Nashrieh Shimi va Mohandesi Shimi Iran
Year:2019 | Volume:38 | Issue:1 (91) |Papers Count:31

In diabetic patients, insulin secretion from the pancreas is altered which leads to daily insulin injection. Insulin injection causes infection, pain, and stress in the long term. Oral insulin delivery can be an appropriate alternative for injection. However, in oral delivery, due to enzymatic degradation in the gastrointestinal tract, low stability in gastric pH, and physical barriers of intestinal epithelium layer, insulin bioavailability is low. Thus, the synthesis of effective carriers such as nanoparticles can be a suitable solution for protecting sensitive drugs such as insulin. This study aims to develop a Nano-sized system of alginate/ trimethyl chitosan (TMC)/ polyethylene glycol (PEG) system in order to control the insulin release and increase the residence time of the nanoparticles in the gastrointestinal tract. At first, the size of the nanoparticles and Entrapment Efficiency (EE) of insulin were optimized and the optimal conditions for alginate/ insulin, alginate/ TMC ratios, and stirring rate were 1, 4. 5, and 500 rpm, respectively. Then, at optimal conditions, insulin loaded alginate nanoparticles were prepared, followed by coating with TMC and finally, the nanoparticles were PEGylated with methoxy polyethylene glycol (mPEG). After optimization, the sizeof the nanoparticles and EE obtained as 195 nm and 92. 39%, respectively, and Loading Efficiency (LE) of insulin was calculated as 21. 75%. Interaction between the different layers also, was verified using FT-IR analysis andin vitro, insulin release investigation was carried out in Simulated Gastric Fluid (SGF) and Simulated Intestinal Fluid (SIF). These studies showed that the highest insulin release takes place within the initial 6 h, and then the release trend will be constant. Also, insulin release significantly was increased by nanoparticle pegylation.

In this research, MnO2 nanoparticles were prepared via chemical redox reactions. Then it was used for removal of the cationic dye of malachite green in an equilibrium batch system. SEM and XRD techniques were used for surface morphology and crystallinity characterization. For the determination of optimum adsorption conditions, the effect of different parameters including pH, initial concentration of dye, contact time, temperature, and adsorbent dosage were investigated. Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms were employed for the treatment of adsorption data and pseudo-first and second-order of kinetics used for kinetics study. The thermodynamic study indicated that the sorption is an endothermic spontaneous process accompanied by disorder increase. It was found that the adsorption data fit well with Pseudo-second order kinetics and the maximum sorption capacity was 275-280 mg/g. Desorption study also was carried out and the exhausted adsorbent can be easily regenerated for frequent use.

Geometry, stability, electronic structure, and absorption spectrum of Silicon nanocrystals Si24H12 and Si26H12 were investigated using density functional theory. The results showed that nanocrystals Si26H12 is more stable thanSi24H12 by 9. 14 eV, where this stability can be related to the electron delocalization and aromatic behavior of proposed nanocrystals Si26H12. To investigate the nanocrystals' aromaticity properties the NICS, PDI, and PLR indexes were used. The results indicate that Si26H12 nanocrystals have aromatic properties more than benzene. Also, this structure shows a new pattern in the spectrum adsorption. This study reports relevant details for the possible synthesis of over coordinated silicon nanocrystals.

In this paper, nanostructure of new 1D Pb(II) coordination polymers, [pb2 (C2Cl3O2)2(NO3)2 (Cl2H8N2)2] n were synthesized by a sonochemical method in different concentrations. Coordination polymers Lead (II) include a chain made of interlocking metal formed with ligands that are Cl3COO-and NO3-. The coordination geometry is based on a pentagonal– bipyramidal geometry defined by an N2O5 donor set with no obvious stereochemical role for the lead-bound lone pair of electrons. The new nanostructure was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), IR spectroscopy, X-Ray powder Diffraction (XRD), and elemental analyses. The average size of the nanoparticles 80 nm. The concentration of initial reagents effects on the size and morphology of nano-structured compound 1 have been studied and show that low concentrations of initial reagents decreased particle size and led to uniform nanoparticle morphology.

