Cultural Psychology
Year:2022 | Volume:6 | Issue:1|Papers Count:15

Psycho-spiritual struggles play an important role in the physical and mental health. The present study investigated the phenomenon of psycho-spiritual struggles, its factors, genetic factors and its consequences in Iran. The study was done based on qualitative approach, using Grounded Thoery. O do ao, 14 participants were studied based on purposeful sampling method and in-depth semi-structured interviews for 5 months. The data were gathered, coded, categorized and figured in theoretical model framework. The results of analyzing the coded interviews led to the identification of "280 codes", "16 categories", "3 themes", and "1 theoretical model". Seven categories of "psychological", "familial", "stressful situations", "religious internalization", " God image", "attachment to God", and "quest religious orientation" were recognized as genetic factors of psycho-spiritual struggles, based on lived experiences of the participants. Also, three categories of "psychological problems", "religious a motivation", and "religious growth" were identified as the consequences of psycho-spiritual struggles. Given the findings of this study, it is necessary to pay more attention to the phenomenon of psycho-spiritual struggles, its factors and consequences, especially in the cultural context of Iran, as well as to create psychological interventions appropriate to these struggles.

Spirituality leads to appreciation and hope in lives, empowers the people to be patient and hopeful encountering horrible events and feels a sense of purpose. . Hence, the acquisition of spiritual skills is rather necessary to promote mental health, peace of mind and quality of life. The purpose of this study is to identify spiritual skills. The statistical population was gathered based on databases of PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, ProQuest in the period of 2004-2019, using purposive sampling. The findings contained the keywords of Spiritual skill, Spiritual life, Spirituality were searched. Finally, 51 articles and books related to the purpose of the research were reviewed. Among these, 17 books and 12 articles were analyzed by quantitative method, 5 articles were analyzed by qualitative method, one article was analyzed by mixed-method, and 16 articles were analyzed by review method. The results showed that being honest, being alone, some exercises to have inner peace, empathy, having divine love, prayer, removing habits and doing new things, trusting in God, hiking, being more active in social activities, striving for supreme purposes and acceptance are of the spiritual skills mentioned in many researches. It seems that honesty, as the concept of homogeneity and originality toward humanistic approach (and heterogeneity in the opposite side), trying to have deep inner connection, being hopeful of God to gain the wishes, doing regular and daily spiritual activities are of the spiritual skills discussed in various studies that can promote spirituality.

Stress is an important factor in the incidence of diseases and a threat to health. Various models have been designed to deal with stress. The aim of this study to formulate a conceptual model of religious coping with stress based on the teachings of the Holy Quran. The method of the present study is qualitative, based on Grounded Theory. The main source of this research was the Holy Quran,authentic interpretive and hadith sources were used in order to confirm the interpretations. The research sample included descriptive and explanatory statements related to the semantic field of religious coping with stress in the Holy Quran, which was purposefully selected. Research data were collected in three categories: Books, including the Holy Quran, commentaries on the Quran, and narration books,Software, which includes Jami Altafasir software and Jami Alahadith,and website, included valid scientific databases with the content of the mentioned books. After extracting the content related to religious coping from the Holy Quran, 730 "open source", 46 "concepts", 13 "categories" and 4 "dimensions" are extracted in the process of data analysis through "coding". Finally, four dimensions in the format of 1 template were formatted. Findings showed that the pattern of religious coping is a process pattern that has four dimensions including sources of stress, bases of religious coping, the structure of religious coping, and the consequences of religious coping.

