Ethics in Science and Technology
Year:2021 | Volume:16 | Issue:4|Papers Count:25

Background: One of the goals of criminal policymakers in applying criminal responses is to rehabilitate the offender to avoid repeating his crime. Postponement of sentencing is an institution that can achieve their goals in reforming criminals, and has entered into the Iranian penal system under some French law. The main purpose of this article is to explain the institution of deferral in Iranian law from a moral and legal perspective. In terms of purpose, the research is a part-time applied research and in terms of data collection method, it is a library. The collected information has been analyzed analytically and descriptively. Studies show that in some countries, the moral condition is that the accused agrees to the postponement, but in some cases, instead of stating the conditions for issuing the postponement, by providing a rule, the authority determines its compliance with the characteristics of the perpetrator and the crime situation. While the Islamic Penal Code, despite not specifying the consent of the accused, has more accurately enumerated the conditions of the institution to postpone the issuance of the sentence. Conclusion: The purpose of this study is to find an answer to the question of whether the consideration of this moral condition is accepted by the Iranian criminal law system or not in other countries, including Turkey, which has somehow accepted this condition has been successful. Is or not. The results of this study showed that ethics has a special place in the legal system and this has always been accepted.

Background: Preparing a formal transaction document is one of the specific duties of notaries public, which requires the use and observance of various substantive and formal conditions. Failure to comply with any of these conditions can lead to the annulment of the document by the court and the responsibility to compensate the clerks. Compensation by the clerks in various articles such as Article 68 of the Registration Law (1310), Article 22 of the Law on Notaries Officially in particular and Articles 328 to 335 of the Civil Code in general. In the meantime, compensation for damages caused by mistakes and forgeries in the preparation of official documents, in addition to legal principles, also has moral principles. In other words, even before the formation of governments, the grounds for compensation are seen in human behavior, and this proves that compensation has a moral basis beyond the legal framework. In this article, according to the descriptive-analytical method, we have dealt with the issue of what are the ethical principles of compensation for damages caused by mistakes and forgeries in the preparation of official documents? Conclusion: The result of the present study is that principles such as good faith, fidelity to the covenant, prohibition of fraud, etc. are considered as moral principles of compensation for mistakes and forgeries in the preparation of official documents. The solution presented here is that if the injured person has been harmed as a result of a mistake in these cases, the compensation solution can be considered from the place of collection right or, in general, collection government rights.

Background: Evidence in criminal matters is a line drawing that connects the different stages of criminal proceedings from the moment a crime is discovered to the issuance of a sentence. Gathering evidence and then evaluating and measuring them is far away, and what is considered as a mechanism of reasoning in criminal matters is the search for absolute material truth or reality. Paying attention to this serious matter is in fact due to the importance that moral schools attach to the issue of individual freedom and respect. Therefore, the present study was formed with the aim of examining respect for the freedom of individuals and studying the reason in Imami jurisprudence and Iranian criminal law. Conclusion: A statement of incorrect information, a false report, a forged writing, a false testimony, or an inaccurate or deviant expert statement may mislead the judge and result in an innocent conviction. The emphasis of moral schools on the need to adhere to citizenship rights and respect for the freedoms of individuals at all stages of the trial doubles the need and importance of addressing the issue of reason. In criminal proceedings, what embodies criminal justice is the active presence of the judiciary in exploring the evidence and accessing the truth. The principle of freedom of reason must be determined in the light of legal criteria and its limits and validity must be known. And in a general approach, the legal framework of the principle of freedom of reason is limited on the one hand to the boundaries of detailed reason and on the other to the boundaries of the legitimacy of education.

