JOURNAL OF CRITICAL LITERATURE AND HUMANITIES
Year:2022 | Volume:22 | Issue:8|Papers Count:22

Linguistic anthropology, as one of the most important subfields of anthropology, seeks to examine how language, as a social entity, plays an active role in the life of a society and encodes various aspects of social relations in a society. This branch of science, which is interdisciplinary in essence, tries to study the linguistic phenomena in a social context instead of in a vacuum, and thus decipher the hidden social components behind the use of different linguistic levels, from phonology and lexicography to syntax and semantics. The present article critically examines “, Living Language: An Introduction to the Anthropological Linguistics”,written by Laura M. Ahearn aims to show how the hidden social spheres of language, such as culture, thought, socialization, gender, race, ethnicity, power, etc. can be studied in terms of linguistic use in different contexts. By considering language as a map, we can find a way to understand the society in question.

The main question of this study is to determine the conceptual relation between "social refining (Tahzibe ejtemaie)" with "social human" to address one of the most important challenges of today's society on how human interaction in complicated and new social relations. Therefore, after introducing the general framework of the book "Social Human" by Dahrendorf and briefly describing its formative dimensions, this study deals with the basic concepts of social humans. This study will show that it is possible to go beyond the thought of a "problem analysis unit" and provide a more precise social conception. Although Dahrendorf considered two concepts of social role and social position as the constituents of social human beings and in this way, the two realities of individual and society are interconnected, since the subject in his mind was not "social refining", it has not been studied so far how we can link social human to social refining? In his analysis, Dahrendorf assumed an independent identity for the two concepts of individual and society, and according to him, a social human is a human being who has different social roles. Thus, social human should be called "human in society", but in another analysis, the individual cannot be imagined independently of society, but the real identity of individuals is formed in society and social relations. The present study deals with the three features of social refining and organizational power. Finally, it emphasizes the research necessities in this regard and especially the issue of a comprehensive moral plan.

Many Scholars believe that “, Imagined Communities”,is one of a most influential Books in Late 20th. Based on the Anderson’, s Point of view, Nationalism is not a false capitalist consciousness, instead it is produced by one of a fundamental aspects of capitalism. “, Print Capitalism”,in its historical context, is a type of economic corporation which is not only affected on the formation and distribution of culture, but it also was a part of capitalist production as well. His contribution was to show how print industry helped development of national units. A critical review can declare Anderson’, s analysis is less practical and useful. It could not explain how a nation is distinguished from other types of community which he has constructed in the book. In addition, his analysis faces three serious problems: his understanding of nation is something classless, asocial and universal,minorities, marginal and subaltern groups are absent in his analysis, and finally he is unconsidered to sexuality structures and women’, s reproductive role in generating a nation. These obstacles base his construction of citizenship and nation upon white, middle class, educated European men.

It seems that ‘, Iranians and History of Phonetics’,written by Seyyed Mehdi Samaei is the only book whose primary purpose is to give a short history of Iranian scientists’,phonetic studies and to introduce their achievements. Phonetic studies from the sixth BC to the fifteenth century AD in Greek, Rome, India, and Islamic states are the topics covered in this book. In this article, an attempt has been made to introduce and review the mentioned work in detail. After introducing the chapters and sections of this book, the formal aspects have been discussed,issues such as the author's style, references, bibliographic information, and phonetic transcription. In the detailed content analysis and criticism of this work, each chapter has been discussed separately according to its subject and purpose. it is concluded that this work should be considered just as some references to the history of linguistics sources and a collection and summary of some old sources in the field of phonetic studies in Islamic states, which critically need to be described and elaborated in current linguistic terms.

The main topic of the book is the social and intellectual life of the Manichaean minority in Islamic society until the 3rd century AH. It includes three sections and six chapters. The first part provides a brief introduction to Manichaeism and its historical background according to Arabic books. In two later chapters, there are the names of famous Manichaeans or Zandiqs, mentioned in Arabic books, but there is no new point about these persons. Overall, the present book is totally dependent upon old Arabic sources and denies original Manichaean texts or western studies. The study is based on Talcott Parson’, s theory of structural functionalism. Parson’, s theory sees society as a system, which has four interpenetrating and interrelated subsystems, and analyzes both the general system and the subsystems, that all of them contribute to its operation as a whole. This theory is not appropriate for the study of the cultural coexistence of Manicheans and Muslims under the Umayyads and Abbasids.