The prevalence of Covid-19 has caused many mental and physical problems for individuals but some people, despite these problems, would experience posttraumatic growth. The aim of the present study was to explain post-traumatic growth facilitators based on the experiences of patients suffering from Covid-19. A qualitative research design was conducted using content analysis method. Twentyfive participants were selected using purposive sampling and interviewed using semi-structured and in-depth interviews. Purposeful sampling was used to achieve data saturation. Data were analyzed by the stepwise process of Brown and Clark theme analysis using MAXQDA software. Data analysis resulted in 90 initial codes, 23 basic themes, and 6 organizing themes. The most important facilitating factors and their sub-categories were: Perception of support (support of friends, support of family, self-sacrifice, support of medical staff),Spirituality (spiritual beliefs, spiritual behaviors, religious background),Personality attributes (optimism, extraversion, hardiness, no history of neuroticism, flexibility, conscientiousness, self-efficacy and deep thinking),Safe attachment (safe family relationships, feelings of being loved),experience of a crisis overcome (unfortunate events, history of illness, history of loss, facing death),And demographic variables (being youth, higher education). The results showed that various factors may facilitate posttraumatic growth in patients suffering from Covid-19. Identification of these facilitators can significantly help in designing and modifying intervention programs for patients with Covid-19.

The aim of this study was to identify coping styles based on the lived experience of patients suffering from Covid-19. The method of this qualitative research was according to the stepwise Theme analysis, by Brown and Clerk. Sampling was nonprobabilistic and purposeful. Data collection was done through interviews. For this purpose, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 30 patients suffering from Covid-19 for 30 to 50 minutes, depending on the patient's condition. Data analysis resulted in 392 initial codes, 46 basic themes, 11 organizer themes including Resilient style, Reception style, Self-Directive style, Pragmatic style, Prayer style, Trustworthy style, surrender style, Hopeful style, seeking support style, Philanthropic style, Punitive style, and a comprehensive theme entitled "Coping Styles". Finally, the validity of the content was verified by a reasonable and reasoned review by experts using Content Validity Index (CVI). The results showed that the style of coping with Corona disease is a complex and dynamic concept. The results of this study would lead to design questionnaires to assess coping style, design disease control interventions and provide training programs to deal with the disease in order to better adaptation to the disease and achieve faster recovery.

By the COVID-19 pandemic since early 2020, many people have been infected with the disease and a significant number of people has lost their lives. The survivors of the deceased were deprived of any individual and social support to facilitate the experience of mourning due to severe communication restrictions (quarantine),such a condition would threaten the physical and psychological health of the survivors. Meanwhile, the personal coping resources are of the significant role. Religion is one of these resources. The aim of this study was to investigate the multivariate relationship between different styles of religious coping, the experience of mourning and the mental health of survivors of COVID-19. 277 residents of Mashhad, who had lost one of their close relatives in the hospital due to COVID-19, have accepted to complete the electronic questionnaires of this study. The method of this research was descriptive-correlational. The mourning list, the Anxiety, Depression and Stress Scale, and the Religious Coping Scale were used to measure the research variables. The results of analysis showed that there is a significant relationship between all research variables,the highest correlation coefficient was between the negative religious coping and the component of separation and rejection of the experience of mourning. The lowest correlation coefficient was between positive religious coping and panic behavior of grief experience. Positive religious coping predicted less harm in the experience of grief and more mental health, hence, negative religious coping predicted more harm in the experience of grief and less mental health.

