GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH
Year:2005 | Volume:20 | Issue:3 (78)|Papers Count:7

This article addresses the issue of the geography of migration in the last two decades in the context of analysing the dynamism between the relationship of man and place in the era of globalization. The article thus identifies the impacts of globalization on migration and the globalization of migration. The number of migrants has increased to 175 million during the last two decades. This means that nowadays one out of 35 residents of our planet is a migrant. The resultant effect of all ofthese processes has been a challenge for the migration management of all nation states. This has given birth to the field of migration management.In this line of thinking, this article raises three fundamental queries and attempts at finding proper response: 1. What are the conceptual foundations for understanding migration phenomenon?2. What are the conceptual and practical frameworks for explaining migration management as a discipline?3. How can one analyze the case of migration management in Iran?The focus on Iran is due to the fact that our country is simultaneously an immigrant sending, a migrant receiving and a migration transit country and migration management is a national necessity and scientific and applied framework should be utilized accordingly.In response to the queries, methodically speaking, this article argues that due to the multi-faceted nature of migration and its multi-dimensionality, grand theories are incapable of arriving at a proper understanding of the issue. As a result, middle range theories with an interdisciplinary fusion are of more help than those mega theories which attempt to understand migration merely through prisms of economic incentives. In this setting, migration management, as an interdisciplinary project armed with middle range theories has attracted the attention of scholarly and policy communities and relatively speaking, has achieved clear frameworks. The main assumption in the management of migration is that migration is an uncontrollable project but a manageable process. In this article, the major four areas of migration management, "migration and development", "facilitating migration", "regulating migration" and "forced migration" are identified and analysed.Furthermore, the role of various actors in the management of migration such as states, intergovernmental organizations and trans-national communities and their interactions are scrutinized. Special attention is paid to the International Organization on Migration, Berne Initiative on Migration Management and the Global Commission on Migration. Following examination of their literature, the consensus principles of migration management are inferred and applied to the case of Iran. These are the principles of inter-agency cooperation, coherent migration policy, col1ecting migration data, strengthening multi-lateral cooperation and engaging all actors in migration. With this perspective, the case of Iranian migration management is analysed in conceptual and practical frameworks.

Aggression and aggressive behavior is a kind of violent behavior toward others, that could harm others. Factors such as psychological, social, biological and environmental are important in aggressive behavior. Environmental factors, climatic conditions (Temperature, barometric pressure, humidity, wind,...) , air pollution; have important role. The study on the relation between aggressive behavior and temperature in one area is controversial with contradictory findings. This study with the aim of determining the relation between temperature and aggression was designed. This is a descriptive- analytic study in a cold mountaneous area (Fereidoonshahr) and warm desert one (khoor) in Isfahan Province in 2004.Climatic parameters of all synoptic and climatologic stations of Isfahan Province (29 stations) was obtained from Iranian Meteorological Organization (IMO) from the time of its establishment till 2003, then, by using Exel software, mean of minimum, maximum and daily temperature, and also precipitation and relative humidity were calculated. By considering mean daily temperature these stations were arranged from high to low.As a result, synoptic stations of fereidoonshahr and khoor as the coldest and warmest areas of Isfahan Province were selected. Using statistical counseling, 1517 subjects (14 to 63 years old), from two different areas were selected randomly. They completed the self administrative Aggression Questionnaire (AGQ). This questionnaire contains 30 questions, each of which has 0-3 levels of severity. However, scores above 45 indicated aggressive (as cut- off point of the questionnaire) rate of the subjects. After data gathering, information was analysed by SPSS software. Results of this study show that in total population 38.6 percent were aggressive and the number of aggressive persons among women (40.5 percent) was higher than men (36.1 percent). This difference is significant statistically (p=0.046), Mean of aggressive scores in Fereidoonshahr was higher than khoor (p=0.0001).Considering the theory of "Heat and Aggression, heat could cause more behavior arousal and aggressiveness. Probably man, in different climates can cope with heat more easily than cold weather. Furthermore, intense cold weather imposes more limitation for survival. On the other hand, humidity in cold and warm weather decrease man's tolerance. In cold and mountains area of fereidoonshahr the levels of humidity and precipitation are high. Wind as the other climatic variable decreases man's tolerance in cold weather, but increases in warm and dry weather. Differences in barometric pressere in two different geographic area is considerable. It seems that in studying the relationship between aggressive rate and climatic conditions, different factors such as temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind, barometric pressure, in relation with each other, must be considered.

