Ethics in Science and Technology
Year:2023 | Volume:17 | Issue:4|Papers Count:32

Background: In the legal world, a person is not only referred to as a human being. In fact, in the world of law, a person has a more general concept that includes both human and non-human. The aim of this study was to compare real and legal personality with virtual personality from a moral perspective, as one of the important principles of Iranian law. In this regard, by understanding ethics and its philosophy and with a view to moral theories, their impact on the concepts of real and legal personality in comparison with virtual personality was examined. Conclusion: One of the important issues in cyberspace discussions is the issue of personality in this space and its dimensions. Personality, ethics and character is a complex concept of the real world with various philosophical and practical implications that is also important in cyberspace corresponding to the real world. One of the problems of cyberspace is actually hiding the identity of individuals, which will increase the likelihood of their abuse. The destruction of social morality is also one of the existing concerns that, if not properly addressed, will have far-reaching negative consequences. Unfortunately, virtual persons still lack domestic and international legal frameworks and regulations. This has made it possible to understand the effects of residence, citizenship, security responsibilities, taxes, etc. on individuals and legal entities in the law, but the legal vacuum for virtual persons is still evident in domestic and international affairs.

Background: In all wars, the only group that suffers even more than the military is the civilians, because they are the target of these conflicts due to their physiological condition, and because they are less able to defend themselves, they are more at risk than others. Individuals are exposed and more exposed to violence and violations of rights and freedoms than any other individual or group, and the majority of victims are refugees and displaced persons. Given the importance of ethics in international conflicts, this article examines the nature of humanitarian rights for women and children in international conflicts and their effects, as well as reviews the protection mechanisms and human rights of women and children in armed conflicts in the international legal system. Humanitarian has paid off. Conclusion: The enemy always tries to subdue the other side by putting pressure on the civilian population, and in this unequal scene, the first people to be targeted are women and children. Since the harm of this part of human society has a great impact on the health and well-being of societies, the need for the efforts of moral thinkers and scientific elites to develop and provide moral, legal and executive solutions is doubled. Studies show that the rules of international armed conflict impose minimum obligations on the parties to the conflict, as well as the use of tools and methods of warfare, which may lead to liability for breaches of these obligations.

Background: Utilitarianism is a school whose founders have justified it by emphasizing consequentialism as a public interest. The school of utilitarianism is a moral and naturalistic school that justifies principles such as justice and individual and collective freedoms. For utilitarian, one cannot rely solely on individual interests and neglect the collective interest or group interest. Human nature requires us to live socially, and social life connects the destinies of all members of society. Acquisition of rights from the perspective of utilitarian is a basic principle that should be chosen after recognizing the right and its type. This view has influenced many fundamental social concepts, one of which is human rights, and the present study was designed to examine the role of utilitarianism in the development of human rights. Conclusion: Human rights are a pervasive ideal that is increasingly prevalent in today's society, so that many of its rules are becoming inviolable in general. The task of pragmatic utilitarianism is to determine the greatest triumph of good over evil (right over disenfranchisement). Utilitarian claim that they have been able to provide a comprehensive and absolute criterion for distinguishing right from wrong. Utilitarian emphasize the greatest benefit to the group in advancing their policy on generations of human rights.

Background: Responsibility is a moral component. Liability usually arises from liability, according to which the person is legally liable for the damage he or she has caused to another. One of the most important parts of civil law is civil liability, and since the main purpose of civil liability rules is to compensate for material and moral damages and to repair the damage, the government is no exception to this rule. Obviously, sometimes this responsibility takes on a global dimension and obliges governments to be accountable. This article attempts to describe the ethical dimensions of governments' civil liability for "biosphere". Conclusion: Examining the responsibility of countries from the perspective of ethics, opinions and judicial procedures is one of the necessities of protection and exploitation of the world environment. The next responsibility is moral, and the ethics embedded in the civil liability of governments are based on a range of intrinsic value principles that are twofold in human-centered and ecological-centered. In recent years, proper human interaction with the world and the solution of global crises have been sought in returning to the foundations of judicial procedures in the international system. Compared to other countries in the world, unfortunately, it must be admitted that Iran has not had an acceptable record in this field due to the problems caused by environmental pollution and damage to the world environment, the lack of accountability of the government and the inefficiency of the judiciary. Therefore, it is necessary to prevent damage to the global environment by designing and developing preventive measures and adopting precise and comprehensive laws and regulations in this field.