Today, the study of narrative works’,form and structure has become one of the main concerns of contemporary narrators and storytellers. Accordingly, a significant number of books and papers have been literary created. Abdul Rahim al-Kurdi is one of the leading Egyptian contemporary writers who has made great efforts to explain theories of story analysis from the perspective of Russian formalists, French structuralists, and modern Western stylists in his book entitled “, Contemporary Narration”, . In this book, he has unique insight and mastery interpreted the views of contemporary Western critics. He has placed them as the infrastructure for the scientific analysis of the novel of “, Alrjl Althi Fkd Thlh Nmouthja “, . The present study attempts to analyze the “, Alsrd fi Alrwaiah Alma’, asrah”,book in a descriptiveanalytic way. Results revealed that although some of the presented issues in the book reflect prolixity, the author has tried to provide a formalistic analysis of narrative discourse.

Abstract and introduction are the most important parts of the articles among structural components. So, this study aims to consider abstracts and introductions from 71 articles in "Arabic Literature" journal from 1388-1389 by planned questionnaire on the base of structural evaluation of lectures. The procedure is the analysis of the synthetic content. Research findings show that in aim, statement of the problem, and keywords correspond with structural standards of scientificstudious articles, and from 1388 to 1398, they have structural weakness in history, procedure and question. Although, lectures from 1392 and after that have increased in these three indexes remarkably, but in frequency and the other components, they have not increased considerably. Since there are defects until 1398 in these indexes because of structural dispersion and lack of a specific pattern. Therefore, it's not possible to mention in which year articles have considered these components. This research after evaluating these two components has offered a conceptual pattern of abstract structure and introduction of scientific-studious lectures in Arabic language and literature.

Teaching Arabic language in schools encountered more challenges in comparison to other courses due to cultural and political reasons as well as the families and students’,viewpoints about it. A survey of students’,attitudes towards learning this language would be an effective step in policymaking and the compilation of textbooks in this regard. This study used the descriptive-survey method to analyze attitudes toward learning the Arabic language among twelfth-grade students of Kerman in the fields of literature and humanities, experimental sciences, and mathematical sciences. Moreover, this study investigated the attitude differences among the students in three fields of humanities, experimental and mathematical sciences, as well as attitude differences toward learning the Arabic language between the twelfth-grade girl and boy students of Kerman. The sample consisted of 337 girl and boy students studying in twelfth grade in Kerman. The results showed that the attitudes of most of the students in three fields of humanities, experimental sciences, and mathematical sciences towards three variables of interest in learning Arabic, the importance of Arabic course among other courses, and the content of Arabic course were negative,nevertheless, mathematics students showed more interest in learning Arabic in comparison to other students. Girl and boy students’,attitudes did not show any significant differences.

Divan of Kaqani has been famous among researchers and litterateurs for being difficult and rare since long ago,hence it has been noticed more by researchers and exegetes with respect to other classic Persian poets’,literature. Also, numerous exegeses have been written to the entire divan or to a portion of it. One of those exegeses interpreting a portion of this divan is a book named “, ATASH ANDAR CHANG”, . This book is written by Mahdi Mahouzi and is published by Zavvar publications in 340 pages. In this article, we are going to criticize this book in a scientific and critical way. Moreover, we will discuss subjects such as the haste in preparing and publishing this book, incorrect extracting, the introduction of irrelevant subjects, and the use of others’,works without making reference to them. In conclusion, we get the result that the book under debate is one of the weak and unscientific works and it is necessary to take action to amend the mentioned items.

Proper understanding of the social and political situation and wise confrontation with it based on the Islamic standard system is one of the basic goals of the field of political and social education in the document of fundamental change. One of the main ways to achieve this field in the education system is through Persian textbooks, and the elementary school has an important place in shaping the individual and social personality of students. This research seeks to examine the position of this field in elementary school Persian books with the method of content analysis to show the level of attention to the components of political and social education. The statistical population is Persian books for the elementary school in the first to sixth grades. The findings of the research indicate that despite the emphasis of the Persian Book Writing Planning Council, the authors of Persian books have not paid attention to this area as much as they should, and some books, such as the first and second grades of elementary school, pay less attention to these areas per year. The final stages of this course are discussed more. The highest level of attention in six years was related to "acquaintance with national and religious historical heroes and respect for the national symbol" related to the field of political education with 37 cases and the lowest level of attention was related to the two components of "keeping other people's secrets" and "national, local and Global »has been in the field of social education with three cases.

