JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Year:2022 | Volume:24 | Issue:1 (116)|Papers Count:20

Background & Objective: The reclaimed wastewater can be used as tool for compensation of water scarcity and control and reduce harvesting from deep and semi deep wells. Investigation on the effect of irrigation with Delijan reclaimed wastewater and well water for 5 years on soil carbon sequestration and growth of 7 hard woods trees species was the purpose of this study. Method: In the present study, seedlings were cultivated after ground preparing as a group at 3 × 3 m. spacing based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in March 2011. For determination of the effect irrigation type on soil carbon sequestration, in the fifth year, soil sampling was taken by drilling at soil five profiles from tree consecutive depths (0-30, 30-60 and 60-90 cm) under the crown of the trees. In evaluating the growth of hardwood tree species at the end of the fifth year, characteristics of height, collar diameter, canopy diameter, canopy cover area, percentage of survival and percentage of vitality were measured. Findings: The results of the study on the amount of soil carbon sequestration in different depths showed that irrigation with reclaimed wastewater increased the organic carbon content of the soil, which it’, s the highest content is in the depth of 60-90 cm of soil. Among the species planted, in irrigation with well water, the highest height was in species of Ailanthus altissima and collar diameter, canopy diameter, canopy cover area, and percentage of vitality were in species of Melia azedarach. In irrigation with reclaimed wastewater, there were the highest height in species of Robinia pseudoacacia, diameter of collar in species of Elaeagnus angustifolia, canopy cover diameter and canopy cover area in species of M. azedarach and vitality in two species of M. azedarach and Celtis australis. There were the lowest percentage of survival in species of Acer negundo in both of irrigation system. Discussion and Conclusions: The main effect of irrigation type did not show significant statistical difference. Species of A. negundo was more susceptible to water supply and soil conditions and was not suitable for planting in this area. Species of M. azedarach is the most consistent in the present study.

Background and Aim: One of the key factors in the conservation and development of urban green space is use of available water resource in each region according to the characteristics of green space in this paper providing of water for boeen-zahra's green space irrigation has been studied. Method: First available water resources were determined then questionnaires completed by experts, and the effective criteria in the decision-making process of water resources selection were weighed using AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) method. Finally, the best option was selected using the preferential prioritization method to enrich the evaluations (Promethee). Findings: The results of AHP method in Expert Choice software indicated that the weight of technical, practical and managerial criteria were higher than other options and water resources of municipal garden wells with miscellaneous wells were selected as the best option. In the second stage, the weights and scores obtained from the criteria and options of the first part, were selected and ranked as input to the Decision Lab 2000 software, and in this stage, the result obtained was confirmed in the first stage. Discussion and Conclusion: The present study indicates that technical, practical, managerial and environmental criteria are the most important factors in choosing the type of water source for irrigation of green space. In other words, in choosing the right water resources, achieving standards, hydraulic shock resistance, no need for advanced technology to control, system efficiency, are the parameters that are most considered.

Background and Objective: in order to address the problems and problems of city monuments, the urban knowledge is obliged to replace it in a creative and creative way to recreate it. Therefore, future futures studies have emerged as a new paradigm for long-term view on issues facing cities, with the aim of responding to unpredictable problems, futures futures and desirable futures in recent decades. In this regard, the present study attempts to formulate the optimal scenarios of creative regeneration of the city of gorgan city. Material and Methodology: in this study, first with the environment scan and Delphi method, 40 primary factors are extracted in four different social-cultural fields, management and planning, physical factors and economic factors, and then by using the Delphi method. In the next step, using structural analysis in MICMAC software has been attempted to analyze the matrix. Findings: Based on the results of the Wizard Scenario, Scenario Nos. (2, 3, 4, 6, 11, 12, 14, 15 and 16) are obtained as static or unbelievable scenarios. The historical context of Gorgan is imaginable. Discussion and Conclusion: Thus, in the short term (1404), the scenario of gradual decline in the quality of historical texture in Gorgan, with the short-term improvement of management factors and the decline of economic factors, is the most likely scenario, but in the long-term future, the crosssectional improvement of management factors and policy inefficiencies may provide the opportunity to enhance economic factors. Do not allow this scenario to move to a disaster scenario.