In this work, the MOF-199 and CNT@MOF-199 hybrid composite were synthesized. Synthesized adsorbents were characterized by Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform InfraRed (FT-IR), Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis. These adsorbents confirmed with the mentioned methods. Some of the more important parameters such as time of dispersion material and the effect of acid concentration were optimized. The concentration of acids highly affected the percentage of functionalization of MWCNTs. CO2 adsorption capacity was measured by volumetric measurements at 298 K and different pressures. CO2 adsorption capacity increased (from 5. 8 to 9 mmol/g) at 298 K and 15 bar. The enhancement in the CO2 adsorption capacity of CNT@ MOF-199 was attributed to the increase of micropore volume of MOF-199 by MWCNT incorporation.

Among different conductive polymers, polypyrrole has been more concerned with biocompatibility, simple polymerization and chemical stability. In this research, the electrochemical synthesis of polypyrrole-cerium (IV) oxide nanocomposite has been done by cyclic voltammetry method on graphite electrode and used as a sensor. Synthesis of Cerium (IV) oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles was done by chemical sedimentation method. X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmitted electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images confirm the nanoscale synthesis of in the 10-40 nanometer range. Synthetic nanocomposite is used for the sensor of Levocarnitine, one of the derivatives of amino acids, used to oxidize fatty acids and generate energy in the body. The results of the investigation of the nano-sensor behavior confirm the detection limit of 6 × 10-9 M and the measurement limit of 2 ×10-8 M. The percentage of recovery in the real sample was also 101%, which indicates the sensitivity of this method to the measurement of Levocarnitine.

In this study, for the first time, the synthesis of iron nanocomposite hydrogel based on poly ((2-Dimethyl amino) ethylene methacrylate) grafted onto salep, as a biocompatible polymer, is reported. DMA monomers were grafted onto the salep backbone via initiation by APS, and at the same time, the crosslinking were occurred by using MBA. Factors affecting the water swelling during the hydrogel synthesis (monomer concentration, MBA concentration, APS concentration) were systematically optimized and the impact of various environmental conditions (different salt concentrations, pHs, mixed organic solvents, etc. ) were examined. Furthermore, the doxorubicin release from iron hydrogel nanocomposite was studied. The results clearly show that the hydrogel nanocomposite can successfully release doxorubicin and the related delivery is pH-sensitive. To confirm the grafting of poly ((2-Dimethyl amino) ethylene methacrylate) onto the salep backbone, FT-IR spectra were used. The morphology of hydrogel was evaluated by SEM, and the size of iron nanoparticles in the matrix of hydrogel was measured by TEM and AFM (9-11 nm).

Electrospinning is a method that uses electrical force to produce polymeric fibers with diameters ranging from nanometer to micrometer. Polystyrene (PS) fibers from the solution of Dimethylformamide (DMF) and different amounts of Silica Nanoparticles (SNP) (0-4% w) were electrospun under different environmental Temperature (25-45 ° C) and Relative Humidity (30-70%) conditions. An environmental chamber for changing and controlling the electrospinning environment conditions, i. e. Temperature and Relative Humidity, were constructed. An experimental design was made using different levels of Temperature, Relative Humidity. The morphology of the PS fibers was investigated using SEM images. The results showed that by increasing Temperature, Relative Humidity, and SNP, the morphology of PS fibers was changed from bead on to fine and beadless. Nano-porous electrospun fibers were evolved by varying the three parameters. It was seen that the density of nanopores in the surface of PS fibers was increased with increasing Relative Humidity, and decreased with increasing Temperature and SNP.

In this research, due to the high importance of crown ethers in complexometric and also in the field of pharmacology, a new method for the preparation of several heterocyclic crowns ethers was proposed using titanium nano-oxide catalysts. To this end, the reaction of 2-methyl-indole with tosylated triethylene glycol, led to the formation of 2-methyl-1-(2-(2-(2-(2-methyl-H1-1-indole (ethoxy) (ethoxy) ethyl)-1H-indole in DMF solvent and the KOH. After determining the optimum conditions for the preparation of the crowns (room temperature, dichloromethane solvent and the catalytic ratio of 5 mol%), the chronological derivatives of the crown ethers were obtained from the reaction of the 2-methyl-1-(2-(2-(2-(2-methyl-H1-1-indole (ethoxy) (ethoxy) ethyl)-1H-indole with different derivatives of aldehydes. One of the advantages of this method is the high efficiency, non-toxicity of the catalyst, and its reuse.