Background: Ethical issues and problems related to the behavior of individuals, in particular prisoners, including disobedient and rude towards the guards, curators and other prisoners, common immorality in friendly relationships and in-prison violence are new problems that it requires resorting to new ideas in the realm of ethics to find solutions for them. This study aimed to investigate the role of pathological personality traits based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM–5 (PID-5) in moral disengagement of prisoners of Birjand. Method: This study was a descriptive-correlational study. The statistical society of the study consisted of all prisoners in Birjand that were 4200 prisoners. Among them, 300 prisoners were selected by convenience sampling method. Instruments used in the study were Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) and moral disengagement scale. Data were analyzed by Pearson Correlation Coefficient and Multiple regression analysis. Results: The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between pathological personality traits and moral disengagement. The highest correlation between disengagement by rationalization and antagonism and the lowest correlation between disengagement by depersonalization with psychoticism were observed. (p<0. 01). In addition, it was found that among the pathological personality dimensions, only antagonism and detachment explain the variance of moral disengagement. These two dimensions totally explain 20%, 18% and 26% of the variance of disengagement through dehumanization, diffusion of responsibility and rationalization, respectively. Conclusion: The findings of the study demonstrate the role of pathological personality traits in moral disengagement and suggest that moral disengagement can reduce by modifying these pathological personality traits.

Background: Adaptation in the university affects all aspects of students' lives and promotes general performance, academic success and physical and mental health. The aim of this study was to determine the role of components of moral identity and emotional malaise in social adjustment in female students living in dormitories. Method: This is a descriptive correlational study. The statistical population was female students of Shiraz University who lived in dormitories in the academic year of 1996-97, from which 243 people were selected by available sampling method. Data were collected using the California Social Adjustment Scale, the Moral Identity Scale, and the Emotional Dysfunction Questionnaire. Data were analyzed in SPSS-19 statistical software using descriptive statistical methods and Pearson correlation test and regression analysis. Results: Social adjustment was correlated with moral identity by 0. 32, and its correlation with emotional malaise was-0. 43. Both variables and their subscales had a significant relationship with social adjustment at the level of P <0. 001. Moral identity also showed 0. 17 of the variance of social adjustment in the sample population and emotional malaise explained 0. 18 of the variance. Conclusion: The study showed that moral identity and emotional malaise played an important role in social adjustment of female students living in dormitories and significantly predict social adjustment.

Background: Attention to environmental literacy and ethics in agriculture has a decisive role in nature conservation and production resources. If farmers do not have environmental literacy, irreparable damage to the environment is expected. The purpose of this study was to evaluate environmental literacy and its relationship with environmental ethics among farmers in Torbat-e-Heydariyeh. Method: This research is a descriptive correlational study. The statistical population consisted of all 3000 farmers in the central part of Torbat-e-Heydariyeh city, 250 of whom were selected using Cochran formula by multistage random sampling. Questionnaire was used for data collection. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation and correlation) and inferential statistics (regression), using SPSS-19 software. Results: The results showed that the knowledge, behavior, attitude and environmental ethics of the respondents were in a desirable condition. There is also a positive and significant relationship between environmental literacy and each of its components, namely knowledge, attitude and behavior and environmental ethics. Also, environmental knowledge about 12%, environmental attitude 21% and environmental behavior 33% have the ability to predict environmental ethics. Conclusion: There is a positive and significant relationship between farmers' environmental literacy and each of its components ie their knowledge, attitude and behavior and environmental ethics, consequently, it is necessary to improve and enhance farmers' environmental ethics by increasing their knowledge level, improving their attitude and enhancing their environmental behavior through education and considering appropriate incentives and incentives.

Background: One of the effective factors on increasing the quality of education of children with special needs is the empathetic behaviors of educators. Accordingly, the present study aimed to investigate the mediating role of psychological gap in the relationship between moral identity and spiritual identity with empathy. Method: The present study is a descriptive-correlational study in which 191 employees were selected from the population of exceptional children education staff in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province using random cluster sampling. Research tools included empathy questionnaire, moral identity, spiritual identity and psychological gap. Data analysis was performed by statistical method of structural equation modeling using AMOS software. Results: The results showed that the model of this research is suitable fit. According to the findings, the psychological gap had a mediating role in the relationship between moral identity and spiritual identity with empathy. In this sense, with increasing moral identity and spiritual identity, the psychological gap has decreased and thus empathy has increased. Conclusion: The present research, by presenting a model of empathy, showed that moral identity and spiritual identity through emotional disturbance affect empathic behaviors. Accordingly, it can be achieved by providing the grounds for decreasing the beliefs of non-observance of moral privacy and the orientation of social dominance, led them to behave kindly and sympathetic.

