Journal of Health
Year:2018 | Volume:9 | Issue:1 |Papers Count:10

Background & objectives: Energy recovery from waste is a proper way to waste management and energy production from foods waste. Anaerobic digestion of the waste is a suitable way to produce clean energy. This study aimed to investigate the anaerobic digestion of food waste and methane production by thermal and thermo-chemical pretreatments at a temperature of thermophilic (55 ˚ C) in the Batch Leach Bed Reactor with Down Flow reactor (LBR DF). Methods: In the present study, the food waste collected from Restaurant of Bu-Ali Sina University and autoclaving and microwave pretreatment was performed before feeding LBR DF. In the thermal pretreatments, homogeneous mixture of food waste pretreated using autoclave and microwave. In the thermo-chemical pretreatments, initially, food waste pretreated using NaOH 5N for 60 minutes and then pretreated using autoclave and microwave. LBR DF was launched at thermophilic temperature and SCOD, TCOD, TS and VS values were measured before loading and at the end of tests. By using MATLAB software, the cumulative methane was fitted on modified Gompertz model and B0, Rm and values were determined for all experiments. Results: According to the results, the best results was in microwave along with NaOH 5N pretreatment that SCOD / TCOD value increased to the amount of 82. 25%, methane production to the amount of 39. 98 l, TSremoved and VSremoved to the amounts of 6. 01% and 7. 1% respectively. In addition, lowest of value and highest of Rm value was observed in microwave along with NaOH 5N pretreatment to the amounts of 3. 38 (day) and 1. 8 (l/day) respectively. Conclusion: Generally, thermo-chemical pretreatment have the better performance than the thermal pretreatment and without pretreatment. Thermo-chemical pretreatment causes more damage the compounds of food waste and thereby increases the amount of SCOD / TCOD%, TSremoved, VSremoved and methane production.

Background & objectives: Chemical exposure for the shoe makers has been created health hurdle. This exposure mainly occurs in the gum process which workers have been exposed to various solvents such aromatic hydrocarbons and n-hexane. This study was conducted to evaluate occupational exposure in some shoe makers for the co-exposure of benzene, toluene, xylene and n-hexane in order to monitor their health condition. Methods: In this study 73 shoemakers of 18 workshops in Tehran were studied. Occupational exposure to aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene and xylene) and n-hexane was measured using NIOSH method No. 1501 and 1500 in summery (September and October) and wintry season (January and February) respectively. Results: The results show amount of occupational exposure to studied compounds (benzene, toluene and xylene) and n-hexane in warm and cold season (Mean± standard error) were 2. 33± 0. 07, 9. 48± 0. 27, 2. 2± 0. 01, 3. 64± 0. 11 and 3. 1± 0. 07, 11. 11± 0. 23, 2. 2± 0. 01, 4. 4± 0. 11 ppm respectively and in the colder months were significantly higher than the warmer months (p<0. 001). Additive exposure to aromatic compounds and n-hexane were higher than Occupational exposure Limit (OEL) accepted by Iran. There are positive correlation between benzene exposure, temperature and humidity (p<0. 001). Moreover, there are negative correlation between toluene exposure and air velocity in the summery season (p=0. 003) and wintry season (p<0. 001). Conclusion: When the cumulative exposure to aromatic compounds and n-hexane were higher than Occupational exposure Limit (OEL) accepted by Iran, there is a probable neurotoxic risk as a common effect for studied solvents. Therefore, the use of appropriate control methods is important to reduce solvents exposure of adhesives.

Background & objectives: All women around the world undergo with menopause. Social support of women in transitional period helps them to have effective coping with menopause. Husband is most important person who can provide social support for woman in transitional period and beyond. This study was done to evaluate the effect of an educational program health on Knowledge and Performance of husbands with women during transitional period to menopause. Methods: This experimental study was done on 2014 in Yazd-Iran. Participants were 200 men that their wife aged 45-55 years in early menopause transition, randomly allocated in intervention group (100 couples) and control group (100 couples). Three questioner was used for data gathering includes demographic questionnaire, menopausal health knowledge and performance assessment questionnaires. Those questionnaires were filled by participant before and two month after educational program. Educational program was done for intervention group in three sessions about health issues during transitional period. Control group was received no education. SPSS soft ware version 18 was used for data analysis. p<0. 05 was considered as statistical significance. Results: The average age of men participating in the intervention and control groups were 49. 86 and 50. 6, respectively. The average score of knowledge in trained groups was 9. 08± 2. 77 before and 14. 42± 4. 65 after teaching. The average score for male performance in the intervention group before and after training was 7. 06 and 13. 27, respectively. Findings showed that the knowledge and Performance of husbands about menopausal health significantly increased two month after educational program in intervention group (p<0. 05) while in the control group, there was no significant difference. Conclusion: Due to the lack of men, s knowledge and Performance about the menopause health, it is recommended to be done in different areas. We suggest educational program about menopause and ways of support from women during transitional period conduct for husbands.

