SPORT PHYSIOLOGY (RESEARCH ON SPORT SCIENCE)
Year:2009 | Volume:6 | Issue:23|Papers Count:8

The purpose of this study was to survey the behavior and demography of drowning in 1380-1385 years of coastal Caspian Sea in Mazandaran province. This study was an applied research. Questionnaires were used in order to do this study. Data were analyzed by descriptive methods. For statistical analysis of the results, the SPSS-13 and Excel 2003 soft ware were used.According to the finding of this study, the number of drowning during the 1380-1385 years has a wave pattern position. Despite the fact that the number of drowning decreased in 1381 at 75.6 percent, whereas this process increased in 1382 and 1383 years respectively (34.2 and 12.6 percent) in comparison to the last years. But in 1384 and 1385 years, this trend was shown to be less, than previous years respectively 28.1 and 5 percent. The results demonstrated that the 50 people drowning in coastal Mazandaran provinces per 100000 people drowning in world.It seems knowledge and skills and successful educational programs can be increased levels of water safety and changes in behavior by using of mazandaran tourism capacity and decreased unacceptably high number of drowning.

Generally blood plays three significant roles in doing exercises and physical activities: (1) transmission of nutrients through vessels, (2) regulation of body temperature and (3) keeping the acid-alkali balance in body. The purpose of this study was to show the effect of one-session intensive physical activity on some Hematological factors such as blood glucose (B.S), red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin (HGB) and hematocrit (HCT) among some male karateka elite. To find out, 12 teenager and young members of national karate team with the average age of 15.3 ± 1.8 years old, weight of 55 ± 8.6 kgs and height 166 ± 8.1 cm were included in the study. The subjects had a one-to-one competition during a period of 3 minutes in a quite actual and serious condition. Their blood samples and heart beat rates were collected before and after the competition. The data were gathered and submitted to the SPSS program in order to run the corresponding t-test. The results showed that the difference between Haematological factors in participants' before and after a period of 3 minutes intensive physical activity is statistically significant (P£0.05).Further analysis of the data revealed a considerable increase in the amount of blood glucose, number of red cells, and hemoglobin as well as a higher rate of heart beat after the competition among the participants. It is assumed that this increase is due to the duration, intensity and the type of activities. Moreover, it is predicted that some other observed factors like changes in glucose-regulating hormones, enhancement in the number of cateclamines besides reduction of plasma volume are also influential in the results.

The aim of this study was to investigate effect of regular yoga training on hand grip strength (HGS), flexibility and anaerobic power of leg muscles in non-athletes healthy women. Sixty five healthy females participated in this experimental study. All subjects were divided into experimental groups (n=33) and control (n=32). Experimental group trained for three months (12 weeks), two sessions per/ week, and 1.5-2 hours per sessions). All subjects were healthy and free of any illnesses and medication. Paired t-test was used to analyse the data. Data analysis showed no significant difference between responses of HGS in two groups. However, Flexibility and anaerobic power of leg muscles were significantly higher in experimental group than control. It could be concluded that yoga training improves flexibility and anaerobic power and generally physical fitness without any side effects.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of diurnal variation on athlete's ECG (ST segment) response to PWC195 test. Thirteen subjects (age: 23.7±2.3 yr; weight: 69±4.2 kg; height: 176.5±2.3 cm) were selected from students of physical education .Initially, resting ECG of the subjects was recorded at the morning (8:00) which was followed by PWC195 test. Morning ECG was recorded immediately after finishing the test. Finally, at the evening of the same day (17: 00) subjects performed the PWC195 test and immediately after the test the ECG (evening ECG) was recorded. In comparison to resting ECGs, the responses of the ST segment to PWC195 test at the morning and evening were significantly different. However, there was no significant difference between morning and evening responses (rest: 0.053±0.017; morning: 0.023±0.011; evening: 0.000±0.004 mv; P<0.05). We concluded that 1) PWC195 test reduces the voltage of the ST segment but this reduction is not pathologically significant (<1mv) and, 2) time of day (morning or evening) has no effect on responses of ST segment to PWC195 test.

The aim of this study was to compare the gross and net metabolic costs of walking in a range of specific speeds between obese and normal-weight non- athlete girls. In this study 19 non-athletes were divided into two groups including normal weight (BMI= 21.4±1.4, n=10) and obese (BMI= 32.1±1.7, n=9) groups. To determine the metabolic cost, we measured VO2 and VCO2 while subjects walked on a treadmill at six speeds (0.50, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75 m/s) 5 minute trails, with a 5 minutes rest between trails). Standing metabolic cost was measured at the beginning of trial, while the subjects had no movement and stayed still on the treadmill. The gross and net metabolic costs of obese subjects (4.31±0.8, 3.2±0.6 respectively) were significantly higher than the normal weight subjects (3.13±0.5, 1.2±0.5 respectively) for all speeds. However, when these variables were adjusted for body weight, no significant difference was found between the two groups. The gross metabolic cost of obese individuals was higher than normal weight individuals. Similar but lower difference was found for net metabolic cost because of less standing metabolic cost for obese group. Net metabolic cost for obese individuals shows a greater difference at three higher speeds even when expressed per Kg of body weight which might be due to physiological and mechanical differences of walking in the obese individuals.