The aim of the current study was to investigate the effectiveness of cognitivebehavioral therapy on anxiety and self-efficacy of anxious children. The statistical population consisted of anxious children of 8 to 12 years old in Ahvaz. The research sample consisted of 3 anxious children who were selected by summon on consultant centers and schools according to the results of the Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED) and purposeful sampling method. In this research, a singlecase experimental design with asynchronous baseline was used. The cognitivebehavioral therapy protocol was done in 16 sessions. The data were gathered in three phases of basic lines, during the therapy, and one month follow-up. Data were analyzed by reliable change index, recovery percentage, and visual drawing. The findings indicated that the participants recovered during the therapy of anxiety (%30. 96) and self-efficacy (%28. 13),the recovery continued up to follow-up for anxiety (%35. 77) and self-efficiency (%31. 31). The reliable change index for both components at follow-up was meaningful (%0. 05). Therefore, the cognitivebehavioral therapy increases awareness and skills and decreases non-effective reactions, by which, it reduces anxiety and increases children's self-efficacy.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between academic selfefficacy and self-compassion with emotion regulation disorder in adolescents along with the role of gender moderator. The statistical population of the study was all high school students (160,80 girls and 80 boys) in the academic year 1399-99 in districts 1 and 2 of Tehran who were selected using multi-stage cluster sampling. The method of this research was descriptive and correlational and in order to collect information, scales of academic self-efficacy, self-compassion and emotion regulation disorder were used. The data of this study were analyzed using Pearson correlation and stepwise regression. The results showed that academic self-efficacy and self-compassion were significant in predicting adolescent emotion regulation disorder. On the other hand, the role of gender moderator in the relationship between self-compassion and emotion regulation disorders was significant and it means that gender affected the direction and relationship between these two variables,However, this adjustment was not established in the relationship between academic self-efficacy and emotion regulation disorder. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that academic self-efficacy and self-compassion are associated with emotion regulation disorders in adolescents and by strengthening academic selfcompassion and self-efficacy can help improve adolescent emotion regulation disorders.

The academic buoyancy refers to the successful experiences of students or college students to face obstacles and educational problems and overcome them. The aim of this research was to predicate the academic buoyancy and academic performance of college students based on Islamic lifestyle. The method of the research was the correlation one. The study population included all students of Islamic Azad university at Abhar Branch. Cluster sampling was used to select 212 students. The measurement instruments included Islamic lifestyle questionnaire, academic buoyancy questionnaire and academic average score. Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise regression analyses were used to analyze the data. The results showed that in spite of positive correlation between all dimensions of Islamic lifestyle and academic buoyancy, only two components of punctuality and beliefs would explain 35 percent of academic buoyancy variance. The results also showed a positive relationship between Islamic lifestyle and academic performance. The was a positive relationship between religious rituals, ethics, family, thinking and knowledge, punctuality of Islamic lifestyle and academic performance. The results of regression analysis showed that 13 percent of academic performance variance is explained by three components of punctuality, thinking and knowledge, and religious rituals of Islamic lifestyle. Therefore, the results of this study can provide a basis to increase academic buoyancy and academic performance through consideration of their lifestyle.

The aim of this research is experimental investigation about the effects of Social Problem Solving Skill Training on the psychological empowerment of high school teachers and its stability during periods of time. The research methodology was the experimental one in which the semi-experimental design of Pretest-posttest with control group and follow-up were used. Men and women high school teachers of Tehran District 19 were selected as the research sample. Sample selection was based on Cochran Formula using purposeful non-probability sampling in which 42 teachers were selected. Spritzer and Donson questionnaire were used for data collection on psychological empowerment component. The test group was under training of social problem solving skill based on D'zurilla and Nezu pattern. The training was provided in seven 90-minute sessions during two months. The control group were not provided with any training. Data were analyzed by ANCOVA and correlated t-test. The results showed a higher meaningful level of psychological empowerment training among teachers who were provided with social problem solving skills training than those without any training. The program of social problem solving skill training was effective to improve psychological empowerment of teachers in view of merit, choice right, effectiveness, being valuable, and effective confidence,the empowerment was in a suitable stability during periods of time. The training interference seemed as a useful way for teachers psychological empowerment, according to its effect on social problem solving skills and its stability.

Sustainability of marriage is the cornerstone of a healthy and developed family and provides a good environment for the growth of children and other family members. The aim of this study was to identify the contexts of marital adjustment in the early stages of marriage in its stabilization. In line with this goal, the information required was gathered through qualitative approach and phenomenological method using purposive sampling. At each stage, the analysis of the previous data was done from 24 people (12 couples), passing at least 3 and at most 7 years of their marital life at the time of interview –,based on their statements, they had not experienced any intense, growing, divorce-related conflicts. The research tool was a semi-structured interview and the findings were analyzed by a seven-step Colaizzi method. Having coded the interviews and categorized the sub-topics, 11 main themes were obtained as follows: "Individual virtues, couple virtues, constructive conflict management, religious beliefs, marital privacy, flexibility, constructive choice, family support, the effect of time passing on marital relationships, healthy communication structure, growth and couple promotion, " and 1 core theme called "virtues forming the positive cycle of promoting the marital relationship". It can be concluded that the lasting marriage is a phenomenon requires several conditions and factors and the role of adaptation. Also, the related components are so much important in the stability of marriage, especially in its early stages and years.

