Research in Chemistry Education
Year:2023 | Volume:5 | Issue:4 (پیاپی 20)|Papers Count:6

People’s way of thinking changes with time since the conditions change, our brain grows, and the education we receive affects us. I have been dealing with chemistry for 50 years, and during the period I have learnt many things from chemistry that have dramatically affected my personal and social life, some of which I would like to share with you. Chemistry is not merely some formulas and frequency tables, but a deep universe of knowledge plus philosophy and logic. I have learnt the following from chemistry: 1) Considering that one-way chemical reactions stop sooner or later, and two-way returnable reactions are continuous and lasting, I concluded that I should arrange my relationship with others accordingly or based on mutual relationships so that they would be lasting. 2) Since elements have different features, even the elements within the frequency table, I noticed that it is not possible to find two completely similar people, even the identical twins. As a result, we should not expect people similarly and should not compare them with each other while accepting them as they are. 3) Since some materials have high melting and boiling points, and some others are the reverse, to the extent that they may explode, I learnt that some people get easily agitated and lose their temper. Therefore, one should keep calm when meeting such people and should refrain from any type of tension,otherwise, both parties would be harmed. 4) Considering that some elements do not have any tendency for chemical reactions and prefer to be left alone, I concluded that some people are not communicative and do not like to interact with others,therefore, it is better to leave them alone and not to disturb their peace while keeping their privacy as much as possible.

Nanotechnology is not a new field, but it is an interdisciplinary topic closely related to other branches of knowledge including physics, chemistry, medicine, energy, etc. Beside the revolution it created across the globe, the emergence of nanotechnology deeply influenced the education systems of the countries around the world so that they could train experts in this field. The expansion of the use of nanotechnology in various branches of industry, medicine, electronics, agriculture, and health, prompts educational systems to raise the students’ awareness in this field by providing concepts and topics related to nanomaterials and their applications. Therefore, it is necessary to update the science taught at schools and integrate science and nanotechnology in a coherent way so that future generations and the workforce can make responsible scientific decisions. Among the advantages of nanosciences over the other sciences is to enable students to better understand and communicate among braches of science. In this article, nanotechnology and the necessity and principles of its education in schools are emphasized. The study method is searching in Persian and English databases and reviewing articles, books, and the sources related to nanotechnology and its education. Finally, the results of teaching nanotechnology at schools are stated.

The program and content of the textbook is one of the important elements of the educational system and plays an essential role in realizing the goals of education. Content analysis is one of the important research methods that can be used to systematically and objectively study the characteristics of textbooks. The aim of the current research is to analyze the content of chapter 3 of the 10th chemistry book. In the present research, chemistry book 1 was considered for analysis from the point of view of its compatibility with the national curriculum. According to the frequencies obtained, the most attention has been paid to the field of science (32%) and the least attention to the field of ethics (8%). According to William Rumi's method, the calculated engagement coefficient is 0. 428, which is active according to William Rumi's method. Examining the book images shows that 34% of the images are completely consistent with the text of the textbook, and 79% of the images have used highlighting techniques. Moreover, in terms of the teachability of chapter 3 and its learnability, we found that the teachability and learnability of its content is 88% and 79%, respectively.

The importance of practical work in various industries has made the importance of the laboratory and familiarity with how to work in that environment, as well as familiarity with the properties of different chemicals in life, become more tangible. Practical work in the laboratory plays a significant role in various industries such as oil, petrochemical, mineral, chemical and pharmaceutical industries. On the other hand, health and safety is an issue that every person who works in a laboratory environment should pay attention to. Prevention of accidents and proper storage of materials, correct use of chemicals during testing and paying attention to the principles of green chemistry are important things that must be followed in order to prevent the occurrence of problems that may harm a person's health. The use of explosive or flammable substances or mixtures is common in chemical laboratories and industrial centres. Lack of knowledge about the possible dangers of these types of materials often leads to explosions or fires, but they can be prevented by following safety precautions. A large number of chemical compounds that we deal with in laboratories are toxic. As a result, accuracy and safety are very important in order to prevent the entry of toxic foreign substances into the body. Therefore, in this article, an attempt has been made to look at this issue from a different point of view, so that it may be fruitful in this field.

The cohesive factor in solids is the electrostatic interaction of attraction between the negative charges of electrons and the positive charges of the nucleus. Solids are classified based on lattice symmetry and chemical bonds. On the other hand, based on the spatial distribution of electrons, chemical bonds can be classified into 5 categories: ionic bonds, covalent bonds, van der Waals or molecular bonds, hydrogen bonds, and metallic bonds. The coupling of two dipoles, one due to oscillations, and the other due to the electric field produced by the former, leads to an attracting force, which is called van der Waals force. The van der Waals bond is relatively weak. In contrast, ionic bonding results from the electrostatic interaction of oppositely charged ions. There is a strong attractive Coulomb interaction between nearest neighbor ions, which is responsible for ionic bonding. The ionic bond is very strong, and experimentally, this strength is characterized by a relatively high melting temperature. The covalent bond is another important bond that exists in many solids. A covalent bond between two atoms is usually formed by two electrons, one from each atom participating in the bond. Normally the covalent bond is strong. On the other hand, metals are characterized by their high electrical conductivity. Electrons that can move between crystals are called conduction electrons. The main characteristic of metallic bonding is the low energy of valence electrons in metals compared to free atoms. Some qualitative factors of this truth are explained in this article. Metallic bonding is weaker than ionic and covalent bonding. Due to the misunderstandings of school and university students, which is the result of their previous ideas in the field of chemistry and different types of interatomic bonds, the present article has tried to express the types of interatomic bonds in solids and compare the strength of each by calculating and drawing diagrams of cohesive energies.

Textbooks are one of the most important sources of learning in the educational system, and they also form the main materials of the school curriculum. Textbooks play an important role in the formation of students' national identity. The purpose of this research is to investigate and analyze the national identity in the chemistry book (3) of the twelfth grade of high school. The research method is quantitative and qualitative content analysis. The data collection tool includes a checklist in content analysis, and the unit of analysis is the theme. The components of national identity in this research are: symbol, value, cultural heritage, celebrities and personalities, events. The statistical population of the chemistry book (3) is the 12th grade of high school in 1401-1402. The results of the qualitative analysis show emphasis on national symbols, especially the Persian alphabet, attention to national values, especially social values, attention to places and buildings in terms of cultural heritage, and little attention to contemporary celebrities and personalities, especially contemporary chemists and their books, as well as events. and events. According to the results, 224 cases have been referred to the concept of national identity. among the dimensions of national identity, symbols have the highest frequency with 45. 99% and personalities have the lowest frequency with 0. 44%.