In this study, in order to estimate the amount, for special and temporal patterns of precipitation over Iran, a simple model of precipitation forecast was used with two parameters namely vertical motion and precipitable water. The vertical motion and precipitable water were computed in different methods as follows:The Kinetics with the correction of divergence and quasi-geostrophic omega equation were applied to estimate the vertical motion. Then the temperature dew point and the vertical integration of specific humidity trom surface up to 100 HPa were used to estimate precipitable water.There were two cases of investigation which have been done from 10 to 12 January 2002 and 26 to 28 December2004whichshowedthat usingthe Kinetics methods with the correction of divergence and vertical integration of specific humidity have given best results in estimating the two parameters.And finally comparing the results of precipitation of the model with actual precipitation, showed that in spite of over estimating the amount of precipitation for spatial and temporal patterns, there was no difference between the model and the real precipilation.  

This essay discusses geomorphologic specifications of the slopes in Soleghan road (trom Zar , Bridge to Soleghan), west Tehran. From geomorphological point of view some parts of this road are dangerous. The main aims of this essay are: to determine the measures taken on the slopes and Soleghan road, to assess their general applicability, and to identify slopes instability as well as the priority of the measures to be taken in order to assess any risk for the road and the people. Specific objectives are related to the distribution of slopes phenomena including rock fall, collapse, debris fall, topple fall, block slide, rock creep, talus creep, debris flow, debris slump, rock avalanches in three forms of vertical, lateral and diagonal, and knowing about their causes and mechanisms.Hazards of Road and slopes phenomena of this region are also discussed in the essay. Any use of slopes in Soleghan road depends on factors such as: I- Making people and decision makers aware of the likely dangers.2- Updating hazard information of slops phenomena and Soleghan road3- Continual investigation by geomorphological engineers.The slopes forms must be a matter of concern to anyone living in this region.Slopes are steep and the mean annual precipitation is probably over 350 milimeters and there is seasonal freezing. Most of the land in the region is 30 to 45 degrees steep. The importance of rapid slope breaks in the region is undoubtedly great. At the IS to 45 degrees steep rock fall, collapse, debris fall, topple fall and slump are frequently seen. Reduction of strength in the rock occurs by weathering, swelling, tracture development, removal of cement and softening of material by increased ice and water content. Earth materials are increasingly crumbling by the development of joints in the slops.