Background: The coexistence of human beings requires the observance of moral etiquette, which is called civil ethics in ethics and leads to normative order. In order for civil ethics to have an executive guarantee, a set of laws was formed in the society under the title of civil procedure. One of the lawsuits in this regard is the harassment lawsuit. There are complex issues in the harassment lawsuit that the Code of Civil Procedure has not addressed well. In this article, while paying attention to the issue of civil ethics and the laws that protect it, the similarities and differences of harassment lawsuits from other similar concepts are considered and the manner of its implementation in the civil procedure system is explained. Conclusion: Civil ethics is a necessity of urban civilization and is very close to the concepts of social solidarity and social order. Of course, without regard to individual conscience, one cannot expect morality to be institutionalized in civil society, but in order to establish social order, there is a need for laws and regulations that provide an executive guarantee for civil morality. The civil procedure system may be a way to bring civil ethics under the protection of the law. In the meantime, the way civil procedure deals with harassment lawsuits can be considered as an example. In fact, this law, under the pretext of forbidding the exercise of personal rights and maintaining normative and public order, has taken the basis of the right of possession of persons and, as a result, has invaded the property of persons. In such circumstances, it is possible that the possessing owner was deprived of his possessive possession due to the lack of a record of possession. In this case, it became clear that the country's civil procedure needs to be fundamentally reformed to ensure normative order and protection of civil ethics.

Background: Folk beliefs include myths, stories, poems, music, oral history, proverbs, jokes, popular beliefs about luck and sore eyes, mother lullabies, indigenous carols, mirrors, rituals and traditions, and are always full of spirit. With tyranny and blackness and perseverance against oppression. The themes in the folk poems of Khuzestan about the war express the background of oral literature, culture, history, geography and the birth of committed and committed poetry that shows the resistance and stability of the people of this region during the war. The most important purpose of this study is to find ethical components such as commitment in oral literature and folklore related to the war in Khuzestan province. Conclusion: Khuzestan poetry and its literature are related to its unique environment. The poetry of this region, due to the climatic affiliations of the poets, has many indigenous elements that confront us with a special type of poetry that by examining it, on the one hand, we can become more familiar with the indigenous elements of Khuzestan and on the other hand We become a special poetic style in which each poet composes poems based on his own spirits and incorporates climatic elements into his poetry with a certain elegance. Considering that Khuzestan province, as the center and cradle of stability and resistance during the war, is imposed, the poems and popular literature of this province are undoubtedly influenced by the holy war and defense, and by looking at these poems, we find that they are full of moral components. Because they are commitment.

Background: For several centuries, there has been a debate about the dimensions of intellectual property to support the thinkers of society and prevent their exploitation. Unfortunately, this invisible and powerful asset is increasingly vulnerable. Therefore, establishing favorable regulations, guaranteeing proper criminal enforcement and effective enforcement of laws in order to protect these valuable rights is necessary and inevitable. Therefore, the present study was formed with the aim of investigating the need for criminal protection of intellectual property rights by looking at its moral basis. Conclusion: Regarding the position of ethics in intellectual property law, two levels can be considered: one is the philosophical level, which is beyond the rules of law, and the other is within the legal system, which is related to the post-law. Unfortunately, national measures have not been sufficient to provide comprehensive (moral and legal) protection of intellectual property, as the issue of protection within a particular country is no longer relevant. Rather, the facilitation and enhancement of relations and trade between nations necessitates greater criminal protection at the international level. The penal system of the Islamic Republic of Iran has regulations on the protection of intellectual property rights, but these penal regulations cover only some branches of intellectual property rights, and in many cases the penal system of the Islamic Republic of Iran faces a vacuum.

