Financial Economics
Year:2020 | Volume:13 | Issue:49 |Papers Count:10

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of direct taxes on macroeconomic variables, such as GDP and inflation. For this purpose, a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model has been developed. The results showed that a shock of standard deviation in corporate taxes could reduce the GDP by 0. 13% and reduce the inflation rate by 0. 01%. In fact, raising taxes on companies reduces investment by 1. 5 percent. Also, the creation of a shock in the income tax of the labor force to the extent of a standard deviation causes the GDP to decrease by 0. 0074%, which is due to the decrease in the supply of labor. By applying income tax shock, the supply of labor will be reduced by 0. 012%. The effect of shock on GDP is eliminated after 10 periods. inflation rises to 0. 025 percent, then decreases to a stable level in less than a year.

The National Development Fund of Iran (NDFI) is established to replace a portion of the revenue originated from selling oil and gas to durable wealth and productive economic investments as well as preserving the share of future generations. The initial review of the fund identifies the problems and deficiencies in various areas of its structure which have made the fund fail to preserve wealth for current and future generations. In this article, by comparative research of similar Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWF) including Azerbaijan, Alaska, Alberta, Abu Dhabi, Norway, Qatar, Kuwait funds and considering requirements and objectives of the NDFI, appropriate solutions about governance and resource allocation have been provided. We first identify the nature of these funds by studying the various features of the SWFs. Then dimensions and components of governance and resource allocation have extracted from comparative studies and text mining. Due to the SWFs comparative research, primary guidelines have been extracted. The final modified solutions have been presented, after interviewing the experts. Suggested solutions are presented in four categories, including the legal framework and corporate governance structure, financial rules of resources and withdrawal, investment and monitoring, transparency and accountability in the last section of the present study. The present guidelines accord with the results of similar previous studies and the experts’ approval in addition to approved evaluation based on questionnaire with 63 statements. The statistical tests confirmed all the above categories and the ranking of suggestions are also determined.

The present study evaluates the symmetric and asymmetric dynamic conditional correlations between volatilities of oil prices and stock markets in Persian Gulf region, in the event of financial crisis contagion. To do so, Dynamic Conditional Correlation (DCC) and Asymmetric Dynamic Conditional Correlation (ADCC) models are used during the 1st week of 2004 to 47th week of 2019. The results indicate asymmetric dynamic conditional correlation between Iran and Dubai stock markets, and symmetric dynamic conditional correlation between Saudi Arabia stock market and OPEC crude oil prices. Moreover, the results show symmetric dynamic conditional correlation between Qatar and Dubai stock markets, and asymmetric dynamic conditional correlation between Saudi stock market and Brent crude oil. Interpretation of these results, that there is symmetric and asymmetric correlations between oil return index and stock returns of Dubai, Qatar and Saudi Arabia implies that risk managers should be fully aware of the fact that these markets are not immune from external shocks. Furthermore, the results suggest that Dubai and Iran stock markets are vulnerable to internal shocks (OPEC oil), and that Dubai stock market is among the riskiest markets of Persian Gulf region.

By regarding the effects of shadow economy on main economic indicators, it is required to study the affecting factors and introduce approaches to prevent and reduce this phenomenon. In the literature, tax burden is considered one of the main reasons for shadow economy. Tax levy by government may be led to hide economic activities to avoid tax payments. According to the studies, the size of shadow economy is so high in Iran and tax is considered one of the main and effective factors. Therefore, this paper tends to address to the relation of shadow economy and taxes (by different tax categories) by the use of Co integration Analysis and ARDL model during 1971-2017. In the first model, total tax burden has divided into two elements, direct and indirect burdens, and then their effects on the shadow economy have been reviewed separately. According to the results, indirect tax burden has positive effect on shadow economy. In the second model, it has been indicated that real estate tax, corporate income tax, wealth tax, export, import and services taxes have positive effect on shadow economy’ s size in long term. All different tax categories (separately) have positive effects on shadow economy’ s size in the short-term.