Background and Objective: Several studies have been done to measure the concentration of heavy metals in vegetables, but so far, research on the determination of heavy metals in spinach and soil vegetation in upstream and downstream of the Ramin power plant using inductively coupled plasma-Optical emission spectroscopy has not been performed. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the concentration of cadmium, lead, and nickel in spinach and soil harvested from upstream and downstream fields of Ramin Power Plant. Material and Methodology: 99 vegetable and soil samples were collected. After chemical digestion (for soil using EPA 3050 and for plant using Jackson, 1980), preparation was performed by the ICPOES induction plasma coupling device. Then, the results were analyzed using SPSS20 software. Findings: The results showed that concentrations of Cd, Pb and Ni in spinach and the soil bottom of the plant were 17. 76, 20. 89 and 43. 68 mg / kg, 0. 09, 0. 1, 2. 52 mg / kg, respectively. And in the spinach and the upper soil of the Ramin power plant were measured 6. 81, 17. 94 and 28. 38 mg / kg, 0. 88, 0. 8 and 1. 85 mg / kg respectively, which according to the standard limit. Concentration of cadmium, nickel and lead in spinach was higher and in soil below standard level. The concentration of all three metals in all vegetable samples was higher than the standard standard. The general pattern of concentrations of metals in vegetables and soil is Ni> Pb> Cd. Discussion and Conclusion: Considering the high concentration of heavy metals in spinach herb and the impact of atmospheric dry atmospheric precipitation in the region, focusing on the potential risk of heavy metals contamination for food safety and human health in agricultural soils and upstream and downstream Ramin power plants it is very necessary.

Background and Objective: Improper development of city, changes in socio-economic structure, mismatch of adjacent areas and inattention of urban management to historical areas on one hand and the opportunity for proper development and investment around the city on the other hand, have led to declining quality of life in historical neighborhoods and excluding from urban development process. Versus, returning to infill development principle and revitalization of lost urban spaces by creating attractiveness in historical contexts could be a stimulus for development of these areas. In this regard, implementation of urban catalyst projects in urban historical contexts is inevitable. This applied research seeks to explain and prioritize lay outing criteria of urban catalyst project in historical contexts. For this purpose, historical context of region 12 of Tehran despite of its valuable historical potential was selected in the center of old city of Tehran. Material and Methodology: This research is descriptive-analytical and uses Fuzzy Network Analysis (FANP) method to prioritize criteria. Thus, after studying the theoretical fundamental of research by documentary-library method, appropriate criteria for lay outing urban catalyst project were weighted by factor analysis method and entered in the Super Decisions software for evaluation. Findings: findings show that pedestrian priority, job creation and capital attraction are the most important criterion among the criteria for lay outing urban catalyst projects in the historical context of region 12 of Tehran. Also, the least importance was given to improving public transportation, reviving cultural and historical heritage and environmental quality criteria. Discussion and Conclusion: It could be concluded that facilitating pedestrian movement and creating employment play a significant role in lay outing urban catalyst project in historical context. Unlike popular belief that revitalization of cultural and historical heritage is the most important factor in stimulating the historical area, this criterion was ranked among the least important criteria.

Background and Objective: Updated information in quantitative and qualitative properties of forests are useful in describing ecosystem sustainability, and designing management and conservative plans. According to importance of canopy cover parameter in the Zagros region and cost and time consuming processes of field measurement methods, in this study performance of remote sensing and geostatistics techniques to estimate forest canopy cover of Baghan region, Marivan city, were investigated. Material and Methodology: First, the number of 89 plots (each 0. 1 Hectare) were selected based on random sampling method. In each plot, information of tree crown and center geographic coordinates of that plot were recorded. Remote sensing method was carried out using Landsat satellite images (TM) and multiple linear regression model. After image processing, spectral values of the corresponding field plots were extracted from the original images and synthetic bands composed of vegetation indices and principle component analysis. In geostatistic method, the estimation was performed using ordinary kriging from a fitted exponential model to the semivariogram. Findings: The calculated variograms of canopy cover showed relatively strong spatial autocorrelation fitted by exponential models and cross-validation results showed an unbiased estimation of canopy estimation. Compared with the remote sensing method (with R2= 0/52 and RMSE= 16/47), the results indicated that Kriging model (RMSE= 9. 21, R2= 0. 69) showed a more accurate estimation of forest canopy cover. Discussion and Conclusion: The results showed that geostatistics techniques can be used as an efficient tool for mapping the forest canopy in the same regions (Zagros Forest).

