Journal of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research
Year:2024 | Volume:6 | Issue:6|Papers Count:15

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is an important pathogen that is involved in causing various infections. The most important problem in the treatment of staphylococcal infections is the increasing drug resistance of these bacteria. In this research, the presence of efflux pump genes in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from clinical samples was investigated. 73 MRSA were collected and confirmed phenotypically and biochemically. PCR was performed by checking the presence of mecA, vanA, norA, norB, and norC genes. All 73 clinical samples underwent meticulous confirmation, unequivocally establishing their classification as Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Delving into the antibiotic resistance landscape, a substantial portion of the MRSA strains (58.90%) manifested resistance to ciprofloxacin, with the norA gene emerging as the predominant contributor in 25 instances (58.13%). Frequency of vanA genes among isolated MRSA was 5 (6.84%). Furthermore, a nuanced genetic complexity was unveiled as certain MRSA isolates exhibited the presence of all three norA, norB, norC genes concurrently, or alternatively, the co-occurrence of two among them. This intricate molecular profile accentuates the multifaceted nature of antibiotic resistance mechanisms within the MRSA population under scrutiny, underscoring the need for a comprehensive understanding to inform targeted therapeutic interventions. The presence of vanA and efflux pump resistance genes among the studied isolated MRSA is a warning for the spread of MDR strains in clinical isolates. This current study further underscores the peril associated with such infections within hospital systems. Given the elevated clinical significance of these infections, it becomes imperative to prioritize the awareness of healthcare professionals. Consequently, enhancing the vigilance and preparedness of medical practitioners becomes paramount in addressing the evolving landscape of antimicrobial resistance within healthcare settings.

This study, conducted from May to June 2023 in the Bukit Barisan Protected Forest, Padang Panjang City, presents a comprehensive analysis of Rhizanthes infanticida Banziger, a vital part of this ecosystem. By integrating census and purposive sampling, the study thoroughly investigated R. infanticida's habitat and associated flora. Employing nested plot methods at four forest points, we categorized plant life stages (trees, poles, saplings, and seedlings) to assess various growth stages of R.infanticida and neighboring plant species. The study also considered abiotic factors like temperature, humidity, elevation, and canopy cover, measured using a hygrometer thermometer, and digital imagery. We discovered 47 R infanticida knops across five growth phases, and identified 25 plant species from 18 families, with dominant species varying by life stage: Ptisana salicina (seedlings), Tetrastigma papillosum (saplings), Polyalthia jucunda (poles), and Litsea sp. (trees). The average environmental conditions were 25.1 ºC temperature, 73.55% humidity, elevation of 1,059 meters, and 76.01% canopy cover. This study provides crucial insights into R. infanticida's ecological dynamics within the Bukit Barisan Protected Forest, highlighting its distribution, relationship with surrounding vegetation, and environmental conditions, thereby contributing significantly to our understanding of this unique forest ecosystem.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the leading musculoskeletal disease that disrupting quality of life. ESWT has been regarded as promising noninvasive OA management. This study aims to assess how ESWT affects OA patient’s cartilage degradation using urinary C-terminal crosslinking telopeptide of type II collagen (uCTX-II) biomarker. Thirteen OA patients were selected in this one-group pretest-posttest design. Each participant received ESWT intervention once a week for six weeks. Piezo Shockwave 2 (focused-ESWT) machine with an intensity 0.27 mJ/mm2, frequency 4 mHz, and total impulse 4000 shocks was used. Cartilage degradation was evaluated by uCTX-II before therapy (T1), at three weeks (T2) and six weeks after completing serial intervention (T3). uCTX-II results improved significantly during T2 (p=0.000) and got the peak at T3 compared to before treatment (p=0.001). Repeated measure test using general linier model demonstrated significant gradual pain reduction (p=0.00). Pearson correlation test revealed that pain scale (WBS) was highly associated with uCTX-II baseline result (p=0.002, r=0.781). ESWT is an effective and safe intervention allowing knee pain reduction and improvement in OA cartilage degradation.