In recent years, the banks of our country have not had sufficient profitable, and they have many problems like facing the financial freezing. In this study, factors affecting on the Total Factor productivity to promote the whole elements in Iran selected banks identified and their role in improving productivity is measured. In this regard, 10 the country's commercial and specialized banks including 5 private banks (Eghtesad novin, mellat, pasargad, parsian and saman) and 5 state Banks (maskan, keshavarzi, melli, sepah, Industry and Mine ) during in the period 2009-2013 and by using Tornquist approximation to the divisia index, TFP growth is measured. The measurement results TFP by divisia method represents that TFP level in private banks has been more than state banks. In this study, by using panel data, the role of human capital, e-banking technology, activity scale, the degree of financial assets freezing, consumptions-to-resources ratio and economic boom to improve the TFP of the has been identified. The results of estimating patterns in the method of fixed effects, shows that according to theoretical expectations, e-banking, activity scale, and economic boom have positive and significant effect on the total factor productivity in the country's banks and financial assets freezing degree index also has negative and significant effect on the total factor productivity. Also increasing human capital indicators and ratio of facilities to deposits up to a certain limit leads to increased productivity and from that amount to the next leads to reduced productivity.

Banks as service-oriented institutions have a vital role in the sustainable development process of a country. presentation of new technologies, changing customer preferences, the world of open banking, and the pressure of financial markets have formed the new situation. Financial technology as one of the most important innovations in the financial industry today has brought a new perspective to the monetary and financial system by reducing costs, improving the quality of financial services and creating a more diverse and sustainable financial perspective. This technology has challenged existing banking practices by changing customers' approach to banking, changing traditional businesses and improving its quality. Owners of banking and payment services are forced to use the technology to hold their market share of financial transactions.

This article is devoted to analyzing the question that to what measure of inflation rate, the central bank of Iran should react. To answer this question, we first design a DSGE model for Iran as a small open economy; then the model has closed with a McCallum rule in which central banks reacts to output gap and inflation rate volatilities. Because in these model three measures of inflation rate are introduced, including tradable-goods inflation rate, non-tradable goods inflation rate and overall inflation rate, thereby four different DSGE model has been estimated in which three of them reacts to one measures of inflation and in one case, we assume that central bank has no policy rule. By using quarterly data on 1368 – 1395 periods, our estimated results show that the central bank reacts to non-tradable inflation rate. In the next step, by using volatility analysis and introducing a loss function for central bank, we conclude that to minimize the loss function, central bank should responses to overall inflation rate.

Today, given the competitive environment and changing business conditions, the most important issue for companies is their credibility and level of acceptance. One of the most important tools to illustrate this is the ranking of companies. In fact, the rankings of companies can be indicative of their credibility and power. Therefore, most countries have ranked companies in their capital markets. Therefore, the subject of the present study is the ranking of automotive, petrochemical and pharmaceutical companies accepted in the Iranian capital market during the period 2011-2011. The final population of the present study, after applying the research conditions, was finally 23 automobile companies, 11 petrochemical companies and 21 pharmaceutical companies. In this research, hierarchical analytical process method was used for ranking. The results showed that in the automotive industry, Zamyad company, in the petrochemical industry, Shazand petrochemical company and in the pharmaceutical industry, Alborz pharmaceutical company have the highest performance rating and are suitable for investment.

One of the determinants of return stock is the awareness of the risk level of firms, particularly systematic risk. Systematic risk plays an important role in financial decisions by influencing the profitability and productivity of the firm. The present study tries to investigate the issue by using the generalized moment’ s method in the panel data panel of Tehran stock exchange. It is important to choose this method for the first time in this regard that stock return can affect itself and thus stock return would be as a explainationary factor with other ones. Because of model specification, the coefficients will also be more accurate and unbiased. Explanatory variables were selected in such a way that one index from each group to prevent autocorrelation between indices and to reduce the accuracy of the results. The result of this study shows a significant relationship between stock return and lagged stock return that confirms the effectiveness of the method. The results show that the inverse relationship of stock return with systematic risk and information asymmetry and direct relation with the EPS and the of cash flow to the asset ratio. In addition, there is insignificant relation between stock return and firm size and book value to market ratio.

Most stock market studies in Iranian economy have been done in econometrics format, which have been useful for policy makers; but data mining algorithms provide double abilities to implement guidance policies. Regarding the importance of stock market in the country, data mining algorithms have been employed to investigate the most important features on stock market rates. Monthly data (2005-2011) extracted and after preprocessing and data cleansing, ten attribute weighting algorithms (AWA) applied. The results showed three features (inflation rate, GDP and trade balance) were the most important ones selected by 80% of AWA. GDP gained the highest weight (more than 90%) and tree induction algorithms used the same feature (with 96. 5% precision) to differentiate between the stock rate classes. The results confirmed a positive relationship between GDP, real value of money, inflation rate, trade balance and real exchange rate with stock prices while government’ s real budget deficit, USA inflation rate and one-year interests rate revealed negative relations; compatible with the theoretical model. The results that reported for the first time can open up new vistas for investors and policy makers.