The present paper aims to critically analyze the book “, An Exploration of the Sociology of Literature”,written by Farhang Ershad. It was found that the book’, s content is not reliable because of the lack of deep knowledge of literary terms, the mixing of literary theories and schools, and the lack of adequate understanding of literary movements, styles, and types. This is especially true, given the fact that it is published as a textbook. For the above reasons, some of the sociologically-related literary theories and movements were disregarded. The works under study were not properly chosen because of the lack of a deep understanding of literary works. In some cases, the reasons for the discussion of the sociological issues in literature were not provided, and even some preliminary key literary questions, such as literary genres in the sociology of literature, remained unanswered. Different mistakes about literary issues indicated that the author has not benefited from literary advice in doing the research.

The Islamic Revolution of Iran in 1979 criticized many theories of the revolution and again focused research on the revolution on humanities scholars. So far, this revolution has been studied from economic, political, psychological, social classes, cultural and discourse perspectives, and each of them has proposed new perspectives on the study of the Islamic Revolution. One of them is the book "Revolution in Iran: The Roots of Turmoil" which is written by Mehran Kamerva and published in 1990 by Routledge Publications. Combining the sociological theories of the revolution with psychological and political theories and constructing a multidisciplinary approach to the Iranian revolution, he studies the policies of the government and the political field before the revolution and believes that the Pahlavi regime, after limiting economic ambitions. In the late 1970s and the diplomatic pressures of its main ally, the United States began to decay. Thus, groups and social classes disillusioned with modernization, using the open political space and Shiite ideology and leadership of the clergy, found revolutionary characteristics and with the weakness of the Shah and the regime's repressive forces were able to overthrow the Pahlavi government and replace it with a new political system. In this article, an attempt is made to critique the book based on the methodology of phenomenological sociology and the concept of symbolic mentality.

The purpose of this study is to critique one of the latest works on Iran's foreign policy by Farhad Rezaei. The questions of the research are: Has the author of the book could survey the subject in a scientific method? How much of the collected data has validity and the results of the book are reliable? To what extent has this work been able to answer the ambiguities and questions in the minds of Iranian and foreign audiences and be effective? To answer the above questions, first, the main idea of the different chapters of the book has been addressed and criticized. Then, in two separate sections, the book is criticized in terms of content and form. Each of these sections includes two sub-headings: the book's strengths and weaknesses. In the end, the authors stated their general evaluation of the book. The research methodology is descriptive-analytical and conducted by library-based data.

This article reviewed the book "Two Essays on Political Philosophy of Feminism", and also overviewed the works of 3 writers of the book and its translator. The writers are feminist theatricians with radical, liberal, and social approaches to feminism, and I critically overviewed their approaches. Then I compared the feminist revision which was discussed in the second essay of the book with some samples of revisionist movements and theories in third-world and non-western communities like theories of Muhanti in India and Enloe in Malaysia. The result of this article is that even if the feminist theory of the first essay claim to pass from just-western feminist theory, ideologically is western yet, which means it believes in European-American worldview. Also, the social theory of the second essay shows the basics of social feminism in summary, yet specialized to western societies, but it can be useful to non-western societies with powerful civil societies. The methodology of this article is descriptive and uses bibliotic resources to review the book critically and see what the forte and poverty of the book's essays. My purpose is to find accessibility, correctness, and incorrectness of the discussion of the book and its writes claims about women and feminism.

Foreign policy analysis, as one of the important subfields of international relations knowledge, has become a living and current discussion in the scientific circles of international relations in the last decades of the 21st century and relatively important literature has been produced in this field. Foreign policy analysis is the study of the management and implementation of relations between various actors, especially states, in the international system, which covers a wide range of topics. Among these issues, it is very important to study the decision-making process and the role of internal and external possibilities and constraints in this process. In this article, we will review one of the published books in this field entitled " Social Forces Behavior in Foreign Policy". This review is organized into four sections: expressing the advantages of form and content and expressing the shortcomings of form and content. This research is critical analytical research with a text analysis approach.

