CRITICAL LANGUAGE & LITERARY STUDIES
Year:2010 | Volume:2 | Issue:4 (62/2)|Papers Count:9

Some thirty years have elapsed since the beginning of investigations in the area of language learning strategies. Numerous studies have been carried out in an attempt to identify and instruct the right strategies to the learners. Recent years have seen an outburst of attention to raising the students' awareness of the use of strategies (Ehrman. Leaver & Oxford, 2003; Hsiao & Oxford, 2002; Nunan, 2002; Ozmen, 2009). The present study investigated the effect of strategy instruction and explicit feedback on Iranian learners' use of language learning strategies. Forty-two students agreed to participate in this study. The learners (n=22) in the experimental group were provided with explicit feedback on their use of strategies after the reading comprehension tasks, while the learners (n=20) in the control group did not receive any feedback from the teacher. The participants consisted of both young and adult learners to investigate the effect of age on strategy use. The results showed that the quantity of learners' strategy use was developed through focused instruction and explicit feedback. It was also concluded that age was not a determining factor in the effectiveness of explicit feedback. The results imply that it is important for instructors to enhance the strategic awareness of both young and adult learners, because it can lead to more active engagement in language learning process.

In Negros, Genet tries to b how subjects can cross to the position of the non-subject in challenging discourse with their peers. Subjects in the contemporary world have undergone a variety of damages. He show the subject with all its excitement, hate, jealousy and peccadillo in unstable condition which the identity of the character subject to the risk of suffering. Therefore Genet by offering multiple aspects of the subject (negros with wax, the decision maker behind the characters, negros with mask that have been turned to the Board of Whites and negros that discoloration is prescribed to them) making faces us with alternate discourse funds labyrinth which ridicule the contrast of the black and white and governing system and day policy. The aim of this paper is to study Jean Genet's Negros through discursive and semiotics approach to explain the conditions of crossing subject to Hyper-Subject or Non-Subject. Accordingly clear that power relations in Negros play are function of different factors such as social structures, political symbols, ideological functions and phenomenology presence.

Regardless of materialistic conceptions which form the theoretical bases and the ideological foundations of the Naturalism school, and beyond the practical directives of this conceptual movement that encourages the anthropomorphization of habitable spaces and the reification of human beings in artistic and literary representations, the naturalist descriptions are_at least in respect to the zolians descriptive texts_substantially representative of an imagining thought; an imaginative way of thinking according to which, the objects, the individuals and the spaces enter in a prosperous fusion with each other to reduce, by this way, the terrible experience of the inexistence and to transform positively the risk of extinction to a fortunate chance of an endless life. The powerful convergence of the objects toward each other, the unbreakable adhesivity and the prosperous cohesion of novelistic characters with their habitable sphere, colorfully reflected in thematic level of the diegesis, and also the hyper connectivity of the terms, verbs, phrases outstandingly present in stylistic plan, assimilate the descriptive texts of Zola to a large painting in which the disjunction of the scattered objects, or their functional opposition are minimized to the least; a painting done with homogenous touches that represent ultimately the authors philosophical stance or point of view...

The present study set out to combine the cognitive theories of education and cell phone as one of the important device in m-learning and sought how Iranian learners of the English language experience learning L2 vocabularies. To that end, as many as 161L2learners, aged 18-23, were homogenized through a language proficiency test and then placed into four different short-term memory (STM) ability groups, using visual and verbal short-term memory test (Chen, et al., 2005). Also, cell-phone based vocabulary presentations with different annotations (i.e., pictorial vs. written annotations), were already prepared and run on the learners' cell phones through Bluetooth application. Finally they were evaluated on their recognition and recall of vocabulary items taught. The results indicated that delivery of materials with pictorial or written annotation to learners with high-visual and high-verbal abilities results in better vocabulary learning. Also, delivery of materials with pictorial annotation to the learners with written annotation to the learners with high-verbal ability results in better vocabulary learning. Low-visual and low-verbal ability group also showed better results under no annotation condition. The results of the study point to the efficacy of congruity between the mode of material representation and learner's cognitive orientations.

Albert Camus (novelist ,playwright and philosopher of nihilism), represents human anxiety and sense of nihilism resulting from contact of human with the world and separation between these two, using a language whose function is referring and literary, very different from philosophers who resort to a referring language to represent their philosophy. The article attempts to represent this philosophy in relation to imagination (method of Gilbert Durant) through one of Camus' famous novels, Estranger whose language is quite literary. Our purpose in this article is to have a discourse reading from his philosophy through his literary works which may clarify the philosophic conceptions of Camus in his pure literary imaginations. One of the methods that can the dominant image in the generality of a literary work is searching the repeated words and imaginations or distinguishing the symbolic groups that are in contact with the main movements or the gestures. Therefore, the researcher tries to spot the presence of the exponents in the Camus's imagination through the given novel. This research will show how the productions of imagination have inherent meaning that determines the nihilism of Camus. Thus, at first the imagination is studied through its different forms in the novel and then, we will discuss the syntactic structure of artistic images of this novel using the theory of imagination to find out an answer to this fundamental question:The syntactic structure is present in the Estranger, which semantic guidance has produced this syntax and why?

The positive effect of motivation on a person's learning process is a well-known fact. A person's motivation either comes from within him/herself or from his/her surrounding environment. Although inner motivation has more stability compared to outer motivation, the effect of environmental factors on the increase or decrease of motivation is to be expected.Through studying motivation among students of German literature and language translation at Islamic Azad University's Faculty of Foreign Languages (Central Tehran branch), the present study intends to document the range of environmental factors which can have an effect on inner motivation and provide solutions for improving effective environmental factors with regard to the learning process.

The oral tradition of literature or, in other words, the body of stories and folk tales, is a part of world literature which has originated from the culture of societies. Foreign Language instruction with the aid of excerpts from stories and folk tales not only invites the learner into the culture of the language he is learning, but also will take his motivations beyond the mere acquiring a foreign language. Elevating self-motivation and acquiring the various cultural aspects of a language is a massive force which shortens and deepens the learning process.Utilizing stories and folk tales as means of language instruction seems more appropriate with the communicative approach of language for this method deals with subjects beyond conveying the informational notions (language forms) of language. It can also be said that, in general, by offering literature in language instruction classes, learners deal with authentic texts the structure of which is based on natural situations even if fantasy does not exist in them.In this paper, and with this outlook, we have reviewed the practical process of using samples of oral Persian and French literature in French instruction classes. The positive outcomes of such a trend compelled us to linger over the use of oral literature--and literature on the whole--in classes of language instruction to Iranians in order to understand that works of literature provide a suitable ground for language instruction in Iranian classrooms.

Up to now there have been various translations of Quran, whose translation have pursued their own methods, and presented their product in a special framework. It would always be necessary and helpful to study and criticize these works and discover their strength and weaknesses. In this regard, the present article is a study and critic of one of the most prominent contemporary translations of Quran in German by Rudi Paret. The results of this study show that a translator's understanding and conception shouldn't be confined merely to the bare meaning of words, but he must have thorough information of the expressions of Islamic traditions as well. The weaknesses of Rudi Paret's work are mainly due to his of insufficient knowledge of Islamic religious principles. This research also suggests a new method for translation of Quran called "Understanding Quran throught Quran", and explains the way that it may help for improvement of Quran translation.