Background: Employee participation in the organization and hearing their voices is one of the ways to increase and strengthen the spirit of criticism and teamwork with the aim of increasing productivity in organizations. The purpose of this study is to develop a model of ethical components of participation in the phonetic behavior of employees. Method: The research method is heuristic. The statistical population included all staff of Kermanshah, Hamedan and Kurdistan universities (1585 people). In the qualitative section, 35 employees were interviewed purposefully and based on the principle of theoretical saturation. In the quantitative section, based on Krejcie and Morgan table, 310 people were selected as the sample. The instrument used in the qualitative part of the interview was semi-structured and in the quantitative part was a researcher-made questionnaire. To analyze the data, exploratory factor analysis was used to identify the underlying factors of employee participation in phonetic behavior, then confirmatory factor analysis was used to determine the power of the factor model. Results: The results of the qualitative section were categorized into 38 sub-themes and 10 main themes. Based on heuristic factor analysis of sub-themes, in the form of 7 underlying factors of professional capability and ability, fair evaluation criteria, ethical leadership style, sustainable organizational justice, work conscience, ethical atmosphere supporting participation and individual beliefs were identified. In the confirmatory part, the model of the relationship between factors and phonetic behavior had a good fit, which indicates the appropriateness of factors in the development of phonetic behavior. Conclusion: The development of voice and the use of its benefits requires the strengthening of ethical components and encouraging employees to participate in the organization and the application of ethical components in voice and express their views.

Background: The present study was conducted to identify the extra-organizational factors affecting research ethics in order to commercialize academic research in the Islamic Azad University of Ardabil province. Method: The method of the present study was survey, descriptive and correlational. The statistical population includes all professors of the Islamic Azad University of Ardabil, 537 people and the number of statistical samples is 172 people, which has been obtained by stratified sampling method and using Cochran's formula. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Among the statistical methods used in the present study are structural equation modeling, exploratory factor analysis and one-sample t-test. Results: The rate of application and attention to the promotion of research ethics in order to commercialize academic research is lower than the theoretical average. In the question, the importance of promoting research ethics in the direction of commercialization, the overall average of items in the desired situation is 3. 44. In the question, the contribution of each of the components of research ethics promotion in order to commercialize the research of Islamic Azad University, it weighs 0. 41. Conclusion: The results showed that the extra-organizational components affecting research ethics in order to commercialize academic research are lower than average and are significantly different from the desired situation. The results of this research can be used in the policy of commercialization of academic research in higher education programs.

Background: The purpose of this study was to present a paradigm model of institutionalization of professional ethics in faculty members of physical education and sports sciences. Method: The present study was conducted by a qualitative method using a systematic approach of grounded theory (GT). The statistical population consisted of academic professors and experts in professional ethics, and sampling was performed by convenience and Snowball method. The validity of interviews was determined by a method by Lincoln & Guba as well as using the reliability of test-retest between codes at two time intervals. Results: The identified concepts were classified into the following six main categories and a paradigm model of research was created according to their association: 1) Causal conditions (personality, personal, scientific (knowledge) and ethical factors), 2) Central category (institutionalization of professional ethics), 3) Strategies (qualification of promotion, monitoring and evaluation, and attraction process), 4) Contextual factors (effective communication, motivational features, specialization, and fair evaluation), 5) Intervening factors (political, cultural and economic factors), 6) Consequences (building trust and gaining the respect, extension of ethics, optimal performance, and creation of a positive competition culture). Conclusion: The attention to the above subjects and their implementation can lead to positive consequences, including the faculty members' optimal performance, extension of ethics at sports science universities, building mutual trust between students and professors, and finally creation of a competition culture in a positive, ethical atmosphere.