The prevalence of bacterial diseases is one of the most important problems facing Iran's aquaculture industry development. Various gram-positive and negative bacteria such as Aeromonas hydrophila and Streptococcus iniae have caused widespread complications in farmed fish. The use of antibiotics causes problems for human consumers. Therefore, the use of new antimicrobial agents with minimal complications is common. In this research, the structure of bentonite clay was modified using a cationic surfactant and acid-thermoactivated method. Structural studies have shown that changes in the bentonite structure have been achieved through two methods. In this study, antimicrobial activity of two types of modified bentonite against Streptococcus iniae and gram-negative bacterium Aeromonas hydrophila was investigated under laboratory conditions using two methods of bacterial growth inhibition (disc method) and test tube (microdilution). In order to determine the antimicrobial activity, the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MIC and MBC) were determined by microdilution and colony count in Meller Hinton agar culture medium. The results showed that the modified bentonite with cationic surfactant had MBC of 42. 85 and 28. 57 mg/L for Aeromonas hydrophila in 10 minutes and 30 minutes and 71. 42 mg/L in 10 and 30 minutes for Streptococcus iniae, respectively. For the thermoactivation bentonite, MBC was 28. 57 and 71. 42 mg / L for Aeromonas hydrophila, in 10 and 30 minutes respectively, and 28. 57 and 14. 28 mg / l for 10 and 30 min for Streptococcus iniae. The results of this study showed that modified bentonite compounds have strong antimicrobial effects against pathogens in laboratory conditions and can be used as new compounds to control pathogens in aquaculture systems used.

Recently, catalytic technologies for the conversion of methanol to olefins have been very much considered. In the present paper, the effect of lanthanum loading parameters and Si/Al ratios at different temperatures on the catalytic function of HZSM-5 in the methanol-olefin conversion process was investigated. In this paper, the catalytic base of HZSM-5 with different Si/Al ratios was modified using the lanthanum metal and wet impregnation method. After loading of lanthanum metal by wet impregnation, the modified catalysts were subjected to XRD, SEM, BET, and FT-IR analysis for accurate determination of their specification and evaluation. The results of XRD and FT-IR analysis showed that the addition of lanthanum metal to HZSM-5 zeolite did not cause structural damage. The structure after the addition of lanthanum metal still had high crystallinity. The design of the Box-Behnken test was used to investigate the effect of lanthanum parameters, Si/Al ratio, and temperature, and investigate the effect of interactions between them for the production of ethylene and propylene in the methanol-olefin process. For this purpose, loading of lanthanum in the range of 0-10% by weight, the Si/Al ratio in the range of 180-160 ° C, and temperature in the range of 350-450 ° C were used as input variables of the Box-Behnken method. Using the results of the design of the Box-Behnken test, it was found that the highest ethylene yield was achieved on a catalyst that was at the highest level of loading of lanthanum, low Si/Al ratio and high temperature. For optimum propylene production, there was an optimal mode for three variables: Si/Al ratio, temperature, and loading rate of lanthanum, which initially increased the propylene yield and then decreased with increasing of these variables.

Fluid catalytic cracking is one of the most crucial refinery processes to upgrade heavy hydrocarbon feedstock to light higher qualified products. Due to the high impact of this process, many scientists investigated different aspects of this process. In this paper, a comprehensive review of the related studies is carried out. The main focus of the review is on three categories including kinetic networks, steady and unsteady modeling, and process optimization. A review of researches since 1970, reveals that kinetic investigations were majorly based on the lumping methodology in which the reactive mixture is divided into main groups with different categories that may be defined based on carbon number of species or kind of components. Mainly the related number of lumps was limited to three to nineteen. Moreover, in the process modeling researches mainly two main equipment including riser-reactor and regenerator were considered. The primary regenerator model includes single-phase regenerator models, simple contact with plug flow and dissipated reactions with series tanks that were also considered in the researches. Also, different studies were carried out to consider more equipment. Also, the application of the momentum equation besides mass and energy equations in the regenerator was considered in some studies. The main challenge in the development of the related model was the determination of the parameters. Investigation of the impact of input catalyst temperature and catalyst to oil ratio were also carried out in the other researches. The optimization of the process was usually in the steady-state. However, dynamic optimization was applied less. Various algorithms, including genetics and particle swarm, were evaluated and compared. It was found that the particle swarm algorithm is adjusted easier than the genetic algorithm and the handling is better.