Marital satisfaction in life can be related to overall life satisfaction and it is very important to examine factors affecting. This study aimed to predict marital satisfaction based on self-compassion, compassion for others, and emotional intelligence. The research design was descriptive –,correlational. The statistical population of the study included all married women in Ahvaz in 2018, who had passed at least 1 year of their marriage. The sample consisted of 300 married women selected by convenience sampling method, based on Morgan Table. The research data were gathered by questionnaires including Self-Compassion Scale, Compassion Scale, Emotional Intelligence Scale, and Relationship Assessment Scale. Statistical analysis used for this research was correlational coefficient. The data analysis was done in two stages: Descriptive statistics (frequency, frequency percentage, mean, standard deviation, maximum and minimum scores) and Deductive statistics (Pearson simple correlation coefficient and stepwise regression analysis). The results of this study indicated a meaningful relationship between self-compassion, compassion for others, and emotional intelligence with marital satisfaction. Based on the regression analysis, the three variables of self-compassion, compassion for others and emotional intelligence determined 10 percent of marital satisfaction. Results from stepwise regression analysis showed that emotional intelligence and self-compassion are predictors for marital satisfaction. It can be concluded that factors such as emotional intelligence and compassion for oneself and others affect marital satisfaction. It is suggested that therapists and family counselors pay more attention to these factors to provide solutions to promote marital satisfaction.

One of the important problems in modern society is infertility. Its therapeutic process may challenge the relationships and the foundation of the family. The present research studies those infertility families which passed the treatment process and analyses their psychological encounter to the fertility issue as well as the effects of the treatment process on couples' relationships. Accordingly, 13 interview reports from infertile couples, who could have children after the treatment, were analyzed using the Grounded Theory and Glazier Approach in two real and theoretical coding based on a sign-concept model. The results show that individual and mutual feelings facing infertility are in accord with scarification, shared path, to be sacrificed, which the Looking Glass Self matter shows such mental health. However, the couple's relationship during the treatment process shows a more compatible situation, taking advantage of the threads, keeping norms, taking control of the situation, and a brief note to having weak control of the situation which the Coexistence Under Crisis Circumstances restates the matter in accord with the subject. In the end, from the two mentioned matters the construction of family relationships in infertile families’,phenomena was made. The result is that couples either experience emotional coldness or become more interested in their spouse, depending on individual perceptions and re-reading of each other's feelings about the infertility situation.

The present study aimed to explain divorce based on Durkheim's social anomie approach in Karaj. As divorce affects the lives of individuals and families beside many consequences for the social system, it is therefore considered as an important social issue. The researchers have studied and explained divorce as a social reality in view of the paradigm of social reality with a positivist approach. "Survey" was used as a method of referring to reality and a "questionnaire" was used to collect information. The statistical population consists of all married people in Karaj. The information of 404 respondents was collected in two groups by probabilistic sampling method (divorce attempt and non-divorce attempt). The descriptive tables, inferential statistics, multivariate regression and path analysis were used to analyze the data. In total, %50. 5 of the respondents are divorcees and %49. 5 are nondivorcees. The age range of the respondents is from 16 to 69 years,the highest frequency of divorce is in the age groups of 25 to 45 years. The final model of path analysis showed a significant relationship between variables and attempt for divorce,This means that the variables of social anomie and cost-benefit assessment, respectively, had %34 and %51 positive and increasing effect on attempt for divorce-the variable of social belonging had %37 negative and decreasing effect on divorce.