A chronic autoimmune condition affecting the small intestine known as celiac disease is characterized by an increase in intraepithelial lymphocytes. Despite the absence of overt malabsorption, this illness has a high frequency of bone mass derangement because of calcium malabsorption and immunological activation. This study looked at type 1 diabetes mellitus (TIDM) in Iraqis, Diabetes center in Baghdad with and without celiac disease to assess vitamin D3 and other biochemical markers. Eighty Iraqi children, aged between 4 and 16. The total number of study samples is 120 based on the number of participants in these three categories and were divided into (40) children with T1DM and Celiac disease, (20 boys and 20 girls), (40) children with T1DM without Celiac disease, (20 boys and 20 girls), and compared with (40) healthy control children, (20 boys and 20 girls). When compared to controls, there was a highly significant decrease in D3 in T1DM with celiac disease and a highly significant decrease in D3 in T1DM without celiac disease. Children with type 1 diabetes and celiac disease (CD) showed a favorable link between weight and total cholesterol (TC) and a very positive correlation between fasting blood sugar (FBS) and HbA1c in both groups (CD). We can draw the conclusion that low levels of D3 may be crucial to the onset, progression, and management of various autoimmune illnesses, including celiac disease (CD). Despite being a reasonably typical occurrence in children with diabetes, vitamin D deficiency may contribute to the disorder's early onset.

This study delves into the prevalence of metabolic syndrome among patients with bipolar disorder at NGHA, Riyadh, recognizing the particular challenges posed by the coexistence of mental health conditions and metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome is a grave concern on its own, but its impact is exacerbated in individuals with bipolar disorder, given the complexities involved in providing treatment. Metabolic syndrome can lead to severe consequences, including diabetes, stroke, and various cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, a cautious and well-informed approach is crucial when dealing with this intricate condition. It is worth noting that there is a scarcity of published studies focusing on this specific cohort and setting. The study involved the examination of medical records from 191 adult patients, consisting of 66 males and 125 females. These medical charts contained information about the assessment and referrals related to metabolic syndrome in these individuals. The key variables studied were bipolar disorder and metabolic syndrome. Data were collected using standardized forms and data analysis was conducted using SAS with statistical significance defined as p ≤ 0.05. Among the 191 patients, 85 were diagnosed with diabetes, 89 had hypertension, and 130 were classified as obese. The study identified metabolic syndrome in 79 patients, accounting for 41.4% of the sample (comprising 29 males, or 43.9%, and 50 females, or 40%). This study sheds light on an elevated prevalence and clarifies that individuals with bipolar disorder have a higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome, emphasizes the importance of addressing this dual challenge comprehensively.

