STUDIES OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS JOURNAL (POLITICAL SCIENCE AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS JOURNAL)
Year:2012 | Volume:4 | Issue:17|Papers Count:8

The financial crisis occurred in late 2007 in the United States of America and quickly spread to other parts of the world especially Europe and due to the communication and huge exchange of economic, financial and trade markets of the Europe with the United States of America, it had a great direct effects on the economics of European countries. This crisis in the Europe since the last major economic crisis (1929) has had the greatest economic and social problems and led to the budget deficit, rising unemployment, a sharp decline in GDP, rising debt, the devaluation of the euro and the social unrests in Europe and especially in the three major European countries. England, France and Germany are countries that have better economic conditions of other European countries. Given the fact that the size of relations with America , which had consequently adopted many influences. However from the beginning of the crises, these countries tried to control the policies separately or jointly in groups of 20 industrialized nations, and even implemented. The positive effects will occur and the relative economic recovery continues.

Russia and the Middle East have had along-standing historical relations. This relationship has continued over the centuries and in every period has had its peculiarities. So that Russia's relations with the Middle East can be divided into different periods. The Arab Spring has created a completely new situation and new imbalances in the Middle East. It has caused great powers to fear that they will see their regional influence decline, which will affect global stability. Russia is no exception in this regard. After the popular uprisings in the Arab, the Russian leadership sought to formulate a policy to deal with the new situation. The present article seeks to investigate the strategies and challenges of Russia in the new Middle East.

The law in the United States does not restrict the establishment of political parties and the rate of civilians joining these parties, ranks highest in the world. In this country, lobbies are legally given an influential role in the process of decision making. Jewish community has taken advantage from this opportunity and has expanded its influence and power in the political structure. Jewish lobbies monitor and filter domestic and foreign politics of the Congress, White House, think tanks and other political institutes. After 2008 election, a new Jewish lobby, J-Street which had similar views with president Obama separated from AIPAC. Obama, who took office with the “Change” slogan, believes that solving the Israeli-Palestinian issue is the key to establish peace in the Middle East. And if it was accomplished successfully, America would be able to overcome some of its problems such as financial crisis, public support, and its heavy costing presence in Iraq and Afghanistan. J-Street lobby shares Mr. Obama’s opinion in this regard and promotes the negotiations for a two-state solution in the Palestinian territories. This article studies foundation of J-Street, its views and actions.

During the recent years, the Iranian foreign policy has been faced with some changes especially in the Central Asian region. Among these countries, Tajikistan due to some commonalities including language, race, religion, culture and history has been very important for Iran. The revival of old bonds between Iran and Tajikistan, which is based on mutual values, in terms of a realistic dialogue can make Iranian and Tajik peoples very close to each other. Development of relations between Iran and Tajikistan will depend on the economic interactions and cooperation between two countries. Economical sphere is the most important factor of cooperation between two countries and is supported by Tajik’s officials which the author attempts to argue about them.

The study of international relations fall into two epistemological traditions: Positivism and post-positivism. The main question is what is the purpose of research and study of international relations? This article argue that the Purpose affected by researcher epistemological Position. In the study of international relations if researcher stay put in framework of positivism epistemology, thus, your purpose of the study will be containment and prediction of international relations phenomena. But, if she/ he stay put in the post positivism epistemology the Purpose will be understanding and emancipation of phenomena. The logic of this article is dialectic logic.

Security Council of the United Nation Organization, as the only place which has legal right and is authorized to use force in the international interactions. Important developments have occurred in multilateral international treaties between the Convention for the Prevention and Punishment of Terrorism of 1937 and the Inter- American Convention against Terrorism of 2002. This article attempts to explore the question of changes which is occurred, as well as whether these laws have been an effective legal response in combating terrorism. After differentiating between comprehensive and sectoral conventions and between universal and regional conventions, the article comparatively analyzes them based on definitions of offenses, the extent of criminalization, exceptions concerning scope of application, measures to be taken by the states parties, obligatory and optional jurisdiction, obligations of states in the sphere of legal cooperation and assistance, rights of the offender, extradition, exceptions from extradition or legal assistance, and issues not covered by the conventions. Solutions proved to be the most effective against international terrorism and discrepancies and overlaps between the conventions are discussed.

After 11 September of 2001, it was considered a new political system in Afghanistan which paid attention to the issue of women political participation. With creating a democratic system in Afghanistan, efforts to increase social and political participation of women in this country increased. It Seems to Provide the context for women political participation in Afghanistan we see them active in political and social Life. Issue of Political Participation of women in Afghanistan after the September Eleven is new issue that has received less attention of Scholars. Perhaps one reason for this issue is several problems such as war, insecurity or thinks Antiwomen in Afghanistan Society. This article aims to answer this question that the new political system in Afghanistan with regard to traditional culture in this country how could was successful in improving the political participation of women in this country?

Energy, and the issues related to it, are among the most important topics in the European Union. Among the most central concerns in the European Union are the prospects for the provision and transfer of energy to Europe’s industries and economy. The existence of realities such as the increasing rate of energy consumption and the consequent rise in the Union’s dependence on fossil fuel imports, have all led to the European Union’s concerns regarding energy supply and security. Such a noteworthy dependence has drawn the attention of the European Union towards the adoption of common and long-term policies for reducing the risks and challenges surrounding energy security. The European Union’s concerns regarding Russia’s economic and political hegemony over energy resources in Central Asia and the Caucasus, have resulted in the Union’s quest for diversifying the routs used for the transfer of its energy and gas. Therefore, the Nabucco project which is one of the European Union’s projects concerning the diversification of suppliers of gas to the Union’s members, should be examined in the framework of the mentioned discourse. The main question raised by this article is that why European Union have followed diversifying its energy resources in recent years? The article is based on this hypothesis that the EU concerns regarding Russian monopoly on energy resources of Central Asia and Caucasus has led this block to diversify its energy resources and Nabucco Pipeline is one of its recent projects and routes for fulfilling this goal and reducing the risks and challenges for energy security.