Background & Objective: Noise is an adverse factor in the living environments of today’, s communities. This type of pollution has drawn attention to itself in the three recent decades, being a major problem in larger cities and seen as one of the significant environmental problems, blood pressure leading to cardiovascular disorders. Material and Methodology: The paper studied Tehran, Iran. The study areas consisted of Tajrish Square, Tohid and Sattarkhan crossroads, Hakim Freeway and Hemmat Freeway of Tehran. The study areas were selected based on their traffic and urban importance. The survey measured sound levels, road slope, road width, traffic, and land use (residential, commercial, administrative, and green space). In the field method, noise pollution level was measured using a sound level meter. Due to the role of traffic parameters, slope and residential, commercial, office and green space usage parameters, the parameters were recorded for each map of harvest. The spatial and temporal dependencies were extracted using "Agglomerative hierarchical clustering" and "principal components analysis". Findings: The results indicate the critical significance of urban traffic in noise pollution, as by a large difference it had the highest contribution to noise level, followed by green space, administrative, and commercial land use,road width, and road slope. Discussion & Conclusions: It is recommended that for future roads or revamping the existing ones, more lanes be implemented to produce wider roads, prevent the construction of tall buildings on the sided of main roads, and maintaining a standard distance between buildings and main roads, freeways, and other motorways.

Background & Objective: The wastewater obtained from sugar production cannot be naturally degraded due to the presence of various color precursors, colored impurities, lime carbonation sludge and other organic impurities. In this study, optimization of the effective parameters for the sugar industry wastewater treatment is investigated using photo-Fenton process and response surface methodology. Material and Methodology: This empirical research was conducted on a laboratory scale on refined wastewater obtained from sugar beet factory (Qazvin, Iran), in ternms of the intensity of contamination, considering the reduction of the three factors including COD, phenolic, and color content using the advanced oxidation process (photo-Fenton process). In order to optimize the ocndions for wastewater treatment, the results of these experiments wre ultimately optimized by response surface methodology. Findings: The results obtained that the optimal condition for color and phenolic removal were: pH of 6. 1' reaction time 15 minutes' Fenton's reagent (Fe2+/H2O2 ) concentrations: 20/1500 of ppm. Under these conditions, the color and phenolic reduction were achieved 73. 92% and 93. 9%, respectively. Discussion & Conclusions: The photo-Fenton process has a good efficacy in treating the sugar industry wastewater in the removal of important pollution parameters such as color impurities, phenolic compounds, and COD. Also, the statistical results showed that the pH parameter, Fenton's reagent concentration and contact time were significant during treatment process (p<0. 05).

Background & Objective: Heavy metals cases are threatening the health of ecosystems. Accumulation of metals in the soil allows them to plant crops and thus increases the risk of agriculture crops health. The goal of this research was conducted to evaluate zinc stress resistance for Pharagmites australis in greenhouse conditions. Material and Methodology: Experimental design was performed in an entirely randomized plan having two factors and three replications, 2016 at University of Jiroft. Digestion and preparation of samples were done by dry burning method and then Zinc concentration was measured by atomic absorption. Findings: Greenhouse experiments results showed that with increasing in metal concentration treatments, its absorbing with shoot and root were increased. However, impressive accumulation of zinc was in root and its translocation and accumulation in shoot has been reported much less. Discussion & Conclusions: With absorb and accumulate of metals in root, ability of plant growth was decreased with changes in physiological characteristics. Results of regression analysis showed concentration increasing of zinc in P. australis organs under these metal stress condition were fitted as a quadratic function with R2 >90 (p<0. 01). In summary results of this research show high relatively resistant of P. australis to zinc stress as necessary metal in plants, high accumulation capacity for metal in its root organ and low heavy metal translocation factor.

Background and Objective: Waste and municipal waste management is a major concern in any society and in this regard, the role and participation of citizens is very important. The purpose of this study is to design a model for impact of consumer attitude and awareness on the intention to participate in the electronic waste collection system. Material and Methodology: The present study is an applied study in terms of purpose and a case study in terms of method. After extracting the structures from theoretical foundations and articles, to finalize them from 25 people Experts were consulted. Also, to validate the research model, a sample of 384 citizens of Tehran was selected. A standard questionnaire with a reliability of 0/968 was used to collect data. The model validation method is Bayesian structural equations which was implemented in AMOS 26 software. Findings: Findings showed that environmental factors, mental norm, economic stimulus, infrastructure and attitude from Yang Ko et al. (2017) model are effective on citizens' participation intention. Also, the variables of personal education, responsibility and publicity that were identified from the article of Tavakoli Nia et al. (2017) were approved by experts. Among the identified factors, the highest impact was related to environmental factors with an impact rate of about 85%. Discussion and Conclusion: The results show that environmental factors, mental norms and attitudes affect the infrastructure and economic stimulus and also through these two variables affect the intention of citizen participation and have an indirect effect. Finally, publicity and accountability through environmental factors influence the intention of citizen participation. In addition, the results show that the infrastructure facilitates the conversion of subjective norms and attitudes to intentions, which shows that lack of access to electronic waste collection infrastructure, reduces the impact of subjective norms and attitudes on intention.

