COMMONITY HEALTH
Year:2017 | Volume:4 | Issue:4 |Papers Count:11

Background and Objectives: Development plans determine goals and tasks in each of the sections of society and each government organization should achieve some of the objectives. The aim of this study was to design management model for development plans in the field of health at the national, provincial and the district levels in Iran.Material and Methods: A mixed method study was conducted in three phases: literature review in Google scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, ProQuest, Ovid, Embase, Iranmedex, SID, Medlib and Irandoc databases and also in Library of Iranian Management and Planning Organization developing the primary model for development plans management by qualitative method and Legitimizing the final model. Qualitative data were collected by interviews and focus group discussion and were analyzed using content analysis. Quantitative data collected using a questionnaire and were analyzed using SPSS-21 software.Results: Challenges of health planning system were 5 main themes (purpose and program, structure, resource, process, monitoring and supervision) and 20 sub-themes. Requirements of health planning system were 5 main themes (planning, coordination, organizing, financing, monitoring and supervision) and 19 sub- themes.Conclusion: The balance of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education programs should be respected. Developed model lead to Program content to this balance and create a tool for comprehensive monitoring and evaluation of objectives contained in the programs.

Background and Objectives: One of the causes concerns about mental health and impact on growth and performance of children is the increased prevalence of behavioral disorders in children. Therefore, the present study aims to compare executive functions in terms of organization– programming and selective attention- processing speed with the attachment styles in students with and without ODD.Material and Methods: The study is of causal- comparative nature. The statistical population includes all elementary school third to sixth grader male students with and without ODD city of Karaj in the academic year 2015-2016.40 students having the disorder were chosen by convenience method and 40 ones without the disorder were chosen by cluster method. The participants completed the Andre Ray test, d2, Attachment Scale in Children of Middle and CSI 4 test. Data analysis was carried out by a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and independent T.Results: It was revealed that organizing- planning in children with the disorder in the process of drawing of the figure (t (78)=4.2, P<0.001) also in the process of drawing from memory (t (78)=4.2, P<0.001) is significantly lower than the ones without it. However the difference is not significant in selective attention-processing speed (t (78)=81.1, P>0.05).Conclusion: Executive functions in children with oppositional defiant disorder are significantly lower than normal children and also, insecure attachment included consequences such as oppositional behavior, poor education and lack of proper relations with others in these children. Therefore, it is proposed that therapists of the children with the disorder consider some exercises to reinforce and improve the mother-child relation as well as executive functions for these people in order to improve their social and educational functions.

Background and Objectives: Becoming victim of bullying at school is one of the compatibility problems during adolescence. Bullying could be in form of physical, sexual and psychological harassment from one or more students repeatedly over a period of time. Various factors could influence shaping this behavior or becoming its victim. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of family functioning, domestic violence, and parent-child relationship in being a bullying victim among high school girls.Material and Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in 2015. The sampling framework included all the female high school students from District Seven of Tehran. As many as 383 individuals were randomly selected by using the staged-cluster sampling method. Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire, Straus Domestic Violence Questionnaire, parent-child Relationship Scale, and Family Assessment Device were used for data collection of the study. IBM SPSS Statistics 18 was employed for performing the statistical analysis.Results: Being victim of bullying was meaningfully correlated with family functioning (r=0.58, P=0.005), domestic violence (violence of father: r=0.67, P=0.003 and violence of mother: r=0.43, P=0.007) and parent-child relation (r=-0.54, P=0.006). Physical aggression of fathers (P<0.001), their positive emotion (P<0.001), and problem solving (P=0.001) directly, and mother’s functionality disorder/confusion (P<0.001), father’s anger (P=0.001), and mother’s physical aggression (P=0.002) reversely predicted being victim of bullying.Conclusion: The study showed that the family directly and indirectly affects becoming a victim of bullying. Parent-child relation forms adolescent behavior patterns. Therefore, training parents in appropriate child raising methods could play an important role in preventing much social harm in the future.

Background and Objectives: The health educators, who are responsible health education in school, play a crucial role in the physical and mental health of students. The aim of this study was to explore needs of health educators on education of health behaviors to students.Material and Methods: This qualitative study was conducted at the schools of Sanandaj city, located in the west of Iran, in 2016. Using purposive sampling, sixteen school health trainers with health education experience were included in the study. Data were collected through individual interview and group discussion, observation and field notes, and analyzed by conventional content analysis. To confirm the accuracy and strength of the data, acceptability, confirmability and transferability components were taken into account.Results: Five categories and eighteen subcategories emerged from the data analysis, including strengthening organizational factors (In tersectoral cooperation and external, Monitoring of school health matters and Solve the economic problems of schools), efficient manpower (use of appropriate human resources, Improve the performance of trainers, Strengthening communication skills of trainer and Activate student health volunteers program), educational preparation (Appropriate educational condition, advantage of the educational facilities, methods and models of teaching, pay attention to learnerʼs characteristics and Design the educational content), attention to health of learner and trainer (pay attention to physical health of learner, pay attention to mental health of learner, pay attention to physical health of trainer and pay attention to mental health of trainer) and strengthening the role of family (improving cooperation of parents with school and Parental attention to learner).Conclusion: To deliver efficient and effective health education to students, health educators need to the inter-sectoral and extra-sectoral collaboration, giving more attention to the health promotion programs on the part of the authorities, equipping schools to educational equipment and facilities, and training educators.