COVID-19 patients exhibit a diverse range of symptoms, with some individuals remaining entirely asymptomatic. Certain patients experience minimal or no noticeable symptoms, and in some cases, oxygen levels significantly drop without prominent clinical manifestations, a phenomenon is known as "silent" or "happy" hypoxia, which can potentially pose substantial risks to patients. A clinical study aims to assess the significance of silent hypoxia in COVID-19 patients' clinical course and to predict risk factors associated with it. 85 confirmed COVID-19 patients with hypoxia were included in the study and exhibited room air oxygen saturation (SPO2) levels below 92%. Comprehensive patient histories and physical examinations were conducted, with the severity of breathlessness evaluated using a scale ranging from 0 to 10. Breathlessness scored below 5 was categorized as silent hypoxia. Various laboratory tests, including lymphocyte counts and serum ferritin levels, were performed. The findings of our investigation indicate that a majority of the patients in our study demonstrated favourable outcomes. Notably, no significant disparity was observed in terms of clinical outcomes between hypoxic and non-hypoxic COVID-19 patients (p>0.05). Risk factors identified including elevated body mass index (BMI), age, and increased respiratory rate (RR) are addressed in this work and diagnosed as risk factors. Silent hypoxia is a phenomenon observed among COVID-19 patients, yet it does not appear to impact patients' clinical trajectories significantly. Obesity emerges as a potential risk factor for severe disease. High BMI and elevated RR are recognized as potential risk factors associated with the occurrence of silent hypoxia.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) patients can have complications of neuropathy and angiopathy in the feet. Both of these conditions increase the risk of diabetic foot ulcers and the risk of falls. Screening for ulcer risk as early as possible is important for type 2 DM patients, as is assessing the risk of falls. Ulcer risk assessment using the International Working Group of Diabetic Foot (IWGDF) criteria shows high sensitivity, as does the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test in assessing fall risk. Studies on the risk of falls in adult DM patients associated with the risk of ulcers are still limited in Indonesia. The study subjects comprised 48 type 2 DM patients aged 18-59 years without active foot ulcers and a history of amputation. All subjects underwent an assessment of the level of ulcer risk stratification based on IWGDF criteria and TUG testing in one visit. Correlations between variables were assessed in an analytical observational study with a cross-sectional design. The analysis showed a significant relationship between the risk level of foot ulcers and the TUG value (p=0.03). The TUG values ​​at all risk levels have a significant comparison (p = 0.003). Significant differences were found between very low and low risk, very low and moderate risk, and moderate and high-risk groups. The risk level for foot ulcers was also significantly related to HbA1C levels (p = 0.005). There was a significant relationship between the level of ulcer risk stratification and the risk of falls in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus at Dr. Soetomo Surabaya General Hospital.

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma and chronic pancreatitis may present complex challenges in diagnosis due to overlapping clinical and histopathological features. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is a particularly lethal neoplasm with a grim 5% overall 5-year survival rate. Recent research underscores the pivotal role of the tumor microenvironment in neoplastic initiation and progression, with stromal components supporting tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. Fibroblast Activation Protein alpha (FAPα) and TGF-beta have been identified as significant players in this context. This study collected paraffin blocks from 32 patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma and 11 patients with chronic pancreatitis to investigate the expression and localization of FAPα in relation to TGF-beta, and B-Catenin expressions. Both patient groups revealed a higher prevalence of males, but no statistically significant gender difference. Notably, age emerged as a crucial distinguishing factor, with pancreatic adenocarcinoma patients being notably older. Biomarker analysis showed that B-Catenin was the superior diagnostic marker, detecting 68.6% of cases, particularly in late stages, and exhibiting a positive relationship with tumor size and spread. FAP α plays a critical role in early detection, identifying 40.6% of cases and showing a weak negative relationship with tumor size and spread. Combining B-Catenin and FAP α proved to be the most effective approach, detecting all cases with variable intensity. These findings have significant implications for improving early and accurate diagnosis, which can lead to more tailored management, however further research is still needed to validate and refine diagnostic approaches as our understanding of these diseases evolves.

Pemphigus vulgaris is a rare autoimmune disorder that arises from autoantibodies targeting antigens in intraepidermal cell cohesion, leading to painful erosions and flaccid blisters. Given that pemphigus vulgaris can induce cicatricial ectropion, a comprehensive diagnosis and treatment is essential. A 61-year-old man was referred from a dermatovenereology clinic with a two-month history of watery eyes and a downward-pulled right inferior palpebra. The initial manifestation involved bullae across the body, including the periocular skin and oral mucosa. The visual acuity (VA) in his right eye was 5/6, and in his left eye, it was 5/12. The examination of his right eye revealed ectropion, an everted inferior punctum, madarosis, 1 mm lagophthalmos, scleral show, and ectropion that did not resolve during the 2-finger test, with a lid distraction of 8 mm based on the distraction test. Despite blinking during the snap-back test, his inferior palpebra did not return to its normal position. The diagnosis of cicatricial ectropion caused by pemphigus vulgaris was made. Cicatricial ectropion is the outward rotation of the eyelid margin due to anterior lamella shortening from scar tissue. This shortening leads to the eyelid margin moving away from the eyeball, causing watery eyes, irritation, and cosmetic concerns. Lubrication treatment for the patient's eyes included chloramphenicol eye ointment every eight hours and artificial tears (1 drop every 4 hours) to avoid exposure of the eyeball. The treatment administered in the dermatovenereology clinic consisted of prednisone, natrium fusidate ointment, vaselin album, clobetasol propionate 0.05% cream, and mefenamic acid. Scar tissue in the anterior lamella caused by chronic inflammation of periorbital pemphigus vulgaris could result in ectropion. The management aimed to protect the eyeball from exposure and treat the underlying disease.