Background: Ethics has been considered as an effective factor in resolving environmental crises and the way to prevent environmental degradation is to revive moral values. Therefore, public awareness of the value and importance of the environment is essential for the development of environmental ethics. Method: The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlational in terms of information and data collection. The statistical population of the study was 245 petrochemical employees of Marvdasht city. The sample size was determined based on Cochran's formula of 150 people. The data collection tool is a standard questionnaire. The scoring of the questionnaire was 5-point Likert. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) with partial least squares method and Smart PLS 2 software. Results: The results of structural equation modeling showed that knowledge, attitude, behavior and acceptance of environmental responsibility have a positive and significant relationship with the development of environmental ethics. Among these, acceptance of environmental responsibility with path coefficient of 0. 816 and significance coefficient of 27. 507 has the highest relationship and environmental knowledge with path coefficient of 0. 233 and significance coefficient of 2. 168 has the least relation with the development of environmental ethics. Conclusion: According to the research findings, if environmental knowledge, attitude and behavior are strengthened in people, they will feel more responsible for the environment around them and try to solve environmental crises, thus environmental ethics develops in society.

Background: The presence of ethical managers can have far-reaching effects on the organization. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between ethical leadership and self-efficacy, respect and the relationship between managers and employees in managers and industrial accountants of Hormozgan province. Ethical leadership is the expression of appropriate behavior in personal actions and interpersonal relationships, and the spread of such behaviors through reciprocal communication, encouragement, and decision-making. Self-efficacy also refers to a person's belief in their ability to succeed. Respect is also defined as something that reflects an individual's judgment of his or her position in the group. The relationship between managers and employees also reflects the quality of their relationship. Method: This research is applied and its population consists of all managers and industrial accountants of Hormozgan province. Also, the period of study is around 2017. The selected sample consists of 106 people who were selected using available sampling. A questionnaire was used to examine the research variables. Linear regression was used to test the research hypotheses after examining the normality of the data. Results: The findings of the research hypothesis test show that there is a positive and significant relationship between ethical leadership and self-efficacy, respect and the relationship between managers and employees. Conclusion: According to the research findings, it can be claimed that with increasing the level of ethical leadership, self-efficacy, respect and quality of the relationship between managers and employees will increase. As a result, it is suggested that special attention be paid to ethical leadership to increase the level of self-efficacy, respect and relationship between managers and employees, which is an important category in organizational efficiency.

Background: Paying attention to ethics in the field of education ensures the health of the teaching-learning process. Therefore, the present study was formed with the aim of designing and compiling a model of professional ethics in Sampad schools. Method: The present study is a qualitative research and was conducted by grounded theory method. The statistical population included all principals and teachers of Sampad schools in West Azerbaijan province who had at least 5 years of service, 10 of whom were selected by snowball sampling. The data collection tool was a semi-structured interview. Finally, the data were analyzed by triple coding method in MAXQDA software. Results: Based on the research findings, 152 initial open source codes, 89 selected codes and 79 final extracted codes were classified into 17 concepts and 6 main categories. Conclusion: In the present study, it was found that professional ethics under the influence of a number of causal conditions such as non-discrimination, teachers' technical knowledge, satisfaction with organizational position, performance and training of managers, inter-organizational communication, non-parallel work, participation in decision making and merit It is formed under the influence of platforms such as environmental health, transparent planning, anti-corruption and involvement of inspection departments. Paying attention to ethics in schools will undoubtedly improve the quality of work life and job performance, reduce destructive behavior and corruption, organizational transparency.

Background: Social responsibility is related to the observance of norms, values ​​and norms and ethical principles of society and meeting the goals of the organization. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to extract the variables and indicators of social responsibility in Islamic Azad universities. Method: This research is applied in terms of purpose and qualitative approach. The research community is specialists and experts in the cultural-social and moral fields of the Islamic Azad University. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 18 of them using purposive sampling method. The data analysis method was Delphi technique in which data were collected in three consecutive rounds. Data analysis was performed using descriptive indices of mean, standard deviation, Kendall agreement and SPSS software. Results: The results of this study were the identification of 9 components and 64 indicators in the field of social responsibility. Components: included scientific and educational responsibility, economic responsibility, public responsibility to the community and local communities, legal responsibility, development responsibility, ethical responsibility, environmental responsibility, organizational responsibility, technology responsibility, all of which were rated above average. Conclusion: Scientific, educational, moral and public responsibility have had more effects on social responsibility than other components.

