیک گفته ­ پرداز و گذاره ­ پرداز بپردازد. سپس از طریق ساخت مرجع برای اجزای گفتار، نظریه ­ پردازی گزاره­ ­ ای منسجمی از مفهوم نقطه ­ نظر یا دیدگاه ارائه می ­ دهد. این مقاله مفهوم نقطه ­ نظر را در زبان­ شناسی تعریف کرده، و در حکم هر گزاره­ ای که اطلاعاتی را در مورد هر یک از اجزای گفتمان مسندسازی می­ کند، نه تنها با دادن اطلاعاتی راجع به موضوع (مورد دلالتش)، بلکه همچنین در مورد شکلی که گزاره­ پرداز موضوع را مشاهده/ تصور/ تعریف می ­ کند. سرانجام، مقاله به مفاهیم سوژه و نیت­ مندی باز می­ گردد. این مسئله از طریق روابط (انگیزه ­ دار) میان ادراک، افکار، کلمات، اعمال ارتباط برقرار م ی­ کند. نیت ­ مندی با اهداف گزاره­ گذارها و یا گفته ­ پرداز ثانویه، و اهداف عوامل گزاره، و/یا با اهداف گفته ­ پرداز/گزاره­ گذارهای اولیه مطابقت می­ کند و یا با اهداف دریافت ­ کنندگان/مفسران متون که به دنبال بازسازی دو سطح نیت­ مندی پیشین و ترکیب کردن آن­ ها با فرضیه ­ های خود، مطابق با شرایط خودشان هستند.

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Author(s): 

REZAPOUR Rouhollah

Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2019
  • Volume: 

    13
  • Issue: 

    23
  • Pages: 

    189-204
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    198
  • Downloads: 

    78
Abstract: 

Si nous admettons avec W. von Humboldt que toute langue confè re au sujet une vision du monde qui lui est propre, il semble é vident que s’ approprier une nouvelle langue influe sur la perception, c’ est-à-dire la maniè re d’ organiser et de dire les choses. S’ approprier une nouvelle langue permettrait donc d’ é largir ou d’ approfondir d’ une certaine maniè re la subjectivité du locuteur i. e. au sens d’ unicité subjective – tout en augmentant les signes dans le discours de subjectivité discursive. Mais en quel sens cette subjectivité se trouve-t-elle modifié e par l’ apprentissage d’ une autre langue? Si cette dé duction semble tomber sous les sens, ses manifestations dans l’ acte de langage, perceptibles uniquement dans les é noncé s, paraissent difficilement identifiables. Nous analysons donc, le lien entre la langue et la cognition qui nous permet de situer le sujet non plus dans l’ immanence de la langue, mais en-deç à de la langue; dans la cognition. Cette approche nous permettra é galement de jeter un nouveau regard sur la subjectivité d’ un locuteur lorsqu’ il s’ approprie une autre langue, et de dé terminer les diffé rents stades de son appropriation de la langue in fieri.

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Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2019
  • Volume: 

    13
  • Issue: 

    23
  • Pages: 

    205-220
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    299
  • Downloads: 