Background and Objectives: Elderly is challenging period of lifespan. Old people need more caring during this time and paying attention to their needs is a social responsibility. Insufficiency in their cognitive function of the brain is as common problems in this living period. Therefore, the aim of current research is to determine the difference between active and inactive elderly in the cognitive function of the brain.Material and Methods: The current study is Expost facto with causal-comparative design. The population of study was included all active and inactive elderly nursing home residents in the 6th district of Tehran that 60 active and 60 inactive elderly with voluntary sampling method were selected. The research instruments were Sharkey Physical Activity Index and Mini Mental State Examination. Statistical analysis conducted by independent t test and SPSS-22.Results: The mean (SD) of the cognitive function score in two groups of active and inactive elderly was respectively 21.7 (3), 10.2 (1.8) (P<0.001) and orientation memory 12.4 (2.3), 10.9 (2.2) (P<0.001), attention and focus 3.4 (1.4), 2.9 (1.1) (P=0.05), assessment of language ability 5.9 (1.8), 4.6 (1.7) (P<0.001) and visual-spatial abilities 0.8 (0.4), 0.6 (0.5) (P=0.004).Conclusion: The study showed that physical activity was effective in cognitive function of elderly. Hence, this method could be considered by counselors and mental health professionals in nursing homes and retirement centers, as a treatment approach to existing therapies.

Background and Objectives: Health reform plan is designed to improve health care in Iran. Since job dissatisfaction of health care providers can affect quality of services, the current study aimed to evaluate the views of physicians and residents working in governmental hospitals of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical sciences, regarding the health reform program Material and Methods: This study was a descriptive- cross sectional study. A questionnaire was developed for assessing attending physicians and resident’s views regarding health reform plan. Construct and content validity and reliability of the instrument had been evaluated by experts in the field. The study population consisted of physicians and residents who worked in governmental hospitals affiliated to Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistic and the Chi square test in SPSS-16 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA).Results: One hundred and fifty attending physicians and 232 residents participated in the current study.94% of physicians desired to continue working in their current position.46.7% of physicians and 42.4% of residents were fairly satisfied with increasing number of clients and Sixty six percent of physicians were moderately satisfied with an income increase. Of all physicians of current study, 41.6% had a relative agreement with implementation of the reform plan and 21.3% believed that diagnostic and treatment facilities had been improved. Relative satisfaction of physicians and residents was 27% and 70% respectively.Conclusion: The highest dissatisfaction rate related the work place and the highest satisfaction rate referred to increase in the number of clients. Since health care provider’s job satisfaction affects the quality of care, paying attention to increase in physician’s satisfaction in all aspects seems necessary.

Background and Objectives: Cancer in the child is considered as a traumatic event for parents, and immediately after the diagnosis of a child’s disease, parents, especially the mother, experience extensive stress that causes psychological adjustment problems. The purpose of this study was to compare maternal stress subscales of mothers with children who are suffering from cancer, by gender, education, occupation and parents’ disease.Material and Methods: This descriptive correlational study was conducted with the participation of 300 mothers with a child with cancer under the age of 18 years who were not selected randomly using available sampling method. Mothers completed Abidin Parenting Stress questionnaire for collecting information. Data were analyzed using SPSS-21 software and descriptive and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariate analysis of variance analysis).Results: The mean (SD) of the expectations of children with cancer without a history of parental disease was 25.2 (5.1) and more than the expectations of children with cancer with a history of parental disease 23.5 (5.1), and the overall health status of mothers without a history of disease was 23.5 (5.1) more than mothers with a history of disease 9.3 (2.9) (P<0.001). The hyperactivity and lack of attention in boys with a mean (SD) of 22.7 (6.8) were more than girls 21.6 (6.2) (P<0.05), and girls experienced a higher incidence of depression 26.2 (7.5) during disease compared to boys 24.2 (6.6) (P<0.05).Conclusion: The age and sex of the child, the age of the father, the status of mother’s employment and the history of parental disease are factors affecting the level of perceived parenting stress by mothers with children with cancer.

Background and Objectives: Child abuse of the most devastating types of damage that has been a significant increase in recent decades and its prevention is essential. The purpose of the investigation of the prevalence child malteatment and non-accidental trauma and related demographic factors among families of Karaj city.Material and Methods: The present study was a cross-sectional study. The statistical population included 2178 families of Karaj in 2017. According to 800 families were selected by simple random sampling; and demographic variables, parent-child conflict tactics scale were completed. The data was Analyzed using Descriptive Statistics, Chi-Square Test, Logistic Regression analysis by SPSS-21 software. The level of significance was considered (P<0.05).Results: The mean (SD) age of mothers was 33.6 (2.4) and fathers was 38.2 (2.1) years old and the mean age of children was 10.2 (1.2) in girls and 11.6 (2.2) in boys. The prevalence of abuse in the families surveyed, 211 (%26.4) the prevalence in boys than girls were abused (P<0.01). The most common abuses consisted of emotional abuse 94 (%44.6), neglect 61 (%28.9) and physical abuse by 56 (%26.6). All the demographic factors, except the Childrens education degree had a significant relationship with the prevalence of abuse in the family, (P<0.05).Conclusion: The study showed that child abuse is common among families, therefore, monitoring of children, ratification of rules supporting children, planing and administration of preventive educational programs can be effective to reduce child abuse.