Background: Customs in the world of business today is one of the most important pillars that regulates trade relations between individuals and legal entities, private, public and international law. Among the actors in this field, in addition to national and transnational governments and companies, there is a new phenomenon called the market. The market plays an important role in considering values in economic and customs activities, and a moral economy is formed when economic interactions, while preserving values, allow access to ethical markets. Given the importance of customs and ethical markets in economics, the present article was formed with the aim of reviewing ways to address customs disputes in the light of economic regulations and market ethical considerations. Conclusion: Exercising the right to freedom of trade, but as a liberal teaching from the generations of human rights, whether or not, causes some inequalities in the social arena and activates governments and trade union systems to legally control and monitor relations. The economy has become a society. In this regard, the role of economic regulation is considered important and effective in the customs proceedings, which are managed by administrative and quasi-judicial institutions, according to the ethical considerations of the market. Studies show the effectiveness of economic regulation and attention to market ethical considerations in resolving customs lawsuits of Iranian law from a substantive perspective, including economic analysis of regulatory law and compliance with the principles of due diligence and from an analytical perspective on the role of active judges in regulatory order and importance. Pay attention to the law in handling customs disputes.

Background: Dust is one of the most important forms of air pollution. Pursuant to Article 21 of the declaration on the principle of non-harmful use of land, states are responsible, in accordance with the charter of the United Nations and the principles of international law, for arranging for activities within their competence or oversight to cause harm to the environment of other countries or regions is not outside their national jurisdiction. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to investigate the principle of prohibition of harmful use of land and dealing with environmental damage of fine dust in international law with emphasis on the moral responsibility of countries. Conclusion: Undoubtedly, controlling and managing the particulate matter crisis and dealing with its environmental damage is beyond the duties of a country and requires the formation of an international structure and the cooperation of international institutions in this field. To combat particulate matter, in addition to paying attention to the importance of environmental ethics and emphasizing the responsibility of governments in relation to environmental crises, governments need to strengthen international cooperation to create regional and international convergence with each other in order to stabilize the sand and fight against desertification and use of global capacities and credits to deal with dust. To achieve this goal, the application of international law and its ethical principles such as the principle of non-harmful use of land and the principles of good neighborliness and cooperation and the principle of responsibility of countries for environmental damage in the field of transboundary pollution and the principle of immediate information and when it comes to transboundary environmental damage, they can be effective.

Background: One of the most important issues in the empowerment and development of managers is to pay attention to organizational commitment and its effect on organizational commitment and productivity in organization managers. Therefore, this research compares the effectiveness of organizational commitment training on the productivity and organizational commitment of managers and project managers. Method: The research method was a quasi-experimental design with a control group of pre-test, post-test and three-month follow-up, and the statistical population was 80 managers and project managers of Iran Khodro Company in Tehran in 2016. 30 people who met the conditions to enter the research were selected by random sampling method and were examined with standard organizational commitment and productivity questionnaires, and the organizational commitment training program package was implemented for the experimental group during 7 sessions of 120 minutes (two sessions per week). To analyze the data, mixed analysis of variance with repeated measures was used with the help of SPSS25 software. Results: It showed that the organizational commitment training program had a significant effect on productivity (F=6. 22, P=0. 006), and organizational commitment (F=17. 94, P=0. 001), project managers and executives in the experimental group. And this effect remained stable in the follow-up phase. Conclusion: The organizational commitment training program package has the necessary effectiveness to increase productivity and organizational commitment. Therefore, the organizational commitment training program can be used to improve the productivity and organizational commitment of project managers and executives.