    120
Abstract: 

French abstract: Les femmes ont toujours é crit, mais le XXe siè cle est celui de leur é panouissement dans ce domaine. Dans le processus de la cré ation litté raire, une femme é crivain, prends un itiné raire diffé rent d’ un homme. Donc, é tudier une é criture fé minine exige une prise en compte de l’ identité sexuelle de l’ auteur. En ré alité , l’ é criture d’ une femme s’ avè re comme une repré sentation particuliè re de l’ identité . En é tudiant la nouvelle de Le Poirier de Gô li Taraqqi, figure de la litté rature contemporaine iranienne, selon la mé thode sociocritique de Zima, nous avons prouvé que l’ é crivain est à la recherche de son identité perdue, dé nié e et rejeté e par la socié té , en repré sentant une nouvelle image de la femme. Une image mythique qui donne au texte un niveau sé mantique particulier aboutissant à une structure narrative spé cifique. Dans ce cas, le sujet devient douteux au niveau de l’ action et de l’ é nonciation. Donc, le pré sent article cherche à dé montrer comment Le Poirier de Gô li Taraqqi en tant qu’ un texte fé minin, ré agit aux problè mes sociaux au niveau du langage et aide son auteur à atteindre son identité perdue. English abstract: i N the process of literary creation, women writers take a different path from men, so, in order to study a woman's writing, we must also consider the author's sexual identity. In fact, the writing of a woman illustrates a particular reflection of the identity of her. By studying the short story, Pear Tree, of Goli Taraqqi, one of the contemporary faces of Persian literature, based on the sociological theory of Pierre V. Zima, it is shown that the author is looking for her lost identity which has been denied by society. This search materializes by introducing a new character of women, a mythic image that brings a certain semantic domain to the text and leads to a different narrative structure. Therefore, it becomes a controversial subject in the field of action and speech. The present study demonstrates that Pear Tree book of Goli Taraqqi, which is considered as a female-written text, responds to social problems at the linguistic level and helps its writer recover her lost identity. For centuries, the written word, including literature, has been the only exclusive right of elite men. This causes the language to look like a masculine ideology. "Since the nineteenth century, language has become the site of many feminine claims and women used language for gaining equality between the two sexes". (Didier, 1981, p. 10) After that they could easily talk about themselves, crossing the forbidden places and finally knowing themselves. "Therefore, a relationship with language is an excuse to reject any written law. Women found a place for change in writing, where there is the possibility of a transformation of social and cultural structures"(Barthelmes, 2019: 341). Women reveal some part of their reality through writing. In fact, women's writing is considered as modeling of a reality that is experienced differently and which could oppose the dominant discourse held by men within the literary culture. But how much women's writing can reflect their place in society? Could woman’ s writing free itself from pre-established ideas about women? Do social factors play a key role in a female writer? How semantic and narrative issues of writing can demonstrate social problems? To answer these questions, we chose a sociocritical reading that examines the writing by considering the social and cultural elements that formed it. Elsewhere, one of Gô li Taraqqi's works, which the story Pear Tree is from that, contains stories about the writer's feeling of alienation and estrangement from others. Like Le Poirier who tells the story of an author who takes refuge in a garden to get away from others. In all of her works, Gô li Taraqqi has talked a lot about the suffering of women in the patriarchal society, trying to improve the social status of women. As a result, she spoke a lot about the society of her time. So we take into account social factors to study her news. The sociocritical perspective of Pierre V. Zima focuses on describing the manifestations of ideology inscribed in various textual phenomena. In fact, in order to grasp the genesis of a work and its aesthetic structure, it is not enough to confine oneself to the text itself, but one must also consider the facts that caused its appearance. Based on the sociocritical approach of Zima, this article has tried to understand how feminine demands have been demanded in Gara Taraqqi's Pear Tree because Zima insists on social claims that are revealed through language. As we have said, Zima's theory is composed of three stages: first, the study of the sociolinguistic situation of each writer's time, then the semantic analysis of the work in question and finally the narrative analysis of the writing. Using a detailed semantic analysis of Pear Tree, we revealed that Taraqqi destroys the pre-established definition of the feminine, created by the patriarchal society of his time. Specialist of mythology, due to the ideas and theories of Jung, Taraqqi benefits from myths in favor of the social status of a woman and her lost identity. She gave a new mythical figure of a woman in the patriarchal society. By treating the female image with a mythical gaze and giving a mythical dimension to female characters, Taraqqi hopes to return to a period of holiness and glory for women. As a result, a new feminine image dominates the semantic universe of Pear Tree, which can be studied as a "liberating scripture". By studying the narrative structure of the text, we have pointed out the relationship between the semantic basis of the text and its narrative path. The story stands out from the actantial scheme of Greimas, because it does not represent a homogeneous and united subject. We resort to Zima, by who in a semantic universe where pre-established definitions cease to be relevant, the foundation of subjectivity is shaken. So, the subject becomes dubious at the level of the action and at the level of the enunciation.

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