VIVIFRAIL© training can become an alternative comprehensive training program to treat Frailty Syndrome (SF) in Indonesia. Fourty elderly people with Frailty Syndrome (SF) subject this study. Subjects were divided into the intervention and control groups, each consisting of 20 elderly people. Both groups were required to participate in conventional exercises programmed by the Nursing Home 5-7x/week for ±15 minutes. The outcomes assessed were quadriceps muscle strength and endurance by measuring the digital dynamometer test (DD) and 30-second chair stand test (30CST) at baseline (pre-test) and after four weeks of intervention (post-test). The results showed significant differences in quadriceps muscle strength and endurance in the intervention group (right DD test p=0.001; left DD test p=0.001 and 30CST p=0.001). In the control group, there were also significant differences in quadriceps muscle strength and endurance (proper DD test p=0.016; left DD test p= 0.015 and 30CST p=0.003). Changes in quadriceps muscle strength in the right and left DD test between groups showed significant results between the pre-test and post-test between groups (p=0.044 and p=0.039). The delta effect size values of right and left quadriceps muscle strength are 0.626 and 0.612. Changes in quadriceps muscle endurance at 30CST between groups showed significant results in the pre-test and post-test between groups (p=0.017). The 30CST delta effect size value is 1.653. Adding multicomponent VIVIFRAIL© training for four weeks in elderly people with Frailty Syndrome can increase quadricep muscle strength, measured by the digital dynamometer test, and quadricep muscle endurance, measured by 30CST.

As a result of its innovations, the pharmaceutical industry is well-positioned to help humanity, achieve wealth and universal health. The COVID-19 emphasizes the significance of these industries to both society and the economy. Nevertheless, the issue of pharmaceutical industry sustainability is gaining greater attention and expectations are rising. The study compares the social, environmental, and economic performance of five pharmaceutical companies. It also looks into the comprehensiveness of sustainability reports published by five top Indian pharmaceutical companies. In this study, the sustainability reports of five pharmaceutical firms were compared and evaluated following GRI 2011 standards. Based on the inclusion of sustainability reports, a numerical score ranging from zero (0) to three (3) has been assigned to each of the 84 performance indicators of the GRI 2011 criteria (9-economic dimension, 30- environmental dimension, 45-social dimension). Analysis has pointed out that economic reporting is much more precise than social and environmental reporting.

Bovine mastitis is of high significance in public health due to its potential as a source of infectious agents transferable between animals and humans. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) play a crucial role by hydrolyzing penicillins, cephalosporins (excluding cephamycins), posing a current public health problem. This study focused on detecting ESBLs in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. isolated from bovine mastitis cases, using the Kirby-Bauer technique and phenotypic methods to assess antibiotic susceptibility, for which the data were collected in the microbiology area of the general laboratory of the State University of Bolivar for 12 months. Two E. coli strains were sensitive to all antibiotics, while two others showed resistance to the third-generation cephalosporins, with an increased inhibition zone in the presence of beta-lactamase inhibitors. The remaining two strains exhibited total resistance. In Klebsiella spp., all six strains were resistant to the third-generation cephalosporins, with an increased inhibition zone observed in one strain. 25% of the isolates were ESBL producers (33.33% in E. coli and 16.67% in Klebsiella spp.), with seven isolates carrying other beta-lactamases. In conclusion, bovine mastitis, as a source of infectious agents and the presence of beta-lactamases, stands out as a public health issue. The study highlights antimicrobial resistance, emphasizing the need for control and surveillance.