One of the most important required additives in the production of composite solid propellants are bonding agents. These compounds are used in order to increase the adhesion between the polymer resin and the oxidizer and also to enhance the physical and mechanical properties and to improve the solids loading of propellants. In this research, in which the main goal was the synthesis of the bonding agent HX-752, the key intermediate, 2-methyl aziridine, was first synthesized from 1-amino-2-propanol with 51% yield by a new method. . The other intermediate, isophthalic chloride, was prepared from isophthalic acid using thionyl chloride as chlorinating agent. The desired product, 1, 1'-isophthaloyl-bis(2-methylaziridine), HX-752, was finally synthesized by the reaction of isophthaloyl chloride with 2-methyl aziridine with 93% yield. In continuation of this work, MAPO (tris(2-metyl aziridine)phosphine oxide) was prepared from the reaction of 2-metylaziridine with phosphoryl chloride (POCl3) with 80% yield. Using piperidine and diethylamine, instead of 2-metylaziridine, the other fiveBonding agents similar to HX-752 and MAPO were also synthesized with appropriate yields. Characterization of the synthesized intermediates and products was performed by 1HNMR, 13CNMR, 31P-NMR spectroscopy and physical tests such as melting points for known compounds.

Heteropolyacids are non-toxic bifunctional catalysts with high thermal stability which can promote both oxidation and acid-catalyzed reactions. The hybridization of this class of catalysts with other species is of great interest. Despite all outstanding features of heteropolyacids, their solubility in water and most organic solvents limit their applications. Herein, to circumvent this issue and develop an efficient heterogeneous catalyst, halloysite clay was used as catalyst support for the immobilization of heteropolyacids. To improve the immobilization, the halloysite clay was functionalized with ionic liquid. The obtained catalyst was characterized with FTIR, SEM/EDX, and XRD and successfully used for catalyzing the ultrasonic-assisted four-component reaction of barbituric acid, hydrazine hydrate, ethyl acetoacetate and benzaldehyde for the synthesis of pyrazolopyranopyrimidine derivatives in high yield. Notably, the catalyst was reusable and could be reused for four reaction runs.

4-Hydroxyquinazoline undergoes a smooth reaction with dialkyl acetylene dicarboxylates in the presence of isoquinoline and dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) as a solvent to produce the E/Z isomers of acrylate heterocyclic derivatives. The structures of (Z)-and (E)-isomers were deduced from infrared (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR, and 13C NMR) and mass spectroscopy. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (H NMR) was employed to distinguish between (Z)-and (E)-configurations of the carbon-carbon double bonds is based on the chemical shift of the olefinic proton when the reaction was performed by 2-Hydroxypyridine, 2-Hydroxyquinoline and 4-Hydroxypyridine, the same E/Z of heterocyclic dialkyl acrylates were obtained. In this research, a simple and mild method to access acrylate heterocyclic derivatives via a multi-component reaction is described.

This study presents the synthesis and application of silica bonded Chlorosulfonyl – Calix[4]arene (CSC[4]A-SiO2) as a 1H NMR shift reagent for couples of rubber chemical additives such as Diphenylguanidine (DPG), N-Cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazolesulfenamide (CBS) and 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT). Results of the study showed that supramolecular host [CSC[4]A-SiO2] has utility as a new, aqueous 1H NMR shift reagent for DPG and CBS (as ordinary accelerators in the manufacture of rubber compounds) via a host-guest molecular recognition process that occurs by electrostatic interaction and hydrogen bonding between hydroxyl groups of Calix[4]arene moiety and the NH group of DPG and CBS molecules.

In this Research, structural and electronic properties of AgGaX2(X=S, Se, Te) and were studied using full potential linear augmented plane wave (FP-LAPW) within the framework of density functional theory using Wien2k code. The lattice constants, bulk modulus (B), and its first derivative (B') were calculated to investigate the structural properties. Total and partial density of states, band structure, and electron density were plotted to investigate the electronic properties of all materials. All compounds were semiconductors with direct bandgap energy in Γ point and the results are found to agree with the experiment. The orbital overlap was explained by using the partial density of states, also electron density shown that AgGaX2(X=S, Se, Te) and CuSbX2(X=S, Se, Te) compounds have covalent bonds.

Zeolites are used for the adsorption of heavy metals. Modification of natural zeolites with various reagent increases their adsorption capacity. In this regard, NaCl, and NH4Cl were used to modify this type of adsorbent. In this study, the effects of chemical conditioning and particle size on cadmium adsorption, using zeolite followed by statistical evaluation of parameters affecting the cadmium adsorption process were investigated. According to the results, zeolite treated by NaCl had the highest adsorption capacity among the zeolite modified by NH4Cl and natural zeolite. Also, the result showed that an increase in particle size of adsorbent enhanced the adsorption efficiency. Finally, the effect of various parameters such as time, temperature, and pH on cadmium adsorption was investigated. As a result, with respect to the effect of various parameters on cadmium adsorption using Na-zeolite, the following trend was observed: pH>metal concentration>temperature> time.