Background: One of the most important economic goals of countries is to create the conditions necessary for promoting sustainable and sustainable economic development. The fundamental elimination of corruption, the promotion of economic freedom and the business environment in line with the practical incentives for economic growth and development will only be possible with the ever-growing link of economic ethics. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between moral corruption, business environment and related economic indicators with economic growth and development. Method: The research method is applied and correlational. Macroeconomic indicators are growth rate of fixed capital formation, inflation, corruption, business environment, population growth rate, foreign direct investment and economic growth index and D8 countries are selected as the statistical population for 2000-2017 were selected as the research sample. The data were measured by the World Bank, the Freezer and Heritage Institute, and the International Transparency Institute. Pooled data statistical test was performed using Stata software. Results: The fitting of the research model, which included a major hypothesis, was confirmed. Ethics, business environment, and economic components have a significant relationship with growth and development, and over time, the long-term relationship is confirmed. Conclusion: According to the estimation, all variables are stable, and economic growth has a positive and significant relationship with population growth rate, growth rate of fixed capital formation, foreign investment and business environment and has a negative and significant relationship with moral corruption and inflation.

Background: Considering the problems that sports marketers face with internal brands, attention to ethics in social marketing can be effective in improving consumer buying status. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the role of ethics in social marketing in encouraging sports elites to internal brands. Method: This is a descriptive-correlational study. The statistical population consisted of all sport elites. 206 individuals were selected as the sample based on the principles of sample size determination and available method. Ethical questionnaire for social marketing and consumer buying ethics questionnaire was used for data collection. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation test and path analysis with SPSS and Amos software. Results: The results of Pearson correlation test showed that there is a significant relationship between ethics in social marketing and its dimensions with the induction of sporting elites to buy in-house brands. Sport has a significant positive effect on buying in-house brands that customer orientation (β = 0. 858) has a greater impact on persuading sporting elites to buy in-house brands than adhering to ethical principles and values in sales (β = 0. 345). Conclusion: Based on the results of ethical principles in social marketing by executives of sports brand businesses can have an impact on shaping behavior and encouraging purchase of consumers and sport elites

Background: Conscious consumption is one of the models that can be designed to achieve moral consumption in society. The purpose of this study is to identify the behavioral dimensions of conscious consumption as a model appropriate to moral consumption in society. Method: The present study is based on the tradition of qualitative research and method theory. The research population is university professors and researchers in the field of consumer behavior, from which 22 people were selected by purposive sampling. In-depth interview tools were used to collect information and the interviews continued until theoretical saturation was reached. Open, selective and axial coding methods were used to analyze the data. Results: The research findings show the behavioral dimensions of conscious consumption including compliance of individual behavior with values ​​and ethical principles, avoidance of dramatic consumption behavior, moderation in consumption, avoidance of harmful consumption, avoidance of repetitive consumption behavior, avoidance of consumption behavior Acquisition is to match shopping behavior with the family's financial capacity, to avoid eye-to-eye purchases, to focus on essential purchases, to consume environmentally friendly products, and to dispose of goods responsibly. Conclusion: The present study has identified the behavioral dimensions of conscious consumption as an approach consistent with ethical consumption in society. The results of the research can be considered by researchers, companies, governments and public policy organizations to identify, plan and provide solutions related to encouraging consumers to consume consciously.

Background: Social media is an integral part of modern society that has become a huge industry for companies to reach loyal customers. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of social networks on ethical brand-customer relationships and to provide a model in this regard. Method: The research method used is a combined research method. In the qualitative part, the Delphi method was used. The statistical population was elites and university professors and experts in the field of marketing and consumer behavior, from which 10 people were selected as a sample by purposive sampling. In the quantitative part it was a descriptive-correlation method. The statistical population of the study was social network users, marketing professionals and business managers active in the online environment in Tehran, of which 384 people were selected by random sampling. The analysis tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. Data were analyzed using structural equation technique and Smart PLS software. Results: The results of this study show that the empirical and functional benefits of social networks have a significant effect on brand-customer ethical relationships. Also, social networks mediate the online brand experience on the ethical brand-customer relationship has a positive and significant effect. Conclusion: The dimensions of social networks (empirical interests, functional interests) play an important role in determining the ethical brand-customer relationship and also the ethical brand-customer relationship on its own dimensions (love, commitment, dependence, responsibility). And trust) has an effective and important impact. Customers and brands behave differently under different circumstances and their motivations are different. Therefore, various factors may intervene from the moment a person receives information online through social networks to the end.

