SPORT PHYSIOLOGY (RESEARCH ON SPORT SCIENCE)
Year:2017 | Volume:8 | Issue:32 |Papers Count:12

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of 5 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on TNF-a level in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue in male Wistar rats. Twenty male rats (age: 8 weeks, weight: 190 ± 10 g) were randomly divided into HIIT training and control groups. Training program consisted of high-intensity speed running. Training program was performed for 5 weeks, 5 sessions per week. In the first week, animals completed 6 high-intensity interval bouts in 2 minutes at 37 m/min with 1-min rest intervals. In the second, third, fourth and fifth weeks the number of bouts increased respectively to 7, 9, 10 and 12, and the speed increased respectively to 40, 43, 49, 52 m/min. Seventy-two hours after the last training session, animals was anesthetized with a cocktail of xialyzine and ketamine, and visceral and subcutaneous adipose was removed. ELISA method was used for TNF-a, glucose and insulin measurement. Independent-samples t test was used for data analysis and significance level was set at 0.05. The results indicated that five weeks of HIIT training caused significant decreases in visceral and subcutaneous levels of TNF-a and plasma insulin (P<0.001) as well as insulin resistance (P<0.01). However, the changes in plasma glucose was not significant (P=0.752). The results of the present study showed that high-intensity interval training decreased TNF-a levels in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue and also decreased plasma insulin. Moreover, this type of training can play a role in decreasing insulin resistance.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) in upper limb, lower limb, and combined lower and upper limbs on specific judo fitness test (SJFT) and anaerobic performance in judo athletes. In a randomized, crossover design, 13 judo athletes participated in this study and performed two SJFT with 90 second between trials and a RAST test after 15 min rest, in four conditions: IPC Treatment in arms, legs, arms and legs, and a sham intervention. IPC treatment consisted of three 5-minute bouts of ischemia, followed by 5 minutes of reperfusion. One-way repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc test was used. IPC treatment in arms and legs resulted in increased number of total throws and improved index of SJFT2, peak power and mean power compared with other conditions (P£0.05). IPC treatment in arms and legs also decreased the rate of perceives exertion compared with other conditions (P£0.05). In conclusion, if ischemic preconditioning is applied in more limbs and with greater muscular tissue, it will improve SJFT and anaerobic power in judo athletes.

This study investigated the effect of acute aerobic exercise on serum levels of adipolin, furin, transforming growth factor b1 (TGF-b1), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-a) and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) in postmenopausal women. Eighteen sedentary postmenopausal obese women (BMI=30.2 ± 2.7 kg/m2, age=57 ± 4.8 years) were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Subjects in experimental group participated in acute aerobic exercise of running on treadmill at 60–70% of maximal heart rate for 30 minutes. Serum levels of adipolin, furin, TGF-b1, TNF-a, insulin and fasting glucose were measured before and immediately after exercise session. Statistical analysis was done by paired- and independent-samples t test and Pearson correlation at significance level of P<0.05. Acute aerobic exercise led to significant decrease and increase in serum levels of adipolin (P=0.049) and furin (P=0.001), respectively; however, TGF-b1, TNF-a, insulin levels, and HOMA-IR did not significantly change (P>0.05). Furthermore, changes of adipolin between experimental and control groups were significant (P=0.046). Moreover, post training changes of adipolin negatively correlated with changes of insulin levels (P=0.001). It seems that changes in inflammatory and metabolic profiles cannot be the major reason of adipolin changes in response to an acute moderate-intensity aerobic exercise in sedentary postmenopausal obese women, and more research is necessary to identify the underlying mechanism.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of moderate-intensity aerobic training on lumbar spine and femoral neck bone mineral density (BMD) and serum levels of calcium and phosphorus in sedentary postmenopausal women. The statistical population was all healthy and sedentary postmenopausal women, 55–70 years old, in Urmia city. Therefore, 20 healthy, sedentary postmenopausal women (age: 60.12 ± 2.12 yr, height: 156.71 ± 6.17 cm, weight: 72.47 ± 10.28 kg, and BMI: 29.46 ± 3.24 kg/m2) volunteered for this study and, after being assessed for eligibility, were randomly divided into exercise (n=11) and control (n=9) groups. The exercise group performed a 12-week moderate-intensity aerobic training of walking and jogging modality at 65–70% maximal heart rate, three days a week, 50–60 min per session in the morning. The Control group participated in no intervention. Densitometry and blood sampling were performed at baseline and post-training in order to measure bone density and serum markers in the exercise and control groups. Evaluation of the lumbar spine and femoral neck BMD were measured by DXA machine and serum levels of calcium and phosphorus were assessed by Auto analyzer and Biotechnical Instrument, Italy, respectively. Data analysis included descriptive and inferential (ANCOVA test) statistics using SPSS 23, and the significance level was set at P£0.05. The results showed no significant difference on lumbar spine and femoral neck BMD and T Scores between exercise and control groups after the training program (P>0.05). Also, no significant difference was found in serum levels of calcium and phosphorus (P>0.05). Furthermore, the inter-group results showed no significant difference in any of the variables (P>0.05). The results suggest that 12 weeks of moderate-intensity training such as walking and jogging program has no effect on bone density and serum levels of calcium and phosphorus in postmenopausal women.