In this study, the Nitrogen content of crude oil and petroleum products of Isfahan refinery were determined using three methods of pH meter titration, Nessler method, and titration with sulfuric acid. Results were compared in terms of accuracy and precision. In the first method (pH metric titration), samples were digested by concentrated sulfuric acid and distilled by micro-Kjeldahl apparatus and the distillate was titrated using a pH meter. In the second method (Nessler) samples were distilled using the micro-Kjeldahl apparatus and were measured spectrophotometrically utilizing Nessler reagent. The third technique was based on a combination of micro-Kjeldahl distillation by sulphuric acid and direct titration in the presence of methyl red indicator. For a lighter portion of the crude oil, a primary liquid-liquid extraction step in a separatory funnel by sulphuric acid was performed. Statistical results showed that all three methods have the same accuracy. Analysis time for direct titration is the most time-consuming method, while Nessler was the shortest. However, Nessler is the most complicated technique among others. According to the results obtained by Nessler, the nitrogen content of oil feed was between 1. 0 to 1. 3 g/. L, while it was at the range of 0. 1 to 4300. 0 mg/. L in petroleum products which is in the normal global range. Finally, statistical analysis showed that pH metric titration method is a proper technique for such applications with relatively good reproducibility. The Nessler-photometric method is also satisfactory, especially for low nitrogen content samples, but its precision is lower than the former method. Direct titration has the worst precision among three methods.

Excessive carbon dioxide (CO2) emission from various systems such as biogas (CH4+CO2), fuel gas (H2+CO2), and flue gas (N2+CO2) is one of the main reasons of global warming and environmental problems. In recent years, special attention devoted to the hydrate based gas separation (HBGS) processes. This study attempts to propose a comprehensive neural network intelligent model, to predict hydrate formation conditions in various systems and in the presence of different promoters of quaternary ammonium and Phosphonium salts to separate CO2 from various systems. Finally, experimental data compared with predicted data, which neural network model has hydrate conditions prediction capability with acceptable accuracy (R2~0. 98). Other error analysis results for network training dataset (MSE=0. 24 and MEAE%=7. 19), indicate the acceptable performance of the proposed model.

One important application of the membrane technology is in solid particles separation from suspension. Recently, Ceramic membranes have been investigated significantly due to it, s advantages such as high mechanical strength, high thermal and chemical stability, etc. In this work, for the first time, the ceramic membrane has been used for solid particles separation of ammonium carbonate as a feed-in Uremia Petrochemical. The experimental results showed that the rejection factor reduced (less than 10%) with increasing temperature and pressure difference. Also, enhancing of rejection factor (up to 97%) and reducing of permeated flux (less than 0. 5 cc/min) was observed for at a long time due to cake formation on the ceramic membrane. After 30 min washing with pure water, the used membrane at a long time was regenerated. So, the results confirmed the high potential of the ceramic membranes in solid particle separation of ammonium carbonate.

In order to design and exploit a process successfully, it's necessary to understand how it works. Anaerobic digestion is a sequential complex biochemical process that involves a series of reactions that are mediated by several different groups of anaerobic microorganisms. This research describes a simulation-based on three-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) coupled with reactions in a semi-continuous Plug Flow Reactor (PFR). The commercial software FLUENT 6. 3 was employed to solve the governing equations. The gas-liquid flow was modeled using a Eulerian multiphase and k-e turbulence (RNG) model. Hydrodynamics and anaerobic digestion reactions investigated the mixing regime using the Multiple Reference Frame (MRF) model within the whole multiphase bioreactor. Simulation results indicate that flow pattern within the reactor was highly influenced by the substrate density and viscosity, and stirring intensity. A comparison of three impellers mixing speed in the reactor demonstrates that mixing intensity has affected the gas phase above the fluid surface. Such a mixing intensity may create a turbulent region with a homogenous mixture of gas and liquid, which is not suitable for this anaerobic digestion. Concentration profiles of CH4 and CO2 in the anaerobic system displayed a plug flow pattern.

