JOURNAL OF SPECIALIZED SOCIAL SCIENCE
Year:2014 | Volume:11 | Issue:42|Papers Count:8

About half of the active population in the world are women: they can have an important contribution to community development. Community development and cultural differences have led to the gender differences between the men and women. This study aims to assess the effect of women's employment on family relations. First, we briefly describe the theory of functionalism by Merton, the social division of labor theory and the theory of interaction which all refer to human relations. With the help of these theories, the hypotheses of the study have been set. This study includes 397 women (including 193 married and employed women and 204 married but unemployed women) in Ahar city. The sample size was estimated by Cochran formula and was distributed through systematic sampling method. After completing the questionnaire by the population, they were analyzed through SPSS software. What we found from the previous research about the women's employment is that it has positive and negative aspects on family relations. What is clear is that women's employment has a positive effect on family relationships. Family relationships were classified in three main forms: marital relationship (the relationship between husband and wife), family relationship (family relationship with other relatives) and the relationship between parents and their children. They were considered as the sub hypothesis. All four hypotheses were verified with 95% reliably.

The main problem of social participation is its periodity and frequency. We can say that our society suffers from low level of social participation affected by several factors. One of the most important factors is the family structure because family is founder of the society as well as the first social center for children socialization. In this study, the effect of family structure on the social participation of Payam Noor university students in Hamedan is studied. The population includes 339 students and the study conducted by survey method. The theoretical framework includes the functional theory of Parsons. Thus after a theoretical discussion and also collecting the data, we analyzed them through SPSS software, two-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression. The results of this study suggest that when the activity orientation of family increases, their social participation is reduced. Also, when the students’ hope to future increases, their social participation increases, too.

This study aims to explore the consequences of divorce for the divorced women using thematic analysis. The data were collected through in-depth interviews with 22 women who divorced in Mashhad from 2001 to 2011. The data collection method was theoretical and purposeful sampling method. The data were analyzed through theoretical coding. The result was accessing the divorce consequences in three micro, middle and macro levels. The results showed that despite many problems of divorce for women, it also has positive outcome for them, although the women have the feeling of need to support and severely sufferer from loneliness. Most of women, despite many problems in their former life, long to marriage again. It shows their commitment to family and the value of family. Some of women who can not have a remarriage due to looking after their children, they dedicate themselves to their children to get rid of labeling in the community.

Despite the efficient presence of women in higher education and having public qualification levels, yet the number of women appointed to the higher levels of management is very low. Although we see the women’s willing to appear heavily in various fields, the presence of women in employment opportunities and access to higher levels of employment is so limited that there is low number of women appointed to the higher levels of management. This study tries to identify factors and barriers affecting the employment promotion. This is a descriptive survey and through correlation analysis tries to examine the factors affecting the formation of barriers to women's employment promotion, including institutional, political, economical, social, cultural barriers in organizations and its effect on productivity. The statistical population includes the employed women in Sharif technical university. They were chosen by sample random sampling method and the measurement tool was questionnaire. The results showed that among the independent variables of this research, economical, cultural, social, political, biological, organizational and psychological barriers, the biological one had the highest (48.1%) and organizational one had the lowest (11.2%) effect on the lack of job promotion. The results also showed that there was no significant correlation between productivity and employment promotion.

This paper seeks to focus on the creation of discourses on human communication in family. To do it, the contemporary approaches of sociology and process of their formation are used. Attention to the dimensions of time and space to explain the discourse creation is the most important aspect of integrated approaches of sociology (or relational approach): an analysis far beyond the causal analysis: Considering both micro- and macro-levels): Moving towards generalization and using the chaos theory to explain the repeated forms are characteristics of this analysis. A grounded theory is used in this research. Analysis of the data collected from the families of the 22 districts of Tehran is conducted through quantitative data analysis (factor analysis) and for classification of items and formation of the theoretical ones, grounded theory was used.The process of producing the discourse of human communication in family includes the followings steps: the flow of discourse principle, Withdrawal of abstraction (speaking on the writing), creating the Compelling regulations (speaking on reading) and creating the intermediate structures (speaking on the exchange). These steps are based on the theory of knowledge, the SECI model and Foucault's methodological approach. During the first phase, the principle of discourse flow, family events creates innovation and changes the tacit knowledge to the shared explicit communication. The second step, leaving the abstraction, family members changes the tacit knowledge to the shared explicit knowledge through using the words, signs, symptoms and talking with other people. The third stage, beyond systematization and offering the explicit knowledge and simplification of the more complicated concepts needed in family communication, it changes the explicit knowledge to implied one. In the fourth stage, binding mediation structures internalizes the implicit knowledge and this process continues. In this paper, we tried to focus on the discourse of family communication.

The gender difference, due to its importance in society, is an issue that has been focused by sociologists in recent decades. The gender differences means differences of believes between two generations in different aspects of life, such as mate selection, consumption of cultural goods, passing the leisure time, religious behavior, attitudes to gender. Iran society has been faced cultural and social changes in recent decades. The changes have been dramatic, especially in families. One of the major developments is the differences between children and parents values that have caused families to be exposed to serious challenges. Challenges questioned the traditional family style. This study, using the ideas of theorists like Mannheim (experiences of a generation), and Bangeston (socialization of generations) and Inglehart (changing values), has tried to explain the difference between generation in the family. This is a survey study and is conducted in 3 and 17 zones of Tehran with 398 people as sample of study. Statistical techniques include dispersion statistics, F-test and factor analysis. Results show that there is a gender difference between parents and children, but it is not critical. In fact, we see a relative consensus. The highest level of generation difference between children and parents refers to having a girlfriend and boyfriend, and the least difference refer to socializing with friends of the same sex.

This paper aims to conduct a gender study on the relationship between the ways (traditional and modern) of mate selection and marital satisfaction of families in Shiraz city. The method of study is survey and the measurement tool is questionnaire. The study sample includes married women over aged 15 and the sample size was estimated 389 using Lean Table. Data were analyzed by SPSS software in both descriptive and inferential levels. The results of hypothesis tests show that the rate of marital satisfaction in mate selection (traditional and modern) is different from each other and in modern mate selection is higher than the traditional one. Gender study of this relationship showed that this relationship can only be seen among men, while it is ignored among women: The results also show that among men, the sexual satisfaction and personal relations in both the traditional and modern ways were different, while there was not significant difference between different aspects of marital satisfaction among women.

This research studies the relationship between social support and mental health of women in Khalkhal city. In order to achieve the research goals, the theories of Durkheim's social consistency, social network of Berkman and Seem, and direct impact model were used. The research method was survey and data gathering instrument in the experimental part was researcher-made questionnaires. The statistical sample consisted of 375 women between 18-64 years old in Khalkhal who were selected through cluster multi-stage sampling method. By using t-test and Pearson's correlation coefficient, research findings showed that mental health means of women with high density of group membership, compared with low membership density, is over average. We also found that the average mental health of women who have a higher-density social personal network is more remarkable than that of women with a lower-density social personal network. Meanwhile, there was a direct and positive relationship between having a strong link with the members of other social personal networks, emotional reception, instrumental support, informational support and socio-economical base from one side and mental health of women, from the other side. Research results indicated that there is a direct and positive relationship between social support and the of mental health rate among women.