Aerobic training reduces breast cancer tumor growth. This study evaluated the expression of Bcl-2, miR-15, and Bcl-2 protein as a positive mechanism induced by aerobic training. Twenty BALB/c mice (5–6 weeks, 16–17 g) were injected with MC4-L2 mammary cancer cells. Then, they were randomly divided to exercise and control groups (n=10) and 48 hours after the last exercise session, they were scarified and blood and tissue samples were collected and stored in -70oC. Expression of miR-15 and Bcl-2 were analyzed with Real- time PCR and ELISA. The expression level of Bcl-2 gene and protein as well as and tumor growth were significantly decreased in exercise group compared with control group (P<0.001). Also, miR-15 expression increased significantly in exercise group compared with control group (P<0.001). Overall, it seems that overexpression of miR-15 and decreased expression of Bcl-2 gene and protein induced by aerobic exercise training was effective in reducing tumor growth rate.a

Stem cells transplantation and exercise training are including of Non-drug treatment option that have been considered for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks aerobic training on striatum VEGF and DA levels in parkinsonian rats after transplantation of bone marrow stem cells.35 male rats with the age of 7 weeks and weight 250-300 gr, were divided randomly into healthy control group and parkinsonian groups included of control, cell treatment, Exercise and cell treatment+Exercise. To create a model of Parkinson' s, the striatum was destroyed by 6-hydroxy-dopamine injection into the striatum through stereotaxic apparatus and then was used apomorphine rotational test for confirm it. For isolation of bone marrow stem cells, bone marrow of femur and tibia of male rats 6-8 weeks were used. After cultivation, approximately 105 cells in 2 microliter of medium were injected through the channel into the striatum of cell recipient groups. Exercise was included 8 weeks of running on the treadmill with a speed of 15 meters per minute in 2 bouts for 5 days in per week. VEGF and DA measured by ELISA method. The results show that, striatum VEGF and DA levels increased significantly in Exercise, Stem cells and specially Stem cells+Exercise groups related to Parkinson group(P£0.05). Generally, the results of this study approved the positive effect of 8 weeks treadmill exercise in parkinsonian rats after bone marrow stem cell transplantation which can be considered as a non-drug therapeutic manner in Parkinson’s disease.

Death from coronary heart diseases in patients with chronic kidney diseases is increasing widely. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a regular combined exercise program during dialysis on cardiovascular diseases risk factors. Forty-five hemodialysis patients (age: 61 ± 9.02, weight: 69 ± 11.25 kg) were randomly divided into two training (n=24) and control groups (n=21). The exercise group patients participated in a 16-week combined exercise program during dialysis. The training program included foot pedal ergometer and leg resistance exercises using weights during dialysis sessions three times a week. Parameters associated with cardiovascular disease (Fetuin A and C-reactive protein), factors related to renal function, and quality of life were measured before and after the training program period. Based on the results, four months of combination training improved the quality of life and physical functions of hemodialysis patients. There was no significant difference in C-reactive protein and Fetuin A levels among patients (P>0.05). Changes in some factors related to vascular calcification and also improvement in the quality of life shows the positive effects of physical activity on these patients. As the initial levels of C-reactive protein in these patients is high, and the baseline levels of Fetuin A is low, the anti-inflammatory effects of exercise training, which is seen among normal population, may not be seen in these dialysis patients with extensive inflammation.

The objective of this research was to evaluate the response of autonomic nervous system to different auditory stimuli rhythms in rest, exercise and recovery conditions. For this purpose, 14 physical education students with an average age of 21.5 ± 0.79 years, weight 64.9+88.42 kg, body mass index 20.2 ± 72.25 kg/m2 and height 176.3 ± 83.99 cm were recruited and evaluated at four separate sessions (without music, metronome, regular auditory stimulus, irregular sound stimulus). In each occasion, during three phases of rest, exercise and recovery, a 12-lead electrocardiogram was recorded. Heart rate variability was measured with a total recording time of 10 min at rest, 10 min at exercise and 15 min at recovery phases. Analysis of repeated measures ANOVA showed no significant effect of auditory stimulus on heart rate variability during rest phase. In contrast to the resting phase, during exercise phase auditory stimuli significantly reduced heart rate variability. Especially, the effects of syncopated and regular auditory stimuli were more prominent. Similar to rest phase, during recovery phase, heart rate variability indices did not change significantly. The findings of this study showed that entrainment with auditory stimuli affected heart rate variability. Also, the heart rate variability response was influenced by the auditory stimuli structure. In sum, entrainment with auditory stimuli decreased heart rate variability.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the simultaneous effects of calorie restriction and aerobic exercise training on plasma apelin 36 and insulin resistance. A total of 20 overweight men volunteered for participation (age: 31.5±6.3, height 179.5±4.4 cm, weight 97.7±13 kg, fat percent: 36.5±3.9, BMI: 30.3±3.7) and randomly were divided into two groups: calorie restriction (CR, n=8) and calorie restriction plus aerobic exercise training (CR+E, n=12). Calorie restriction was 500 kcal/day and 350 kcal/day for CR and CR+E, respectively. Aerobic training was performed three times per week for 12 weeks at 60–65% VO2peak. Body composition, plasma apelin 36, fasting insulin, fasting glucose and TNF-a were measured before the intervention period and 72 h after the last training session. The significance level was set at 0.05. Paired-samples t test demonstrated significant decreases in body weight, BMI (P<0.001), abdominal fat mass, fasting insulin and plasma apelin 36 (P<0.05) in both group. Only in CR+E group, fat percent (P<0.001), plasma TNF-a (P<0.005) and HOMA-IR (P<0.002) decreased significantly. The independent-samples t test demonstrated that CR+E induced a greater decrease in fat percent, abdominal fat mass, TNF-a, fasting insulin, fasting glucose and HOMA-IR compared with CR. There was no significant difference between groups in apelin 36 changes. The present study demonstrated that despite similar effects of two protocol on plasma apelin 36, combination of aerobic training and calorie restriction was a more effective method for improving insulin resistance and decreasing systemic inflammation than calorie restriction alone.