One of the methods for mixing enhancement in micromixers is the stimulation of magnetic nanoparticles under the magnetic field, which by fluid actuation and inducing the turbulence caused an increase of mixing. This research aims to study the effects of the magnetic field on the mixing of water and ferrofluid in three different types of micromixers. In this research, three types of micromixers including Y, T, and oriented Y were designed in Gambit Software Package. After creating an internal network in each micromixer and specifying their boundary conditions, the resulting geometries were transferred to the Fluent Software Package and a fluid CFD model was performed. The external magnetic field, which had a strength of 2200 G (0. 22 mT), was applied at the center of each micromixer. From the CFD results, it can be concluded that by applying a magnetic field on each micromixer, ferrofluid is affected by both hydrodynamic and magnetic forces that induce secondary flows inside the mixing channel and so mixing increased. From this study, it can be concluded that the more efficient mixing was achieved in the oriented Y micromixer because of contact angle of inlet fluids, T micromixer, and Y micromixer, respectively. A comparison between CFD results with experimental data from a valid reference showed acceptable agreement between them.

Asphaltene formation and precipitation in crude oil is an extremely serious issue. The most important way to combat this problem in the petroleum fields was using chemical solvents like xylene. This solvent has a lower environmental impact and safety in the extraction process. The purpose of this study was to find an alternative solvent such as aromatic solvent, especially xylene, employing new water-based emulsions. The prepared solvents containing 50-60% water, 30-35% aromatics solvents (xylene, toluene, … ), 3-5% co-solvent (kerosene, gasoline, ethanol… ), and less than 1% surfactant. In this research, five different kinds of emulsion solvents with various compositions were prepared. Then the tests were achieved at the environmental and oil well (80° C) conditions. The temperature growth was increased the asphaltene solubility in all prepared samples in this study. Also, the results of the experiments on aqueous emulsion solvents show that these solvents have high performance leading to good comparability with aromatics solvents like xylene and toluene. Therefore, the harmful aqueous aromatic solvents can be replaced and reduced harmful effects with suitable aqueous emulsions in the petroleum industries.

In the present study, the flocculation of fine-grained hematite was investigated in two size ranges using the bacterial cells and metabolic products of Bacillus licheniformis. More than 99% settling for fine and ultrafine particles was observed in the best condition by the bacterial cells in pH 5, and 7, respectively. Settling of fine and ultrafine particles improved by 33% and 18% compared to the control tests. Moreover, adsorption studies revealed that the settling behavior of each size, the fraction was pH-dependent and could be justified very well by the flocculant adsorption. In fact, although for fine hematite, maximum biosurfactant adhesion occurred in an acidic environment, for ultrafine hematite, neutral and basic pH caused the highest flocculant adsorption.

In this research, the adsorption of Zinc and Cobalt using non-living cells of Phanerochaet crysosperium PTCC 5270 has been investigated. For the determination of optimum condition, the effects of pH, biomass concentration, contact time, and temperature evaluated. Our results showed that maximum adsorption of Zn and Co was at pH= 7 and pH=4 respectively. Also, the optimum time for biosorption obtained about 120 min and 90 min for Zinc and Cobalt respectively. Based on the results of this study, it was found that the best temperature for removal of zinc and cobalt metals is 35 ° C. Finally, the maximum biosorption was observed for both metals at a concentration of 5 g / l of non-living fungus. Finally, at the optimum point, the maximum biosorption for zinc and Cobalt were measured about 15. 46 mg/g and 14. 32 mg/g respectively. According to the results obtained from this research, it can be said that non-living Phanerochaet crysosperium PTCC5270 is a suitable and inexpensive biosorption for removing heavy metals such as Zinc and Cobalt from aqueous solution and can be used in industries as a biological method.

The application of enzymes in biosensors are common since the enzyme acts highly specific and possess catalytic properties. For the development of enzymatic sensor, the selected enzyme required to be immobilized and fixed on the surface of probe or transducer by the desired method such as absorption, entrapment, covalent binding, cross-linking, bio-affinity, etc. In order to accelerate electron transfer and enhance enzyme catalytic activities, some of the nanomaterials such as carbon nanotube, graphene, noble metal nanoparticle, and silica nanoparticles can be used for immobilization of enzymes. In this study, the application of advanced nanomaterials in enzymatic biosensor was discussed. Also, some of the advantages and challenges in nanomaterial-based enzyme Nano-bio sensors were discuses.