Background: The unethical behavior of independent auditors is rooted in the conflict of interest which they experience in given situations. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to provide a model for managing the conflict of interest in independent auditors) to prevent the conflict of interest and unethical behaviors, if it occurs). Method: This study is exploratory research in which the grounded theory method has been used. The statistical population of the study is partners, managers and supervisors of auditing firms, members of the Iranian Association of Certified Public Accountants, and 14 of them were selected using the theoretical sampling method. After obtaining the opinion of experts through semi-structured interviews, the data were coded in three steps. Results: Based on the results obtained from the open coding of the interviews, 111 open codes were identified, which were categorized in the axial coding in 34 categories and subcategories. Conclusion: The results showed that independent auditors shall experience conflict of interest due to the auditing firms’,inadequate revenue, independent auditors’,professional incompetence and ethical incompetence. Therefore, independent auditors will face conflict of interest and the ethical dilemmas arising from that in the following situations: disagreements with the clients and the fear of losing them for these disagreements, getting ethically inappropriate work opportunities, during the auditing process and getting involved in their duty’, s challenges. Managing the conflict of interest of independent auditors requires collective efforts of clients, Iranian Association of Certified Public Accountants and independent auditors at the individual and auditing firm level. These efforts will bring valuable benefits to the clients and their beneficiaries, auditing firm, independent auditors, independent auditing profession and the society.

Method: This research is a type of qualitative study that uses foundational data theory. The participants included managers and expert academic and organizational experts in the field of human resource management in Iran's government organizations in the country, who were selected as key informants through the purposeful sampling method. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews. The reliability and validity of the data were obtained from the two methods of reviewing the participants and recoding by experts. Data were analyzed by open, central and selective coding. Results: Major and core categories in the form of 6 dimensions of causal conditions, including (need for continuous training and learning, management of relations with organizational stakeholders, environmental changes and developments, career development path planning, conditions and requirements of the work environment) background conditions (employees' personal characteristics, information technology infrastructure, general organizational strategies, organizational culture, organizational structure, atmosphere of trust), intervening conditions (duty or conscientiousness, perceived organizational support), central category (development of cognitive, emotional, behavioral, skill professional ethics), strategies (skill-based strategies, motivation-based strategies, opportunity-based strategies) and consequences (improvement of performance, strategic and forward-looking perspective, realization of organizational goals, sustainability of human resources) to A higher level of abstraction was promoted and finally the research paradigm model was presented. Conclusion: The professional ethics development model of employees can be used in order to explain the moral behavior of the organization.

Background: Identifying the moral competencies of managers can play an effective role in the excellence of the higher education system. Understanding this is important current study in order to identify the moral competencies of managers were assessed in order to be used in the management structure of universities. Method: The research method was mixed (qualitative-quantitative), in the qualitative part the qualitative content analysis method was used with inductive approach and in the quantitative part the descriptive-survey method was used. Participants in the qualitative section were experts, faculty members and university administrators, and the statistical population in the quantitative section included the staff of Mazandaran universities sampling method. Targeted quality was used theoretically with 21 people and in the quantitative random section, 289 people according to Morgan table were selected as a statistical sample for the study. The data collection tool was semi-structured in the qualitative part of the interview and a researcher-made questionnaire in the quantitative part. The validity and reliability of research data collection tools were confirmed, data analysis was performed through exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis in SPSS22 and Lisrel software. Results: According to the research results, the competency model of managers includes eight dimensions of professional knowledge and information, personality traits, behavioral and intellectual skills, credibility, attitude and insight, service, responsibility, attention to belief and moral values. Conclusion: Based on the identified competencies, can expect the employment and growth of managers in the management structure of the university, which will ultimately lead to the excellence of the higher education system.

Background: The present study was conducted with the aim of explaining the predictor of the level of professional ethics based on personality traits and spiritual intelligence among counselors and psychologists in Mashhad. Due to the increasing dissatisfaction of clients who visit clinics and also those who have problems but are not willing to seek help from counselors and psychologists, this research was conducted. Method: The method of the current research is a correlational description that was conducted on 70 psychologists and consultants of private clinics in Mashhad. The samples were selected by available sampling method. To collect data, three standard questionnaires were used, Neo's personality traits, King's spiritual intelligence, and Kadozir's professional ethics, and the data were also analyzed by SPSS-23 software and multiple regression coefficient statistical tests. and Pearson's correlation coefficient was analyzed. Results: It shows that there is a significant relationship between the two components of extroversion and conscientiousness, one of the personality traits, with professional ethics, and there is a significant relationship between openness and spiritual intelligence with professional ethics. Conclusion: Based on the results of this research, the character trait of being conscientious and goal-oriented has a significant impact on the professional ethics of psychologists. Psychologists are provided with these features so that they can perform better in front of their clients, the health of people in society is equal to the progress of society in the shade of satisfaction, peace and excellence of people. The employment of psychologists and counselors only based on having a degree can have consequences for the society.