Background and Objective: Land degradation or land degradation is an important global challenge and dilemma that ultimately leads to desertification and the expansion of deserts, especially in areas with arid, semi-arid and semi-humid climates. Poverty and lack of food security, combined with the occurrence of severe droughts and other adverse climatic conditions that put excessive pressure on fragile ecosystems and basic natural resources (water, soil and plants), in such areas and causes Deprivation of vital resources becomes. The purpose of this study is to identify the characteristics and criteria of each of the parameters and factors, both natural and man-made, affecting land degradation so that we can plan to manage them in order to preserve and restore environmental resource resources. Material and Methodology: In this research, using periodic remote sensing data, GIS, field observations and measurements and statistical methods are used and a quantitative model is used to estimate the results. Findings: Based on the obtained results, land degradation in Taleghan Dam watershed scale is a function of six factors: land slope, surface geological characteristics (rock units), soil properties, soil erosion facies by water, land protection and land use Among the factors affecting land degradation, the index of protection on the ground with a weight of 0. 20 had the greatest impact on land degradation. Discussion and Conclusion: The proposed model can be used nationally as an efficient model in determining the rate (intensity) and extent of land degraded sites accurately to combat and manage the phenomenon.

Background and Objective: Sustainable development focuses on the continuity of resources, the stability of capital and the continuous flow of its services for the present and the future. The Sea-based economy and the optimal yeild for development are important for our country. In marine shrimp fishing, the goals are "employment, profit, participation and safety of employees, as well as the reduction of bycatch fishing and the conservation of biodiversity" are pursued. The goal is to obtain the optimal fleet according to environmental, economic and social considerations in Qeshm fishing area. Material and Methodology: Stakeholders and their objectives were identified and 70 samples were randomly selected. The weight of each goal was determined by Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), and the models were estimated by Linear Programming. The total allowable shrimp catch (TAC) along with the linear model estimates and its weights were analyzed through Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) and the goal programming (GP) model. Findings: In this study the preferences of the seven groups of identified stakeholders, including fisheries, labor, environmental NGOs, government, fisheries workers, researchers and processing centers, showed that maximum profit is the first priority for all groups. Reducing overfishing is the least preferred. Discussion and Conclusion: The share of the average fleet (between 20 and 50 tons) to achieve the research objectives was estimated at 64%. Based on the research findings, reducing the share of large fleet size and increasing the medium size is recommended to create harvest stability.

Background and Objective: Given that most carried out studies on healing gardens are written in Non-native researches, it is required to investigate the pattern compatibility level of Iranian garden landscape and healing gardens to propose a practical strategy in line with Iranians local-cultural value. Scholars have carried out abundant researches on healing ability of natural environments as well as healing gardens. Yet, less observed that the comparative study method has been used for healing gardens analysis in Iranian garden. Material and Methodology: This written has used comparative study to analyze the compatibility level of Iranian garden landscape pattern with healing gardens. The present study intends to analyze the “, quality and degree of healing gardens’,indicators in Iranian garden”, . Therefore, at first step, the qualitative content of healing landscapes was described, and its relevant basics no less than indexes were analyzed. Next, the parameters and indicators stemmed from these studies were compiled as a query and submitted to the practitioners subsequently. Those were analyzed by Spss 16. 0 software to estimate the level of indicators’,compatibility in Iranian garden. Findings: It was found out from the implemented analyses and estimations that the most percentage of Iranian garden compatibility with a healing garden indicators is for sensory stimulation indicator and accessibility to and interaction with nature. Discussion and Conclusion: Its necessary for designers to improve private areas and make space diversity for users with utilization of innovative ways to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of Persian garden with healing function.