The effective elements in the formation of rural co-ops are not detachable from the effective factors in socio- economic cooperation on the side of villagers. The effective elements in cooperation are also under the influence of effective factors in creating stimuli in the people to be inclined toward collective and socio-economic oriented activities. The study of effective elements on people's motivation to get involved in coops is one of the most important issues that play a key role in planning for cooperatives, especially rural ones. Without consideration of human incentive as the main element of development and without understanding the complexities of man's behavior, co-ops are expected to experience failure.Studying the obstacles in the development and growth of the activities of co-ops and removal of them in future plans in the form of up-down procedure and creating incentive in the villagers to take part in cooperative and collective activities and informing them about these activities are of great importance and undeniable facts. What are the effective elements in people's positive view toward establishing co-ops and what is the degree of the priority of those elements? The answers to these questions help planners to have a wider view of co-op plans and pave the way for the growth and development of them so that the accelerating elements increase and the hindering ones are removed or at least reduced. To attain this objective, the present study has categorized the elements into three groups of social, economical and local ones, based on the justified action theory of Izen and Fichbien. Attempts are made to identify the effective elements in the villager's readiness in the formation of rural co-ops and determine the priorities of the factors contributing to this readiness. For this reason eleven villages out of 50 located in the county of Ghanavat and 254 villagers out of the total population of 7579 with the age range of 15 to 64 were selected through the Kokeran formula in a simple random selection method to identify the effective elements in villagers' readiness in the formation of co-ops. Using the K.2 test by the SPSS software, it is proved that from among the social elements, the effect of residential status (being a native to the area or not) the role of the government, the role of cooperation and knowledge about co-ops are more influential with the 0.05 Alpha. And, from among the economical factors, the effect of job condition (employed unemployed), type of job and risk factor are more influential with the same Alfa. In addition, the hypothesis that the incentive for collective activities is not dependent on economical factors alone, rather, a combination of socio-economical factors is effective in this process, proved right by the test.

It is well-known that dryland wheat cultivation has an important role in supplying Iran's nutrient requirements. Recent investigations make it obvious that about 15 percent of the total wheat produced in Ardebil is cultivated in dryland regions. Obviously, the cultivation and production of this strategic crop is based on annual rainfall and the distribution of montly rainfall during the growth season.Therefore, the primary objective of the current research was to determire all suitable areas in the region enjoyed the highest annual precipitation rates. The subsequent aim was to find appropriate time for the cultivation with reference to the monthly precipitation variations. For this reason, the rainfall data was collected from 15 weather stations from 1975 to 2000 (26 years). Having benefited from the Hottling and T-observational statistical methods, all accessible data were compared with the required climate norms. Then, the spatial distributions of statistical findings were correspondingly mapped using The Geographic Information System.The final results revealed that some areas situated in the northern part of the study area; such as Gara-Aghg, Sarein and Boran stations were the best places for dryland wheat cultivation. In addition, it was determined that september and October were the most appropriate months respectively for the cultivation of dryland wheat in Ardebil province.

Dehshir Fault is located in the southern part of Shirkuh Mountains, with a relatively parallel trend with Zagros Main Fault. This fault is an important zone for the occurrence of the Coloured Melange. To the west and southwest areas of this fault Gavkhouni, Abarkuh and Sirjan depressions (Nabavi, 1355). With the length of some 350 km, it starts with a NW-SE trend from Nain and ends near Sirjan (Berberian, 1367).A significant characteristic of Dehshir-Baft Fault is related to its neotectonic activities. Examples of such processes have been discussed in this paper. Around the main fault zone, even along the secondary local faults within this zone, dry channels displacement occurred which could be related to mostly right-lateral strike slip movement of these faults. On the other hand, Mesozoic sediments and Ceneozoic intrusive features have gone through a metasomthism phase (or phases) by hydrothermal processes. The hydrothermal activities probably occurred during early Quaternary which was due to reactivating of the fault during post-Passadenian orogenic movements. Throughout the fault zone, younger alluvial fans overtopped the older ones which is also the evidence of neotectonic activity of the fault. Such morphologic features indicate the recent activity of Dehshir Fault. Travertine springs and domes also appeared within the fault zone, which mainly concentrated around the fault-based joint systems. The joint systems follow the main course of the fault. Another evidence of tectonic movements along the fault zone is indicated by a sharp mountain front along the fault. In some places the fault line cut through travertine layers which has led to the occurrence of escarpments and steep slope, while near to the playa areas causes distinct different elevations.Geomorphological and geological evidence suggest the last activity of this fault had a right-slip nature with an orthogonal constituent. Dehshir fault, from a seismologic point of view, could have immobile characteristics with no evidence of large-scale earthquake in its territory (Berberian, 1967). However, it could be the source of potential risk in the future, so needs more survey and study to establIsh a firm suggestion for the probable activity of the fault.