Background and objectives: Hepatitis B virus infection is a major health problem in the worldwide. The prevalence of occult and chronic HBV in hemodialysis patients is higher than standard in developing countries. The aim of this study was to determine the immune response of hepatitis B vaccination in hemodialysis patients referring to the dialysis centers in North Health Center inTehran in 2016.Materials and Methods: This descriptive-correlational study was conducted among all hemodialysis patients referring to the dialysis centers of North Health Center inTehran in 2016. A total of 304 people participated in this study. Data were collected using a checklist including age, sex, weight, frequency of vaccine injections, duration of vaccination completion, number of dialysis, per week, duration of dialysis, diabetes, high blood pressure and cigarette smoking. In these patients, the level of HBs Ab was evaluated by ELISA method. Data was entered in the SPSS-21 software and analyzed by the independents t-test and Chi-Square.Results: In this study, 211 (69.4%) of the participants were male and 93 (30.6%) were female. The mean (SD) of serum HBsAb level in the study period was 105.7 (100) in women and 90.4 (97.5%) in men. The mean (SD) of the time elapsed from the last vaccination in immune person against hepatitis B was 21.1 (19.3) months and in nonimmune was 44 (22) months (P<0.001). However, there was no significant relation between the rate of response to hepatitis B vaccine in patients with hemodialysis with gender, age, weight, number of injections of vaccine, number of dialysis per week and patient’s blood group.Conclusion: The study showed that with the increase in the duration of the last injection of the hepatitis B vaccination in hemodialysis patients, the immune response is reduced. It seems that with the periodic control of the antibody titre, a dose of booster can be done before it is reduced.

Background and objectives: The academic achievement of students as an important indicator for the evaluation of educational systems is considered. Academic success is closely linked and influenced by numerous factors located. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between self-efficacy and learning experiences and academic success is a contextual factors.Materials and Methods: This study was a survey and solidarity. The sample consisted of 430 high school students from the academic year 2013 Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province who were selected by cluster sampling. To evaluate the self-efficacy, learning experiences and contextual factors respectively the learning strategies questionnaire, academic experience questionnaire (AEQ), the students’ educational alienation questionnaire (AAQ) and two researcher-made questionnaires for demographic and educational data were used. The collected data were entered into the SPSS-22 statistical software and analyzed using correlation and regression tests.Results: The mean (SD) of participants age was 16.3 (3.6). There was a significant relationship between self-efficacy 41.7 (10.2) and learning experiences 11.5 (2.8) (r=0.42, P<0.01). The contextual factors 85.6 (11.1) (r=0.32, P<0.01) and educational attainment 17.3 (1.8) (r=0.26, P<0.01) were associated with learning experiences. Self-efficacy was predicted by learning experience of 17% and this variable was predicted by contextual factors and academic success of 27% (P<0.01).Conclusion: The study showed that learning experience and tissue factors and academic achievement can be effective in predicting self-efficacy. The results of this study can help psychologists and school counselors and academic disciplines to learn more about the role of learning experience and to implement appropriate interventions with regard to improving student self-efficacy and academic achievement.

Background and Objectives: Cardiovascular diseases are the first cause of death in the world, and Iran. It seems that some jobs such as bank employees due to sedentary lifestyle are at a higher risk of cardiovascular diseases than the general population. Therefore this study was done to determine the risk factors in Bank Employee-North of Iran in 2016.Material and Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted among 488 bank employees were selected from total staff lists by simple random sampling. Demographic data, the underlying disease, physical activity and smoking were collected by interviewing them. In addition, blood lipid profile, fasting blood sugar, serum level of vitamin D, blood pressure, height and weight were measured for each participants.Results: The mean (SD) age of participants was 43.3 (6.1) years and the minimum and maximum age was (30 and 59) underwent this study.445 (91.2%) was male.36 (12.9%) were smoking. High blood pressure and Diabetes were prevalent as 78 (15.9%) and 31 (6.3%) respectively. Dyslipidemia were observed in over 30% and 373 (76.5%) of all participants had obesity and overweight. In terms of major risk factors, including hypertension, high cholesterol, diabetes and obesity, only 15 (3%) had no risk factor and the rest suffered at least one of these risk factors.Conclusion: The study showed that the family directly and indirectly affects becoming a victim of bullying.Parent-child relation forms adolescent behavior patterns. Therefore, training parents in appropriate child raising methods could play an important role in preventing much social harm in the future.