Background: Identifying the factors affecting the unethical behavior of employees in the light of leadership components and psychological needs can play an effective role in reducing such behaviors. Based on this, this research aims to investigate the mediating role of the psychological needs of the workplace in the relationship between Value-based leadership and unethical behaviors have been done. Method: The research method is descriptive and the correlational research design is of the structural equation modeling type. The statistical population includes all principals of Sari schools, numbering 486 people. Using stratified random sampling, 191 people were selected as a statistical sample for the study. Three standard questionnaires of value-based leadership, psychological needs of the work environment, and unethical work behaviors were used to collect research data. After collecting the research data, they were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient and structural modeling in SPSS and LISREL statistical software. Results: The results of structural equations showed that the mediating role of psychological needs of the workplace in the relationship between value-based leadership and individual and organizational unethical behaviors was negative and significant. Conclusion: As a result, one of the factors that should be taken into consideration in order to reduce unethical behavior is the value-based leadership characteristics and the psychological needs of the work environment.

Background: The present study was conducted with the aim of providing an ethical decision-making process model in the policy-making processes of the country's oil companies. Method: The present study was qualitative, with a survey-exploratory approach and based on data theory. The statistical population of this study was a group of experts including senior managers of the oil industry, and advisors and university professors familiar with the general management of the oil industry who were selected as a sample using snowball sampling method. The main tools of data collection were in-depth and unstructured interviews with experts. Finally, after open, axial and selective triple coding, the conceptual model of the research was designed based on a paradigm model. Results: After analyzing the interviews, 109 initial concepts were extracted and after reviewing them and removing duplicate concepts, 42 final concepts and 17 categories were identified. Conclusion: The main (central) category was "the emergence of a sense of social ethics in managers" which under causal conditions such as organizational culture, organizational commitment of managers, religious beliefs, managerial expertise, managers 'views of society, managers' awareness of correct ethical decision-making processes, knowledge Managers are formed from their social responsibilities and managerial experience. The main categories are affected by conditions such as "emphasis of the Ministry of Oil on the ethical decision-making of managers" and "pressure of colleagues to observe ethics in decisions" and environmental conditions such as "environmental pressures to align with the interests of society" affect this category. The proposed strategies of this model were "managers 'self-monitoring of decisions", "stakeholder monitoring of managers' decisions" and "in-service training courses" which led to consequences such as "stakeholder trust" and "stakeholder satisfaction".

Background: Professional ethics is an issue that is associated with commitment and adherence in the affairs of the organization and is associated with productivity and growth in various dimensions, for this reason, it is important to examine the dimensions related to it. In line with this research, he investigated the explanation and design of the professional ethics model of the organization of natural resources, forests, pastures and watershed management of the country. Method: This research is practical in terms of purpose. In terms of the method of collecting descriptive information, it is a survey type. The dimensions and components of professional ethics in the General Department of Natural Resources of North Kerman province were identified through document study and interviews with experts. The interview continued until theoretical saturation was reached. Based on this, theoretical saturation was achieved with 12 interviews. The statistical population of this research in the qualitative phase includes 12 experts who are knowledgeable about the subject, and in the quantitative section, it includes all the managers and employees of the General Department of Natural Resources and Watershed Management of Kerman province, including 358 people who were selected based on available sampling. Structural equation modeling method was also used to design the model. Results: Based on the results of exploratory factor analysis, the number of 70 sub-dimensions (indexes) related to professional ethics have been summarized in 5 factors, based on which a questionnaire was designed and the effect relationships were investigated through the method of structural equations. The findings showed that according to the t-table, the effect of all known relationships in the dimension of professional ethics was confirmed based on exploratory factor analysis. Conclusion: Based on the optimal fit of the designed model, this model can be used to explain the model of professional ethics.