Obesity is associated with decreased health-related indicators such as Sirtuin 1 and catalase. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of 10 weeks of highintensity interval training (HIIT) with green tea supplementation on Sirtuin 1 and catalase in overweight women. Thirty non-athlete overweight women (mean age: 21.07 ± 1.2 years, weight: 72.1 ± 2.6 kg and body fat percent: 34.1 ± 1.5) were randomly divided into three groups including: HIIT plus supplements, HIIT plus placebo, and supplement group. HIIT program included 30-second intervals of 20 m shuttle runs at 85–95% of maximum heart rate, three sessions per week for 10 weeks. Green tea groups consumed 500 mg green tea tablets for 10 weeks, three times a day. Sirtuin 1, catalase, maximum oxygen consumption and fat percentage of the subjects were measured before and after intervention. Ten weeks of HIIT plus green tea increased Sirtuin 1 and catalase levels and significantly decreased weight and fat percentage. These differences were significantly more pronounced in HIIT plus green tea group than the other two groups.Maximum oxygen consumption increased significantly only in HIIT plus green tea group. Combination of HIIT and green tea consumption may improve antioxidant system, body composition and maximal aerobic power in overweight women by increasing sirtuin1 and catalase.

Energy homeostasis during exercise is a complex interaction of neuronal and hormonal inputs that are integrated at the level of the central nervous system (CNS). The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) in fat oxidation during acute exercise in male Wistar rats. Thirty animals were randomly divided into three groups: control (C; n=10), training (T; n=10) and training+CGRP (8-37) (T+CGRP8-37; n=10). The animals from T and T+CGRP8-37 groups performed a single bout of endurance exercise at 26 m/min for 60 min. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood samples were collected immediately after exercise.The animals from T+CGRP8-37 group received CGRP (8-37) (an antagonist of CGRP receptor, 10 μg/kg; IP) before endurance exercise. CGRP concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid and serum, FFA, and triglyceride concentrations were measured by ELISA. The difference between groups were evaluated with one-way ANOVA test and Tukey’s post-hoc test.CGRP concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid and serum were significantly higher in the animals from T (P<0.01) and T+CGRP8-37 (P<0.01) in comparison to C group. In both trained groups, plasma levels of triglycerides significantly decreased (P<0.05) and plasma FFA was significantly higher compared to that of the animals from C group (P<0.01). At the end of the exercise, only plasma FFA concentration was significantly higher in the animals from T group compared to T+CGRP8-37 group (P<0.05). In summary, endurance exercise leads to an increase in CGRP concentrations in serum and CSF, which is a contributing factor in FFA release during endurance training.

The phosphatase calcineurin plays a major role in physiological and pathological processes, including immune responses, neuronal plasticity, and skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Considering the effect of this factor in calcium signaling in skeletal muscle, the purpose of the present study was to assess calcineurin activation following hypertrophic resistance training in flexor hallucis longus muscle of diabetic rats with skeletal muscle atrophy. Rats weighing 250–280 g were divided into control, training, diabetic control and diabetic training groups. Training groups performed the training consisting of climbing a ladder (1 m) with increasing weight added to the tail in 17 sessions. The expression levels of interleukin-6 and regulator of calcineurin 1 mRNA, a calcineurin activation factor, were measured in flexor halluces longus muscle using realtime PCR method. The results of this study showed that diabetes was associated with increased expression of regulator of calcineurin 1 in muscles of diabetic rats (P<0.05); but resistance training decreased this factor in diabetic group. Also, diabetes was associated with increased expression of IL-6 in skeletal muscle. Resistance training could not change expression of interleukin-6 in fast twitch skeletal muscle. Diabetes induced skeletal muscle atrophy in rats, but resistance training maintained skeletal muscle mass in diabetic subjects with concurrent adjustment in regulator of calcineurin 1 expression in flexor halluces longus skeletal muscle. Also, we observed concurrent increment in expression of IL-6 and regulator of calcineurin 1 in present study. It seems that resistance training could contribute to skeletal muscle protection through adjustments in expression of these factors.