According to the 1982 convention of the seas, constructing artificial islands is permitted, and countries can build artificial islands in their own territory. However, creating artificial islands in the Persian Gulf area makes the countries in the region, especially Iran, pursue the issue more sensitively. Moreover, according to principles of International Environmental Law, the countries that construct artificial islands should provide other countries with the required information regarding the construction and properties of their own artificial islands. Today, artificial island construction is being increased, and this has caused many environmental crises, including the increase of water darkness and pollution and transport of coastal sediments. This article analyzed the destructive impacts of constructing artificial islands in the Persian Gulf environment, the effect of development of new land space from geopolitical view, and building artificial islands from the viewpoint of International Law of the seas are being reviewed. Moreover, because the notion of governance in modern International Law has been modified regarding the use of the environment and sustainable development, the countries constructing these islands and coastal countries will have limited rights to build artificial islands.

Background and Objective: There are few cities in today’, s world where there is no worn-out texture. The physical, functional and service providing as well as urban, social, economic and environmental status of wornout infrastructures is really undesirable. With the growing decay, the quality of life has also declined and it is necessary to improve the condition of these textures by an environmentally-based plan and according to the indexes of Rehabilitation the quality of the environment. Material and Methodology: The current study is a practical one in terms of purpose, and regarding the method, it is descriptive-survey. In the basic concepts introduction section, the method of gathering data is library method, and in the part about documentation collecting, field studies (questionnaire, interview and observation) were done. At first, the environmental problems of worn-out textures have been identified for the aim of planning for their revival and in the end, some strategies for improving and reviving the worn-out textures are introduced. Findings: the results of the study show that physical problems and then environmental, social, economic and management ones in order comprise the main portion of problems. Also, in studying the physical aspects, it was noticed that the low quality of the buildings, superfineness of the pieces and impenetrability of passageways are among the most important problems of the studied texture. Discussion and Conclusion: Based on the final analyses, some strategies for the purpose of strengthening the positive points and opportunities and also eliminating the weaknesses were provided in the form of SWOT models to improve the worn-out texture at the center of Ardakan.

Background and Objective: Technocracy is the result of a positivist attitude that depends on science, human society, and of course management. An approach that, if based on pure ideology, can be considered very bigoted and disturbing the level of social balance, but if technocracy is considered as an instrumental rationality, it can develop professional functions in social accounting and Lay the groundwork for learning green accounting values based on theories such as Anthropocene theory. The purpose of this research is Effect of Technological Instrumental Rational Approach on Development of Green Accounting Functions by Expanding of Anthropocene Theory Paradigm. Material and Methodology: In this study, the methodology in terms of the nature of the problem and aim of the study is applied, method of data collection and research tool was a questionnaire surveycorrelation. The statistical population in this study is the top managers in the top 50 companies of Tehran Stock Exchange in 1398, which considering that the top managers in this study included two levels of CEO and Executives CEO and less than 100 people, is one of the census criteria. It also was used to model analysis partial least squares (PLS). Findings: The results showed that, according to the paradigm of Anthropocene theory, applying the instrumental rationality approach of technocracy enhances the function of green accounting. Disscotion & Conclusion: The results of this study show that in order to realize the Anthropocene paradigm at the performance level of companies, using instrumental rationality as the basis of technocracy can change attitudes, behavior and practical ethics in corporate decisions to learn values for stakeholders. Improve the functional social of companies and this will strengthen the functions of green accounting as a social consequences.

Background and Objective: The category of occupational health and safety management, which is one of the most necessary and legal requirements of the workplace, includes a wide range of issues, standards, programs, instructions and sometimes strategic assignments, which can only be implemented through the systematic application of methods. Appropriate management will be possible. The purpose of this study is to design a feasibility model for the establishment of occupational safety and health management system in Iranian government organizations. Material and Methodology: This research is an applied research in terms of purpose and is in the category of applied developmental research. The statistical population of this study consists of two groups. The first group is 40 experts and the second group is all employees of government organizations in Kerman province with a volume of 77528 people. The sample size in this field was determined to be 384 people using Cochran's formula. The research instrument is two questionnaires: effective and determining factors in designing the model of occupational safety and health management system and predisposing factors in feasibility of establishing occupational safety and health management system, the validity and reliability of which by Kahouripour et al. In government organizations Iran has been evaluated and approved, so that the value of Cronbach's alpha for the variable of occupational safety and health management system is equal to 0. 992 and for the variable of feasibility of the establishment of occupational safety and health management system is equal to 0. 986. Data were analyzed using SPSS and Smart Pls software. Findings: Based on the research findings, the designed model regarding the feasibility of establishing an occupational safety and health management system in Iranian government organizations has been approved. Their components have a positive and significant effect on the feasibility of establishing an occupational safety and health management system. Disscotion & Conclusion: Considering the comprehensiveness of the research, the results of this research can be considered as a tool for empowering managers in the field of up-to-date knowledge of occupational safety and health management system and feasibility of its establishment in government organizations.