Background & objectives: Hazardous waste have created many problems for human health and the environment. Due to the direct and indirect risks of the substances listed, data collecting and doing the proper management of hazardous waste in the country is very important. The aim of this study has been determining the amount of hazardous waste and how to manage them in the Semnan city industries in the spring of 1394. Methods: Firstly, the list of city industries was prepared. In coordination with the concerned industries, units were identified and after visiting, information on each unit of waste was collected through questionnaires. After the data collecting, excel software program was used to draw the related diagrams. Results: The results showed that the total hazardous waste produced by surveyed industries were 10140 kg per month. From total industries were being produced %8, 33 toxic materials, %25 corrosive materials, %41, 67 explosive materials and %25reactive materials. None of the industries have the control procedures after disposal. Conclusions: The results revealed that only 41. 66% of the industries had the personnel to collect hazardous waste. In order to avoid environmental pollution, to establish a management system for hazardous waste products appears to be necessary. As well as industry recognition, raw materials, goods and products and the effects of these materials will be very significant in helping to correct management system.

Background & objective: Breastfeeding is one of the beneficial behaviors for preventing of diseases and promoting of health. Although, majority of mothers breastfeed their infants after delivery, immediately; however, breastfeeding usually decrease in the first month of delivery. Despite of contrary ideas, mother support has known as one of the effective techniques for continuation of breastfeeding and father and other family member's role play an important role to support mother in breastfeeding. Then the current survey was aimed to study the effect of supporter presence in education sessions of breastfeeding on knowledge, attitude and behavior of nulliparous women. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 105 nulliparous mother. Mothers those between 30 to 34 weeks of pregnancy were selected using convenient sampling and then were randomly assigned in three groups (n=35) including control, breastfeeding education without supportive person and breastfeeding education group with supportive person. The control group only provided by hospital routine education, while two intervention groups educated by the current study researcher. Data were collected in different times comprising before and after intervention, instantly after delivery and also in 4 and 8 weeks after delivery. Data were finally analyzed using appropriate statistical tests and SPSS (version 20) software. Results: It was statistically meaningful in the intervention group before and after intervention (p<0. 001) and not in the control group (p=0. 57). Significant difference was also obvious for the behavior score for each group after delivery (p<0. 001). Although, all score showed a significant relation, however difference was more obvious in group with supportive person, then this group had higher knowledge score, more positive attitude and better behavior compared to the two other groups. Conclusion: Findings revealed that education in pregnancy period and family supportive role before and after delivery seems likely useful to improve knowledge, attitude and behavior of mothers.

Background & objectives: Hydroquinone used widely in industry. That is toxic for organisms, fish, plants, and humans. Its removal from industrial wastewater and water is a serious problem. The aim of this study was the investigation of the efficiency of photocatalytic oxidation process (UV-Fe2O3) in removal and on the biodegradability of hydroquinone from aqueous solutions. Methods: Oxidation process of hydroquinone was studied by adding Fe2O3 nanoparticles in the form of suspension in a 2. 5-liter volume glass batch reactor. The influence of variables such as the concentration of pollutants (10-50mg/l), ultraviolet light intensity (12-20w/m2), and dose of iron oxide nanoparticles (0. 5-2gr/l), reaction time (5-90min), and pH (5-7-10) on the efficiency of photocatalytic oxidation process was studied. Results: The results showed that the highest removal efficiency of 60% was yielded at pH of 7. 5 the pollutant concentration of 40 g/L, contact time of 60 minutes, the nanoparticle dose of 1 g /L, and light intensity of 16 w/m2. The ratios of BOD5/COD for the absence and presence of photocatalytic oxidation in optimum condition were 0. 09 and 0. 56, respectively. Conclusion: Totally the results showed that the UV/ Fe2O3 process could be used as an effective method for the removal of the hydroquinone from aqueous solutions and to increase its biodegradability.