Background: With the loss of moral capital, man becomes a virtual human being and a one-dimensional being and loses his main assets, including social capital. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to provide a model of social capital based on its components, especially ethical capital in regional electricity companies in Iran. Method: This research was applied in terms of purpose and in the category of descriptive-exploratory research. The statistical population of the study included experts including experts, managers and university professors in the field of human resources (quality department) and senior managers of regional power companies in Iran (quantitative department) from which 32 people were randomly selected as a sample. The research instrument was a researcher-made interview and a questionnaire, and the structural-interpretive modeling test and the MICMAC test using Excel and MATLAB software were used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed that among the identified factors for social capital in electricity companies are ethical indicators and components such as: reward system, behavioral etiquette, values, organizational justice, professional ethics and norms and norms. They had an independent role and influenced mediating and dependent factors. Ethical components such as: meritocracy, teamwork, ethical requirements, trust, rule of law, responsibility, organizational affiliation, identity and solidarity and cohesion had a mediating or communication role, and at the lowest level, the indicators of network relations and its configuration, the day-to-day value of the company, the amount of costs, party affiliation, international organizations, and common language and codes all play a dependent role, influenced by independent and mediating factors. Conclusion: Based on the results, it can be said that the regulation of appropriate behavioral etiquette, the existence of organizational justice in the organization, the existence of an effective reward system, the creation of appropriate values and common norms to strengthen factors such as trust, rule of law, teamwork, ethics Professionalism, meritocracy, social responsibility, organizational affiliation, etc. will help, which ultimately improve the performance of the organization to improve indicators such as the day value of the company, reduce company costs, participation within the organization, etc.

Background: With the loss of moral capital, man becomes a virtual human being and a one-dimensional being and loses his main assets, including social capital. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to provide a model of social capital based on its components, especially ethical capital in regional electricity companies in Iran. Method: This research was applied in terms of purpose and in the category of descriptive-exploratory research. The statistical population of the study included experts including experts, managers and university professors in the field of human resources (quality department) and senior managers of regional power companies in Iran (quantitative department) from which 32 people were randomly selected as a sample. The research instrument was a researcher-made interview and a questionnaire, and the structural-interpretive modeling test and the MICMAC test using Excel and MATLAB software were used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed that among the identified factors for social capital in electricity companies are ethical indicators and components such as: reward system, behavioral etiquette, values, organizational justice, professional ethics and norms and norms. They had an independent role and influenced mediating and dependent factors. Ethical components such as: meritocracy, teamwork, ethical requirements, trust, rule of law, responsibility, organizational affiliation, identity and solidarity and cohesion had a mediating or communication role, and at the lowest level, the indicators of network relations and its configuration, the day-to-day value of the company, the amount of costs, party affiliation, international organizations, and common language and codes all play a dependent role, influenced by independent and mediating factors. Conclusion: Based on the results, it can be said that the regulation of appropriate behavioral etiquette, the existence of organizational justice in the organization, the existence of an effective reward system, the creation of appropriate values and common norms to strengthen factors such as trust, rule of law, teamwork, ethics Professionalism, meritocracy, social responsibility, organizational affiliation, etc. will help, which ultimately improve the performance of the organization to improve indicators such as the day value of the company, reduce company costs, participation within the organization, etc.