Background and Objective: Green products are considered as one of the social consumerism approaches that need to have a collectivist perception in order to support it under today's environmental conditions. The purpose of this research is Effect Pygmalion in Support of Green Food Products. Material and Methodology: This research is combined in terms of methodology, because focusing on qualitative and quantitative analysis processes seeks to provide a model and then explain it at the level of knowledge-based companies in the field of oil industry. The statistical population of the study was in the qualitative part of academic experts and in the quantitative part the managers of knowledge-based companies in the food sector participated. Findings: The results in the quantitative part also showed that identifying the green brand as a theme of perception based on sustainable development is the most effective basis of perception based on the success of transcendentalism (Pygmalion) in supporting the greenness of food products at the level of knowledge-based companies Disscotion & Conclusion: This result shows that knowledge-based companies that are active in the field of green food products and their derivatives, both in terms of the product itself and in terms of production processes, can identify the brand position of their green products in this field. Create a more coherent understanding of the environmental support of institutions and customers, especially their major customers.

Background and Objective: Employed workers in wastewater treatment plants are always exposed to threats of risk factors in the workplace such as harmful physical, chemical and biological factors. Therefore, the present study assesses the safety, health and environmental risks in the wastewater treatment plant in west of Ahwaz city to investigate these risks and provide the necessary solutions. Material and Methodology: After the field visits, interviews to experts and staffs of treatment plant and internet researches (2018), a list of the most important risks was identified and given to the experts and staffs. In order to analyze and prioritize the risks, it was used from AHP and TOPSIS, which are multi-criteria decision-making methods (MCDM) and as well as the entropy technique to calculate the weight of the indicators. In Continuation to prioritizing strategies of factors, in order to removing the conflict between TOPSIS and AHP results, it was used the ranks mean. Findings: According to the results of AHP and TOPSIS, the most important safety and environmental risks that were identified, are impact to rotating parts of systems, entry of toxic materials and impermissible industrial wastewater and the dispersion of biogas from sludge digestion reservoirs. Also, according to the results of the ranks mean method, among the safety and health risks, it was Assigned impact to rotating parts of systems to score 1/5 the first priority, the electric shock and the dispersion of bad gas from wastewater to score of 3 and 3/5 were the second and third priority respectively. Among the environmental risks, it was Assigned entry of toxic materials and impermissible industrial waste water, the dispersion of biogas from sludge digestion reservoirs to score of 2 first priority, fire and explosion score of 3 second priority and fluctuations of waste wate discharge score of 3/5 the third priority. Disscotion & Conclusion: Given that the performance of wastewater treatment plants is a function of various human, natural, equipment and functional factors at the exploitation stage, therefore, management of these factors will help to improve the process of exploitation. In the present study, one of the most important management actions to reduce the level of risks identified, can pointed to apply of work safety guidelines, establishing of facilities and necessary equipment to burn additional gases and prevent their dangerous accumulation in the treatment plant environment, perform pre-treatment of industrial wastewater and continuous monitoring of effluent wastes to match with environmental standards.

Backgrounds and Objectives: The pattern of balanced development of the city depends on measuring the spatial balance of the city's resources, facilities and the way the population settles in its areas and localities. Also, the balanced development of every city requires a fair approach towards the efficiency of financial resources and the distribution of economic, social and cultural services, which aims to improve the life quality of the citizens. The current research was conducted with the aim of investigating the balanced development of Amol city with the approach of spatial justice. Material and Methodology: The research method is descriptive-analytical. In order to analyze the research data in the geographic information system (GIS) environment. At first, the spatial distribution pattern of the facilities was investigated with statistical and graphical methods in Amol city using GIS software. Then the geographical distribution was investigated. In the next step, by using the information layers of the city and the pair decision-making method, the effective physical indicators in the distribution of facilities have been examined. A survey and interview were conducted with 42 experts in 22 neighborhoods of Amol city during 2020-2021 to determine the superiority functions and weighting of indicators and finally their ranking using AHP model. Findings: The findings of different analyzes indicate the concentration of facilities and services in the city center and in its primary context. Disscotion & Conclusion: Analyzes such as kernel density analysis, kriging, and hot spots determined that the distribution of facilities and services in Amol city tends to the center, and the nearest neighbor analysis also showed a clustered situation for the distribution of facilities and services.