This manuscript is devoted to the critique of Spivak’, s “, Can the Subaltern Speak? ”,Spivak as part of the study of history from below deconstructs historiography. Her central theme is the critique of the subaltern-maker sign system. She uses Althusserian concepts such as the theory of ideology and apparatus alongside concepts such as the differential identity, trying to link the grammatological psychoanalysis to the political economy. This is the strength of her work, but there are also serious criticisms of her project. For example, Spivak blocks the path of claimed change and emancipation by declaring the subaltern's inability to speak and her need to be represented. Following Derrida's call to speak of the subaltern through the vague force within us, he opens the way for a kind of ecstatic intuition that works to release the power of imagination and aesthetic taste. Spivak wanted to make the subaltern studies a general theory by linking the international political economy with the hermeneutics of sacred, legal, and educational texts, and literary criticism, but she rarely moved beyond the realm of literary criticism. The validity of her critiques of Foucault and Deleuze can be questioned by referring to their original works.

This study examines the critical discourse of the film “, Flying over a Cuckoo's Nest”, . The present study is a descriptive and analytical study and the Fairclough critical discourse analysis approach has been used for analysis. The theories of Fairclough, Foucault, and Goffman have also been used in this research. Research findings show that there are four discourses in the movie “, Flying Over the Cuckoo's Nest”, . The first discourse is discipline. Discipline is applied to the mentally ill through members of the mental hospital. The second discourse is the deconstructive discourse in which mental patients within the hospital oppose the structures that exist in the mental hospital. The third discourse is motivational discourse. The film also shows that the mentally ill are stigmatized by the mental hospital, the family, and ultimately members of society, and finally, the discourse of power is seen in the film, power being imposed on the mentally ill by hospital members. Among the most prominent characters in this film are Nurse Rachd, who is a symbol of power, and Murphy who is a symbol of freedom and liberation, and in fact the main protagonist of the film, who intends to free the mentally ill and, according to Foucault, insane people from disciplinary institutions.

As an original and traditional art in the Qajar era, the art of textile weaving has been of high importance. The book "The Art of Textile Weaving of the Qajar Era", written by Zohreh Rouhfar, addresses this art. The book has been published by Armanshahr Publications in 2012. Therefore, the present paper deals with the content and formal critique of the book. With an analytical view in her book, the author introduces different types of textiles of the Qajar era and mentions their characteristic features by classifying the fabrics. According to the content critique and analysis made by this paper, it is shown that the author adopts an analytical view in describing the works based on primary sources. Moreover, her academic approach to the systematic classification of different types of textiles makes the book a reliable research source in the field of art of the textile design industry. However, ignorance of some headlines and failure to provide sufficient documentation and persuasive analysis can be considered as the weaknesses of the book. Finally, weaknesses of the book, such as the lack of visual resources, the inclusion of black and white images at the end of the book, and flaws in the layout and editing of the content are discussed in the section on formal analysis and critique.

Qajar tilework incorporates a wide arena that is inseparable from the architecture of this era. Tile medium has been used in different forms and techniques during the art history of Iran,however, the Qajar era is of greater significance regarding the large number of works produced and the related innovations occurred in this field. The book “, Qajar Tilework”,is a field study of this art medium dealing with the neglected status of Persian tiles during the relatively long reign of the Qajars in Persian culture and architecture. This book is a unique and pioneering study in terms of presenting various pictures under one categorization, and describing the visual and aesthetic features of Qajar tiles and monuments,yet facing with some deficiencies which have been identified and should be corrected for future publication. Mere consideration of the tiles which are only visible in remained historic buildings and complexes, and consequently ignoring the study of extant samples in the present, available collections and achieves,disregarding the whole field of inscriptions (tiles with calligraphic scripts),conceptual misunderstanding between motif and theme,and not using up-to-date sources, while leaving out some authoritative, original ones are among the major shortcomings and defects of the book.

Writing and introducing university resources to improve the academic level of students is one of the most important tasks of university teachers. Meanwhile, disciplines such as handicrafts and Islamic arts, which were approved by the Cultural Revolution Council after the revolution as a discipline appropriate to Iranian-Islamic culture, have felt this shortcoming more than other disciplines of humanities and arts. Over the last two decades, some professors, in sporadic activities without comprehensive supervision, have written educational texts and books to alleviate some of the burden of this problem. In the meantime, scientific critique and analysis of textbooks will be one of the effective ways to guide the writing of authentic, credible and acceptable sources. In this article, an attempt is made to introduce the book "Introduction to Traditional Arts (3)" and to critique it in terms of its formal structure and content analysis. The result of this critical view shows that inattention to new research methods, carelessness in the method of writing, repetition of content based on previous texts and similar sources, and finally a superficial look at concepts that require an approach based on Content analysis, does not place this book for students to use in the field of authoritative academic resources.