SOCIAL STUDIES AND RESEARCH IN IRAN
Year:2017 | Volume:5 | Issue:4|Papers Count:7

Within the country, there is evidences of the prevalence of alcohol consumption among youth and universities’ students. The purpose of this paper is to study social science faculty of Tehran university students’ attitude toward alcohol consumption, and to explain this attitude from rational choice theory perspective. The method of this research is survey, and the data collection instrument is questionnaire, and finally the number of 412 respondents (209 male students and 203 female students) were analyzed. Descriptive data show that 55.6, 37.1, and 7.3 percent of all students, respectively, have negative, moderate, and positive attitude toward alcohol consumption. Also, the mean of attitude toward alcohol consumption and all dimensions of it is higher in men than women. Results show that among the eight rational choice variables, four variables of informal punishment, utilitarian need, moral beliefs and affective ties (as the most indicators) have a significant relationship with alcohol consumption and all dimensions of it. The study variables explain 71.2 percent of the variations of attitude toward alcohol consumption variable. Providing a scale for evaluating attitudes toward alcohol consumption, and operationalizing of the independent variables based on rational choice theory according to alcohol consumption are among the theoretical achievements of this research.

This paper tries to study the economic consequences of emergence and development of border market from the viewpoint of perception, interpretation and experience of people. In fact, cross-border market in Kurdish regions has developed after the changes happened in Iraq in recent decade. Hence, the study of the consequences of emergence and development of these types of markets is important from sociological point of view. This study, in theoretical section has its roots in critical perspective of theorists such as Bourdieu, Simmel, Polanyi, and Sandels, and in methodology, in accordance with the critical paradigm, critical ethnography has been used. The case study is Baneh Border Market. In this study, data were collected with the method of theoretical sampling, and interview, dialogue, focus group and documentary analysis. Findings were presented using method of open and axial coding in two levels of descriptive and analytical. In descriptive level, research findings categorized in two axial categories of history of trade and border market in Baneh as well as growth and expansion of business and consumer spaces. Results showed that from the viewpoint of respondents, most important consequences of border and trade market are servicization of society, increasing the immigration to Baneh, hegemonization of money, undermining of the traditional modes of production, debilitation of middle class, emergence of new-money wealthy merchants, increasing economic inequality, and the commodification of space. In the end, the relationship of the results of the study with literature and theoretical perspective will be discussed and analyzed.

The aim of this study is to produce a theory of action with emphasis on the VAT tax, and to discover the underlying condition, the causal factors and interventions that affect this action. In order to do that, the method of underlying theory was used. And using purposive sampling, in-depth interviews were conducted with 51 participants, and after theoretical saturation, sampling stopped. Findings show that deinstitutionalization of VAT is of category or central core. VAT practicing barriers include disacceptance of VAT, negative attitude toward VAT as a result of attributing negative consequences to its enforcement, the illegitimacy of the tax institution, perceived unfair tax practices, inefficiency of system of social control, and mutual social distrust. Furthermore, the continual underdevelopment is a consequence of tax deinstitutionalization.

People can make their time happier by telling jokes. Jokes can be a part of humor and oral facetiae of the common literature of Iran that emerges in different ways. Have a happy aspect, some jokes have a positive function in various fields; so, they are as a constructive ingredient; but some have negative reflection which bring destruction effects. This paper studies the negative consequences of a types of jokes which are called black jokes. The paper is to study these consequences using a qualitative approach.In this study, we analyze the concept of jokes, explaining the various aspects of them, and the conceptualizing them accurately, and then we study their consequences form the viewpoint of the studied population. Results show that black jokes have various consequences whose consequences emerge in different aspects of psychological, social, cultural and political to the extent that can greatly disrupt cohesiveness within a society.

During some decades ago, Iran hosted much many Afghan refugees. Different researches and content analysis of speeches, interviews of experts in charge and different social news show that there is negative emotions toward Afghans among some groups of people and experts in charge, so that they recognize Afghans as criminals. Therefore, this study is to explain the formation of these negative emotions. In order to do that, using qualitative method and grounded theory, and by theoretical sampling, there were conducted some in-depth interviews a group of Shiraz citizens who had negative emotions toward afghan refugees. Then data were analyzed by open, axial and selective coding. Findings include 23 main categories, 54 secondary categories and 289 concepts. In general, these categories were presented in one final category of ‘formation of rape and attack phobia’. Then, social processes leading to negative emotions formations in participants were analyzed and narrated. Also, paradigmatic model was depicted and substantive, and micro-level theory from negative emotions formations from ascribed misdeeds to Afghan were presented.

Today evidences indicate that emotional relationship with opposite sex has been spread from adolescents to youth, and a large group of them have experienced social relationships with opposite sex. The main question of this study is that how youth experience the consequences of relationship with the opposite sex, and if experience of consequences are the same between male and female youth. In this paper, the consequences of youth’ experience of relationship with opposite sex in Mashhad city are studied. For this purpose, the constructive–interpretative approach, ethnography method, and in-depth interviews were used. Purposeful sampling was used to select participants and theoretical saturation was utilized to determine the sample size. Results indicate that youth experience consequences of relationship with opposite sex in various forms such as educational problems, inner conflicts, emotional pleasure, sexual pleasure, dependency, seeking diversity, the desire to being single, fearing from marriage and rethinking. Some of these consequences are different among male and female youth. Because of experiencing different and contradictory consequences of relationship with opposite sex, depending on their experiences, youth rethink about it and choose new strategies for it. These strategies are different among male and female youth.

This paper aims to sociological explain the variable of fear of crime in Hamedan province. At the regional level, the provinces’ counties are the unit of analysis, and the fear rate of crime in these counties will be explained with emphasis on the level of development. Independent variables at micro-level include social disorganization, social capital and social control. The statistical population consists of all heads of households living in these cities among which 800 households were selected as the sample by quota sampling method. The method is survey, and all data were gathered by questionnaire. To establish a logical connection between development and the fear of crime, Smelser’s theory was used. In studying this social mess, some indicators such as social disorganization, lack of social control and lack of social capital were used. Results show that there is a significant relationship between level of development, and the fear rate of crime of counties of Hamedan. At the micro–level, there is a significant relationship between fear of crime and social control, social disorganization and social capital.