Background & objectives: Domestic violence is the most common form of violence against women with the highest social effects, the psychological and economic. Men violence is an issue that threatens the life of the family and society. The aim of the study is to investigate the attitudes of married women living in the paveh city; about the effect of Imagination obedient wife and Realistic male authority from your role is on domestic violence in 2014. Methods: This study was a descriptive Analysis Cross-sectional That among women who had been married a year. Based on the Cochran's formula and based on the population (6, 400 people) 200. Using cluster sampling was selected randomly. Of data collection tools, selfadministered questionnaire was designed, that its validity and reliability was calculated. Data using Pearson correlation coefficients were analyzed by statistical software spss18. Results: The findings of this study showed that the most frequent target of violence against women, psychological violence (82. 5 percent). Between the conception of the role of a subservient woman with psychological violence (r=0. 155; p=0. 029) and total violence (r=0. 171; p=0. 017) and there is a direct correlation. But the idea of a subservient woman of her role within the family with physical violence (r=0. 046; p=0. 519) and sexual (r=0. 056; p=0. 437) and economic (r=0. 074; p=0. 296) there was no significant relationship. The results showed a direct and significant correlation between perceived hegemonic male and psychological violence (r=0. 223; p=0. 001) Economic violence (r=0. 239; p=0. 001) and total violence (r=0. 251; p=0. 000) there. But the idea of hegemonic male physical violence (r=0. 125; p=0. 79) and sex (r=0. 137; p=0. 55) had no significant relationship. Results: The psychological violence is high and concern. Also whatever Acceptance of the authority of men by women and hegemonic conceptions of man its role is more, Most of the violence against women. The proposed strategy to reduce domestic violence is change attitudes and cultural false beliefs. Using educational books from an early age and use of the mass media.

Background & objectives: Malathion known as one of the most used organophosphates, with contact, digestive, fumigants and non-systemic properties has detrimental effects on ones nervous system. Recently use of photocatalyctic processes has grown widely because of its desirable ability to remove organic pollutants. In this study efficiency of photocatalytic process with persulfate and hydrogen peroxide for the removal of malathion was studied. Methods: this study was carried out in laboratory scale and in batch flow reactors of steel which the low-pressure mercury vapor lamps of 55 watts was placed in it. The influence of parameters such as pH(3-9), H2O2(1-8Mm/l), perslfate dose(0. 01-0. 05 gr/l), and malathion (1-60 mg/l) was investigated. The malathion concentration in solution has been determined with the HPLC. Results: the results of this study showed that the discussed process has high efficiency in compare with other done studies, so that in optimum conditions – pH=3, concentration of persulfate 0. 03 gr, consumed hydrogen peroxide 3mM and initial concentration of malathion 30mg/l – this process after 30 and 60 minutes, removed respectively 99. 94% of malathion and 88. 31% of COD. Conclusion: photocatalytic process with persulfate and hydrogen peroxide as one of the advanced oxidation process alternatives has a high potential in reducing pollution load of different industries, including manufacture of pesticides and can be effective as a method for wastewater treatment and reduce the environmental problems.

Background & objectives: Health tourism includes any travel for health promotion. As a tourism dimension it helps to develop sustainable and dynamic economic, and as a national strategy it leads to an increase in country's income. It is known as national security lever. The purpose of this study is to evaluate capability of Tabriz hospitals in attracting patients from other countries and identifying their weakness and strength in order to offer solution for promoting Tabriz health tourism. Methods: 120 samples among doctors, supervisors and matron were analyzed among 4 hospitals, which were known as more active in attracting foreign patient based on tourism committee data. Results: The results show that a high percent of respondent (%43. 3) were unfamiliar with health tourism and this is a drastic problem in health tourism field. Investigating on the two hospital's medical records in Tabriz indicates that about 100 percent of demand for the medical services of one of those two hospital's and %95. 6 of the other one are from foreign patients who they were came from Azerbaijan country seeking for a better and qualified services in Iran. Conclusion: It is necessary for policy makers and managerial board of those two and also other hospitals in Tabriz to have a plan to use this opportunity for promotion of the medical tourism in the region.

Background & objectives: Intestinal parasitic infections can be considered as an indicator for assessing the level of health in the region. Intestinal parasitic infections indicate if health problems in the area require interventions and improve conditions, or that the health status of the region is currently acceptable. This study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of intestinal parasites among clients referring to health centers in Ardabil for obtaining a health card. This review shows the extent to which interventions are maintained to maintain existing health status or the need to promote a healthcare level by upgrading or promoting culture through individual health education Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out using simple sampling method on 1000 people referring to the Ardabil Health Center Laboratory for obtaining health cards in Ardebil. Data collected using software SPSS and chi-square test were analyzed. The relationship between questionnaire items (gender, age, occupation, education, and health education) was tested with the results of the tests. Results: The results showed that the prevalence of infection was 3. 1%. There is no meaningful positive correlation between sex and age of people with the parasitic infection. But there is a meaningful positive relationship between occupation, education and public health education with parasitic infection. Among the parasite, the highest percentages were restaurants (38. 7%) and bakery (22. 6%), and those with a postgraduate qualification (74. 2%). Conclusion: The study showed that infestation of intestinal parasites, especially protozoa, has a high prevalence. In order to monitor and reduce the contamination of these people, it is suggested by environmental health inspectors to carry out public health education and personal hygiene practices such as stool testing with standard methods such as formalinethers and health regulations.