The age-related degenerative joint disease known as osteoarthritis (OA) is typified by a gradual deterioration of cartilage. Once damaged, it is hard for joint cartilage to recover. The secretome is a factor secreted by cells, tissues, or organisms into the extracellular cavity under certain conditions and at a certain time. Studies have shown that injecting secretome into an OA knee can accelerate and stimulate cartilage repair. However, the evidence supporting this claim is limited. This study aims to analyze the effect of secretome injection on the microscopic characteristics of joint cartilage tissue, synovial membrane tissue, and subchondral bone tissue in experimental animals with osteoarthritis. An in vivo experimental study on the Wistar Rat was carried out. To create osteoarthritic conditions, type VII collagenase from Sigma-Aldrich was injected. A total of twenty Wistar rats were divided into two groups: control group and secretome-injected group (cartilage-derived secretome). Each group consisted of 10 rats. After 21 days, the experimental animals were terminated for microscopic analysis of cartilage, synovial, and subchondral bone tissues. The two groups were then statistically compared. It was found that cartilage erosion, subchondral bone erosion, and synovial membrane damage were significantly worse in the control group (p<0.05). It has been discovered that injecting secretome has a positive and protective effect on joints affected by osteoarthritis (OA). The administration of secretome on the osteoarthritic knee was found to be significantly protective, resulting in less damage to cartilage, synovial membrane, and subchondral bone tissue.

Uterine corpus cancer is a form of gynaecologic malignancy characterized by the excessive and disorganized proliferation of abnormal cells in the uterine lining. Several risk factors, including aging, nutritional imbalances leading to obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure, and nulliparity, have been associated with endometrial cancer. The aim of this study was to assess the awareness level among college-going female students and women residing in rural and urban areas regarding the quality of life experienced by endometrial cancer patients. The data analysis involved the use of a five-point Likert scale and the weighted mean method. The findings revealed that urban respondents exhibited a comparatively higher level of awareness compared to their rural counterparts. It was concluded that the quality of life outcomes, mental disorder, and spiritual influence play a significant role in determining the overall quality of life experienced by survivors of endometrial cancer.

One of the unique characteristics of the peel-off mask is that it will create a layer of translucent, elastic film. After drying, there is no residue and it may be removed without rinsing. The production of masks from natural materials is preferable to that from synthetic materials, which might have negative side effects and alter natural contour of the skin. S. polycystum is one of the natural products that can be used as a mask with natural ingredients. Antioxidants included in S. polycystum act as a deterrent to free radicals. S. polycystum contains phenolic compounds, carotenoids, laminarins, alginates, fukoidans, florotanins, and ectoin among other antioxidants. The objective of the study was to find the optimal amount of S. polycystum extract to incorporate into peel-off masks with high antioxidant activity. The sample is prepared using the Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction technique with S. polycystum powder and ethanol as the solvent. A peel-off mask was made utilizing S. polycystum extract in concentrations of 0%, 3%, and 4%. Testing the mask's quality includes an organoleptic test, a pH test, a homogeneity test, a stability test, a drying test, and an antioxidant activity test using DPPH with an IC50 concentration. S. polycystum extract can be made into a peel-off mask, according to the research. The formulation of a 4% S. polycystum extract peel-off mask was selected since it met the requirements of a peel-off gel mask of the Indonesian National Standard (it is homogeneous and stable, pH 5.6, and dry time 17 minutes with an IC50 of 125.20 mg/mL, which is a moderate antioxidant).