JOURNAL OF NATURAL ENVIRONMENT HAZARDS
Year:2016 | Volume:5 | Issue:7|Papers Count:8

In this study, the concentrations of particulate matters in two ranges PM10 and PM2.5 were sampled at site of renewable energies in Materials and Energy Research Center, located in MeshkinDasht city of Alborz province. Then collected particulates were extracted and analyzed using ion chromatograph instrument to evaluate the contamination of 6 anions and 6 cations adsorbed on airborne particles. Obtained results showed relatively high concentrations of Sulfate and Nitrate anions in both PM10 and PM2.5 particles. Also, Calcium cation was measured to have highest concentration on PM10 and Ammonium cation showed the highest concentration on PM2.5. As a result of this research, it should be emphasized that the finer particles (PM2.5) contain relatively high percentages of ions (48% w) in comparison with coarse particles (PM10) containing 24% w of ions pollution. This results emphasis more health risks for smaller particles.

Drought is known as one of the environmental phenomena, and in fact an integral part of climate change that can occur in any geographic area (Mofidipoor et al., 2012). This phenomenon reveals its effects slowly and gradually, and its effects remain for long time and this is the feature that distinct it from other phenomena such as floods (Dai, 2010). Many indices have been offered to study drought such as Palmer index (Palmer, 1965), deciles method (Gibbs and Maher, 1967) and Standardized Precipitation Index (McKee et al., 1993). In general, the main objective of this study was to investigate the drought status in Sari-Neka plain using four indices including Rainfall Anomaly Index (RAI), Z-Score (Z), China Z-Index (CZI) and Percent of Normal precipitation Index (PNPI), as well as choosing the most suitable method among different interpolation methods and providing an appropriate model for drought zoning in the study area.

Disasters and environmental hazards have long time been considered as the destructive factors for humans, society and human life. In this regard establishing a strong management style and applying proper methods to control the crisis can reduce the amount of damages. So, this study aimed to assess the environmental hazards in research area, and the efforts to reduce the impact of rural producer cooperative that is called Arg Roodasht in Ghoortan village. Statistical populations in this research are including cooperative members of Arg Roodasht and the questionnaires were distributed among 100 members of the cooperative’s board of directors. To achieve the research objectives, review methods and survey methodology and also questionnaires have been used. In order to determination questionnaire validity, expert views used and for determination questionnaire reliability Cronbach’s Alpha method (78%) used. The data analyses were conducted by using descriptive statistics, One-Sample T-test and structural equation modeling. The results showing that drought and river erosion were the most important natural hazards in the research area. Among the human risks of drought in the research area prevalence of illness and disease, conflict and differences between rural people as well as rural migration had the most important influence in the research area, respectively. Based on the results of the sample T-test, Arg Roodasht’s performance in order to combat drought and river erosion by 95 percent, significantly higher than average were evaluated.

Groundwater is one of the most important sources of fresh water needed in the world. In this study, climate data of precipitation, temperature and evaporation in seven meteorological station; were been used at 20-year period (90-1370). The research method is a causal manner. The correlation and regression statistical methods were used to study variation of precipitation on aquifer water levels. Average of total rainfall monthly of catchment was calculated using of data from the 1430 cell of 240 maps (20 years x 12 months), respectively. Review of iso-drop maps show that underground water level has dropped in some areas up to 44 meters. On the other hand, with respect to maps of groundwater movement, this result can be applied a firm management on removal of groundwater; because the water is moving around the aquifer to its center due to law relating to container. So you increase the harvest by palm Central Plains wells, wells sharply against a plain edge and causing them to shrivel. Our study showed a quite direct relationship between precipitation with water level but relationship of temperature and evaporation with water balance is reversed. Therefore the process of consumption must be formulated in such a way that the amount of water fed by rainfall could be accountable for the discharge.

Extreme temperatures are climatical elements that in form of climate hazards affect over economic and social factors and knowledge and its forecasting for planning in the fields of agriculture, industry, and economy is essential. On other hand, its changes strongly linked with macro scale atmospheric-ocean fluctuations. According to this issue, explanation of interaction of extreme temperatures and the Eastern Mediterranean pattern is main goals of this study. To identify the relationship between extreme temperatures and eastern Mediterranean oscillation, the values of this index which are standardized have been studied and compared with normalized data using pearson correlation analysis, linear and polynomial process. The study results show that maximum temperature increases from 0.09 to 0.85o c and minimum temperature to 1o c with respect to average statistical periods in the negative phase. In contrast, in positive phases, maximum temperature from 0.1 to 0.4oc and minimum temperature decreases from 0.06 to 0.56o c with respect to average statistical periods. EMO effect on the extreme temperatures in spring season has been stronger than the winter. The highest monthly correlation between extreme temperatures and this pattern has been in March. Minimum temperatures with 300HP and maximum temperatures with 500 had highest correlation.

In this research, daily and hourly data of dust storms (horizontal vision and meteorology codes) at 26 synoptic stations of western Iran for the period of 1990–2013 has been used in order to identifying and determining trend of dust-storm-frequencies. In this research, visibility less than 1000 was used as factor in order to determining dust storm (local and external) for all of dust storm meteorology codes. This data was investigated by parametric and non-parametric tests including Man-Kendal, Sen’s and regression test in yearly scale. Results indicated that a set of 26 data series, 9 data series in Man-Kendal method, 6 data series in Sen’s method, and 13 data series in regression method have significant positive trend in significant level at %1 and %5. The results of all three methods indicated that most of stations in western half Iran have increasing trend of dust storms. It increased markedly in southwest of Iran.

MODIS LST high spatial and temporal resolution data can provide higher quality information about temperature variation in different regions of Iran. LST cluster analysis calculated to detect LST zones and LST spatiotemporal variation in every zone. Time consistent LST has been product from MODIS Terra and Aqua LSTs in any pixels of time series. Monthly long term mean temperature calculated from Time consistent LST and makes an array in 1765*2688*12 dimensions that is long term mean LST of Iran. Monthly data clustered using ward method. Tow temperature zone (warm & cold) separated in first step and each of them clustered to tow new sub clusters. The resulted zones include hot, warm, temperate, and cold. Four temperature zones is consistent with topographic and environmental characteristics of Iran. Temperate and cold zones located in higher areas in Zagros and Alborz mountains, while low altitudes in southern latitudes and deserts are the warm and hot zones. LST maximum values in warm and temperate zones are near to the values in hot zone. With regard to area of warm zone that cover the third of Iran area, it can be concluded that temperature increase in the large parts of the country has the ability to become hot areas.

Today, the planner of the tourism industry, the situation of human bioclimatic plays an important role. In this industry can be long-term planning in the planning of climate and atmospheric condition was short. An analysis of data to assess the situation daily mean temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and cloud cover 47 synoptic stations since the beginning of 2010 were established. Based on the temperature threshold indicator (UTCI) to Iran for annual and seasonal climatic atlas was friendly. The results of this study showed that the annual distribution UTCI in Iran with reduced height so that in the highlands of the Zagros and Alborz is minimal. Days without thermal stress generally increase from the lowlands to the highlands, indicating a major influence of topography on climatic comfort in Iran. In summer and high mountain areas of maximum comfort days (79 days) has enjoyed, while the northern and southern shores and Dasht-e Lut during winter and autumn maximum comfort days (38 days) have experienced. Spring in most areas of favorable conditions prevailed comfort. During this season of comfort in mountainous areas most days (83 days) occurred. Thus, thermal comfort in the spring largest area where Iran is taken and given to the unstable distribution of at least (20 days) and maximum (83 days) days of comfort in this season, tourists and tourism can use your trips to different regions of Iran plan.