Background: One of the variables that can potentially affect organizational entrepreneurship is entrepreneurial ethics. With the understanding of this importance, the present study has been conducted with the aim of investigating the model of entrepreneurial enthusiasm of managers with an emphasis on ethical consequences (case study: government organizations of Isfahan province). Method: The current research is mixed research (qualitative and quantitative) that has an inductive logic. In the qualitative part, which was conducted with the theme analysis method, the community consisted of a combination of managers of government organizations such as fiscal affairs departments of Isfahan province and municipalities of different regions of Isfahan province, and academic staff members of Azad University. Using targeted sampling, 20 people were interviewed as a sample until saturation was reached, and finally the data was analyzed by coding method. In the quantitative part which was done by correlational method, the population included senior and executive managers of government organizations such as tax affairs departments, municipalities of different regions of Isfahan province, 123 people were selected as a sample using the available method and were investigated using a researcher-made questionnaire. And the data was analyzed by structural equation method. Results: In the qualitative part of conducting interviews with experts, 34 elements were identified in the form of 4 main categories, and the research model was drawn, and the results of the quantitative part showed the suitability of the research model. Conclusion: This research showed that the ethical consequences of managers' entrepreneurial enthusiasm were: entrepreneurial intention, discovery of creative opportunities, inner motivation, ethical actions, honesty, entrepreneurial enthusiasm of employees, ethical thinking, compliance with service standards, striving for continuous learning.

Background: Human error, especially in the aviation industry, carries irreparable risks that require special attention. The human resources system seems to be a vital factor in reducing human error in this industry. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the role of human resource system components (individual ethics, group factors, organizational environment and work environment) in reducing human error in the country's aviation industry. Method: This research is applied research in terms of purpose and in terms of data collection method is a descriptive cross-sectional survey. The statistical population includes all employees of sensitive jobs in the country's aviation industry. The sample size was estimated 366 people using Cochran's formula and stratified sampling method was used for sampling. The partial least squares method with Smart PLS software was used to validate the model and analyze the collected data. Results: The results show that individual ethics, group factors, organizational environment and work environment have an effect on reducing human error in terms of recruitment, retention, empowerment, skills development and retirement. Conclusion: The human resources system has an important role in the rate of human error in sensitive jobs in the aviation industry and with special attention to the ethical, organizational and environmental components, human error can be greatly reduced.

Background: Today, corporate executives need to understand the needs and wants of customers more than ever before to avoid customer orientation toward competitors, so that they can better meet their needs and build long-term relationships with them. One of the factors that can affect customers' perceptions of the brand is ethical factors. Therefore, the present study was formed with the aim of investigating the effect of observing ethical factors by brands in customer purchasing decisions. Method: The present study is applied and is in the category of qualitative research. The statistical population of the present study included key decision makers to purchase steel ingots, including experts, business executives and CEOs of the companies purchasing the product, which is estimated at about 30 companies, 19 of which were selected by targeted sampling. The data collection tool was an interview, and finally the Dimtel technique was used to determine the type of factor communication and the DANP process was used to prioritize the factors. Results: The results showed that the criterion of economic factors of purchasing with weight of 0. 2208 was the first rank, the criterion of specific factors of seller with weight of 1998/0 was the second rank, and the criterion of communication factors with weight of 1952 was the third rank, the criterion of specific factors of product with weight of 1923. 0. 4 is the fourth rank and finally the criterion of the factors of purchasing conditions with the weight of 0. 199 is the fifth rank. Conclusion: Observance of ethical values by brands, including activists in the field of steel industry sales, affects customer purchasing decisions and key ethical criteria such as responsibility, fame and moral competence of senior managers and experience and satisfaction with previous purchases are most effective.

Background: The present study was conducted with the aim of providing a model for human resource value creation in knowledge companies with an emphasis on work ethics. Method: The present study was applied and had a survey-exploratory approach based on the data foundation method. The statistical population of this study was experts (university professors, executives, and associates) in the field of human resource management and knowledge-based companies, 16 of whom were selected as a sample using snowball sampling method. The main tools of data collection were in-depth and unstructured interviews with experts. Finally, the research model was drawn using open, axial and selective triple coding. Results: After analyzing the interviews, 93 initial concepts were extracted. After reviewing and juxtaposing them and removing duplicate concepts, 48 final concepts were identified, which were placed in 18 main categories. Conclusion: The categories that were placed in the structure of the paradigm model were: Internal commitment to create value for the company as the main category, level of education, relevance of the field of study, work experience, innovation atmosphere, quality of relationship between members, Ethics, organizational commitment, lack of focus in decision making and alignment of individual goals with company goals as causal conditions, spreading a culture of collectivism and managers' concern to improve human resources as underlying categories, modeling the human resource management system as Environmental category, investment in human resource empowerment, cartel development and service compensation system were considered as strategic categories and finally human resource productivity and profitability were considered as consequential categories.