One of the ways that cells can resist against injury or death after any type of stress is heat shock proteins (HSPs) synthesis. Previous studies have reported the increase of HSP72 following endurance training. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of environmental temperature on HSP72 response to acute eccentric weight training in active young females. Twenty seven female physical education students (age, 20.44 ± 2.63 years; weight, 59.1± 11.21 Kg; VO2max, 36.84 ± 5.21 ml/kg/min) were selected and divided into 3 groups: eccentric weight training in moderate temperature environment (WHG), eccentric weight training in normal temperature (WNG) and hot temperature group (HG). The exercise protocol included 4 sets of eccentric contractions of elbow flexors: 2 sets of 25 reps at %50 of 1- RM; 2 sets of 15-20 reps at %60 of 1-RM. Three blood samples were taken after 12-14 hours fast from antecubital vein at pre-test, mid test and 30-min post exercise. The blood samples were transferred to laboratory immediately and for determining HSP72 and cortisol ELISA technique was employed while CK was determined by using enzymatic assay. The data were analyzed by using repeated measures of ANOVA and independent t-test, LSD and scheffe post-hoc tests were used to determine the place of differences at p<0.05. The results showed significant increases in HSP72 levels when mid- test data were compared with pre- test for WTG and WNG groups, while post-exercise HSP72 increased only in WNG group. However, the difference between two groups was not statistically significant. In conclusion, the moderate temperature is not associated with significant changes in HSP72 levels following eccentric exercise.

The purpose of present study was to investigate the effect of 6-weeks preparation camp on a pro-inflammatory acute phase protein (CRP) in professional karateka. For this purpose, 10 professional karateka who were selected invited to the national camp with mean (±SD), weight 68±S kg; age 20.8±2 years; height 17S±4 cm and body fat 7.6±2%, voluntarily participated in this study. The training was performed six days per week for six weeks as was planned for the preparation camp. For the first three weeks intensity and duration of exercises increased progressively and the training was performed two sessions per day (in the morning and afternoon). The training frequency remained similar by the end of the 5th week (two sessions per day), but the number of training sessions decreased to one session per day for the 6th week. Three blood samples were obtained 24 hours before the camp, after three weeks and at the end of 6 weeks. The first blood sample was taken after 12 hours fasting and the second and third blood samples were taken approximately 17-18 hours after last training session. Blood samples were analysed for CRP concentration. Data were analysed using one-way repeated measures of ANOVA. CRP concentrations for three stages were within the normal ranges. During the first three weeks of training non-significant increases in CRP (1.95mg/l) were found which returned to baseline levels (0.84 mg/l) at the end of camp (P=0.219). Generaly, based on the findings of the present study it could be concluded that 6-weeks of camp preparation cause mild changes of CRP in professional karateka and that the changes during this period are indicator of low inflammation in professional karateka.

The purpose of this study is to prediction of success in performing volleyball skill through psychological, physiological and anthropometric characteristics in woman players of Southern Khorasan province playing in first leage, province league and university volleyball players. Forty five players participated in the study. The data were determined by using calliper, slide- callipers, flex board, dynamometer, and Monark's work bicycle (839 & 894 model) and analysed by the Pearson correlation and linear regression test through Stepwise method. A significant correlation was found between the subjects' height, weight, upper-body height, arm circumference, motivation, group type (successful, semi-successful or novice), experience in volleyball (EIV), muscular strength, agility, flexibility, anaerobic peak power of legs (APPg), concentration with their service skill (P<0.05). In addition, overhead pass skill was significantly correlated with the subjects' height, weight, flexibility, APPg, motivation, group type, EIV, weight, calf circumference, muscular strength, agility and concentration. Moreover, a significant correlation was detected between the subjects' flexibility, experience of parents in sport, group type, EIV, grip strength, upper-body muscles endurance, agility, concentration with their pass skill (P<0.05). Besides, a significant linear correlation between the subjects' weight, arm circumference, agility, back strength, and concentration with their service skill was found; and a significant linear correlation between the subjects' agility, concentration, targeting and their pass skill was detected (P<0.05). Generally, there was a strong relationship (r>0.50) among EIV, muscular strength and success in volleyball; and that agility, back strength and targeting were the most powerful factors for predicting (R2>0.50) the success in performing volleyball skills. It is, therefore, recommended that volleyball coaches must pay more attention to these characteristics.