Background: Product and service providers cite knowledge management and communication as key competitive factors in the global economy and consider them for successful market presence. The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between knowledge management and ethics with customer loyalty in selected banks. Method: This research was applied and descriptive and correlation methods were used. The statistical population included regular customers of Mellat, Melli, Pasargad and Tejarat Bank branches in Tehran, from which 1000 people were selected as a sample by the available method. The research tool was a questionnaire. The analysis method used in this research is the SEM structural equation model. To analyze the relationship between variables, after collecting data through a questionnaire, AMOS 22 statistical software was used and SPSS 22 software was used to analyze the questionnaire. Results: According to the research findings, knowledge management and ethics are related to customer loyalty and according to model fit tests, all four banks have a relatively good fit model. Conclusion: The results show that the categories of knowledge management and management ethics have an important role in creating loyal customers.

Background: Ethics in branding uses a win-win approach that can lead to increased services, brand development and reduced costs. This is more important in Islamic culture. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify the factors affecting ethical-Islamic branding to enter international markets in small and medium businesses in the food industry. Method: The research method was performed sequentially in two parts: qualitative and quantitative. The necessary information was collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews. Qualitative data were analyzed by open and centralized coding method. In a quantitative stage, a sample of 364 people from the community of managers and marketing experts of small and medium business in the country's food industry was selected by cluster sampling. The tool was a researcher-made questionnaire and confirmatory factor analysis, structural equations and SPSS22 and Amos22 software were used to analyze the quantitative data. Results: The analysis of qualitative data showed that there are three main components and fifteen sub-components and fifty-one indicators of ethical-Islamic branding. Also, the factors affecting ethical-Islamic branding were classified into 6 components and twenty-one sub-components. The results of quantitative analysis showed that the research model is approved in terms of significance and fit indicators. Conclusion: The most important factors affecting ethical-Islamic branding are the system of moral values ​​and lifestyle, self-concept, scope of application, the amount of demand, idea (mental image). Based on this research, the system of moral values And lifestyle are the most effective factors in ethical-Islamic branding.

Background: As a requirement in recent decades, sustainable development strategies should be considered in the formulation of ethical responsibility strategies. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to design a model of ethics and social responsibility with a sustainable development approach. Method: The present study is an applied study in terms of method. In the qualitative stage, which was formed with the data approach of the foundation, the statistical community includes academic experts and managers who are familiar with the components of ethics and social responsibility. Forty of them were purposefully selected and snowballs were selected as a sample. The data collection tool was interview. Data analysis method was three methods of coding. In a small stage, the statistical population includes all employees of the Ports and Maritime Organization. 166 people were selected by stratified random sampling from all employees. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data. Structural model of path analysis with SPSS and SMART PLS software was used to analyze the data. Results: In the qualitative section, out of 155 concepts, 24 pivotal codes were identified and a model including causal conditions, contextual conditions, interveners, strategies and consequences was obtained. The results in the quantitative part also showed that the interventionists have a negative and significant effect on strategies (β =-0. 227, t = 56. 5). Also, causal conditions have a positive and significant effect on strategies (β = 0. 61, t = 13. 36). Also, the background conditions have a positive and significant effect on strategies (β = 0. 65, t = 11. 58). Strategies also have a positive and significant effect on outcomes (β = 0. 98, t = 354. 31, p = 0. 00). Conclusion: Ethics and ethical approaches are an integral part of modern management systems. It makes no difference today whether we are talking about service organizations or manufacturing. In all cases, it is expected that the managers of organizations move towards sustainable development with an ethical view and adopting win-win approaches to society.