Background: Psychologists have also mainly pointed out the positive effects of ethics and moral development in human life. The purpose of this research was to verify the validity of the social ethics development questionnaire based on Islamic trainings. Method: The current research was descriptive-psychometric. The statistical population was the parents of students in Ahvaz city. 664 people were selected as a sample by multi-stage random sampling method. The tool was a social development questionnaire, which was implemented in three versions based on Islamic teachings. For data analysis, exploratory and confirmatory analysis tests were used with the help of AMOS and SPSS software. Results: In order to perform the factor analysis of this questionnaire, the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin test, which shows the adequacy of the sample size, and Bartlett's sphericity test, which confirms the existence of factors, were performed. Considering the obtained values that KMO=0. 95 and the significance of Bartlett's test at the level of 0. 001, it can be concluded that it is justified to perform exploratory factor analysis on this questionnaire. The result of factor analysis using the method of principal components and Varimax rotation showed that most of the questions of this questionnaire are placed on one factor. And only two questions are included in the second factor. The obtained factors explained 97. 64% of the total variance. And one question was removed based on the obtained factor load which was less than 0. 30. 120 items were approved as the final questionnaire. Conclusion: Overall, the results of the research confirmed the validity and reliability of the social ethics development questionnaire and it indicates that the social ethics development questionnaire is a reliable tool and can be used in clinical and research situations. Therefore, the current questionnaire has reliability and validity suitable for use by researchers and professionals.

Background: Buyers' behavior has a dynamic trend, because the decision to choose a product or service is not only related to one person and is influenced by ethical factors that ultimately lead to the decision to buy the product. Therefore, the present study was conducted to provide a model of ethical factors affecting organizational purchasing decision-making behavior. Method: The approach of this study was hybrid (qualitative-quantitative). In the qualitative part, the Delphi technique was used. The community included academic experts and managers and senior organizational purchasing experts, 30 of whom were selected by snowball sampling. The research tool was a semi-structured interview and the data were analyzed using a content analysis approach. In part, the research method was correlational. The community consisted of 149 employees who were studied in the organizational purchase of Gachsaran Oil and Gas Exploitation Company, which was studied according to the limitations of the said community. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire of qualitative section. The obtained data were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and structural equations and SPSS and AMOS software. Results: Finally, 95 items were identified which were classified into 5 categories of effective criteria (ethical marketing mix factors, ethical factors at the social, organizational, individual and shortcut level) and it was found that ethical factors at different levels with buyers' behavior Gachsaran Oil and Gas Exploitation Company has a positive and significant relationship in organizational purchasing decisions. Conclusion: Cognitions about different brands and shopping options are formed from the social environment and are gradually transformed by exposure to environmental and external stimuli. Undoubtedly, one of the most important factors influencing consumer purchasing decisions is ethical criteria.

Background: Awareness of prioritizing the variables affecting the threat to the security and financial health of a bank is a very important issue. Also, the appropriate and ethical use of the set priorities is a more important issue in decisions related to the merger of branches with continuous losses. The purpose of this study is to investigate the fundamental factors affecting the formation and development of loss syndrome in Bank Mellat branches with emphasis on ethical variables. Method: The present study was qualitative and based on the data foundation approach. The statistical population included experts in the field of planning, decision making and strategic decision making of Bank Mellat, from which 21 people were purposefully selected as a sample. The analysis tool was interview and the data were analyzed using open, axial and selective coding. Results: The results of open and axial coding were the estimation of 53 initial codes in the form of 11 categories out of 280 concepts that were finally placed in the research model using selective coding. Conclusion: In addition to conditions such as general economic conditions and inefficient management practices, inefficient decisions, lack of efficient regulatory and judicial systems, declining quality of banking services, etc., ethics can be an important factor in the occurrence of bank loss syndrome.