Background: Good and ethical governance has been proposed as one of the drivers of economic growth and development in the monetary system of countries and has attracted the opinion of policymakers in the banking system in order to improve productivity and financial stability. The present article, while classifying ethics, examines its function in the relationship between governance and financial stability of banks. In other words, Islamic and conventional banks were considered as the environment of ethics based on Sharia and conventional ethics, respectively. Method: The research method was quantitative-descriptive-correlation. The statistical population of the present study consists of banks in countries that, in addition to conventional banking, also provide Islamic banking services to customers. The research sample included banks from the United Arab Emirates, Malaysia, Qatar, Bahrain and Indonesia, and Iran was added to the research environment due to special conditions in the monetary system. The sampling method was stratified random. By referring to documents, records and library studies, data were collected and the results were analyzed by performing regression statistical test. Results: The results show that in banks where Sharia-based ethics prevail, political stability and government effectiveness have a significant relationship with financial stability. Also, in banks where conventional ethics prevail, the rule of law and the control of corruption have a significant relationship with financial stability. Conclusion: Increasing the quality of public services, reducing bureaucracy, eliminating the direction of financial resources through political pressures and controlling sectarian differences will help the financial stability of Islamic banks and strengthen Sharia-based ethics. Conventional banks can also contribute to financial stability and improve ethics by focusing on stakeholder self-control.

Background: The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between ethical leadership style and organizational transparency with organizational agility of Bu Ali Sina University. Method: The research method was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population included all employees with a volume of 777 people who were selected using stratified random sampling method 260 people. A questionnaire was used to collect data. The research data were collected using a questionnaire and SPSS and LISREL statistical software using structural equation method. Results: The results showed that there is a significant relationship between ethical leadership style and organizational transparency with organizational agility. In addition to the relationship between variables, ethical leadership style and its components predict organizational transparency and organizational agility and their components. Conclusion: In general, it can be said that managers with the desired characteristics of ethical leadership style can specifically and effectively increase organizational transparency and promote organizational agility.

Background: E-learning, despite its great development and benefits, has led to the digital divide and, consequently, educational injustice. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to build tools and measure injustice in e-learning. Method: The research method is descriptive survey that the statistical population of the study includes all students of the electronic unit of Islamic Azad University and the sampling method is a class proportional to the volume that based on Cochran's formula 302 people were randomly selected for research. The research instrument is a researcher-made questionnaire on the dimensions and components of injustice in e-learning, which has content validity and its validity coefficient based on Cronbach's alpha is 0. 94 and for data analysis from descriptive statistics (average) and inferential (factor analysis and t-test) were used. Results: The research findings showed that the dimensions of injustice measurement tools in e-learning include improper distribution of hardware facilities, improper distribution of software facilities, unequal abilities of students, poor implementation of laws and regulations related to scientific and research violations. The impossibility of proper implementation of e-learning programs in all courses and disciplines and the impossibility of proper electronic evaluation in all courses and disciplines, which explains 82% of the variance of the tool and the amount of Justice in e-learning in the study population (3. 57) is higher than the theoretical average (3). Conclusion: Through the equitable distribution of hardware and software, enhancing students' abilities, adhering to scientific and research ethics, developing the ability to implement and evaluating curricula across all disciplines, we can help develop the ethics of higher education.

Background: Nowadays, marketing has become a topic of interest from the perspective of ethical research, so the present study has been compiled with the aim of investigating ambush marketing in the Premier League of the Islamic Republic of Iran with an ethical approach. Method: The present research is a paradigm of interpretive research, qualitative approach, grounded theory strategy and hidden content analysis tactics. The statistical population of the study included all professors of sports management and marketing and managers of Iranian Premier League football teams. Fifteen people were selected for in-depth interviews using targeted techniques and snowballs as a sample. To analyze the data, descriptive statistical techniques (frequency percentage, listening formula) and hidden content analysis technique in the form of phenomenological strategy (open and axial coding) by MAXQDA18 software were used. Results: Based on the results in Shannon matrix, the ethical factor cod axis with 25 initial codes with a total frequency of 68 was explored in the form of two categories of ethical views and immoral views in ambush marketing. The results showed that unethical competition between official supporters and informers, stealing attention and destroying other brands are the most important factors affecting the emergence of ambush marketing from an ethical perspective. Conclusion: The results of the research can be considered for planning and providing solutions related to persuading sponsors and sponsorships in connection with ambush marketing.