THE WOMEN AND FAMILY CULTURAL EDUCATION
Year:2016 | Volume:11 | Issue:36 |Papers Count:6

Using the analytic-historical method, this article attempts to explain the cultural policies of the first Shah of the Pahlavi Dynasty toward women. Relying on the theory of evolution and formation of national identity in Iran, the article seeks to answer this question: ‘What is the impact of the cultural policies of the first Shah of the Pahlavi Dynasty on the occurrence of identity crisis among Iranian women? ’ The findings indicate that the cultural policies of the first Shah of the Pahlavi Dynasty toward women were in serious conflict with the identity of Iranian women since the main core of Iranian identity rests upon the three elements of Iran, Islam and Shiism. The findings further reveal that such policies as boosting a feeling of self-inadequacy among Muslim women, promoting the Western lifestyle (non-Iranian lifestyle), propagating public unveiling, and promoting sensuality by changing the marriage and divorce law and due to the relative dominance of Western-based development model structures over the Iranian community, the first Shah of the Pahlavi Dynasty, in the long run, led Iranian women toward confusion and, finally, identity crisis.

family functioning among woman whit superior, ordinary and weak hijab. This is a causal-comparative descriptive study. The population includes all Iranian females over 15 years of age from among whom a sample of 2868 subjects was selected using the stratified cluster random sampling method. The required data were collected using a demographic questionnaire. The obtained data were analyzed using MANOVA. The obtained results revealed that there is a significant difference between family functioning and the type of hijab (p<0.001). Therefore, the role of family needs to be taken into account in taking any measure and drawing any plan on hijab.

The subject of this article is sociological explication of the social factors influencing fertility preferences of women in Kerman, Iran. The research method is survey and the data collection instrument is a questionnaire. The sample, selected through the cluster sampling method, consisted of 342 married women working in state agencies in Kerman, Iran. The findings revealed the highest correlation between the respondents’ negative attitudes towards the future of society (0.51) and fertility preferences. Then the share of individualism (-0.305), profiteering (-0.24), attitude towards children (0.29), rationalism (-0.16) and marital satisfaction (0.28) were calculated. Extent of reading, education, income and use of the media indirectly impact on women's fertility preferences. Based on the findings, the most significant factor influencing women’s fertility preferences is their negative attitude towards the future which is indirectly affected by income (0.42), the extent of using the media (0.33) and rate of education (0.39). It is suggested that women’s attitude towards fertility should be made positive and that having a materialistic attitude towards childbearing should be stopped by focusing on the spiritual dimension of childbearing and underlining heartwarming messages in the media and universities.

To what extent do socio-economic and cultural factors influence fertility? What are women's fertility conditions among different religious sub-groups? To answer these questions, the required data were collected from 362 Shiites and Sunni women living in Sarpolzhab, Iran. Then the collected data were analyzed. The results indicated a statistically significant difference between the reproductive behaviors of these two religious groups of women although the fertility rates of both groups were low. This significant difference reveals the potentials of a special theological hypothesis in explaining the differences in fertility rate among different demographic groups. Multivariate analyses showed that a combination of cultural, socio-economic and demographic features plays a decisive role in explaining the different rates of fertility among Shiite and Sunni women (39% vs 20.1%). Also, multivariate analyses showed that controlling all independent variables, religion retains its significant impact although the intensity of this relationship decreases while other variables are controlled. Hence, the future demographic policies should be focused on the single-child married women and married women without children who were conspicuous among Shiite women in the sample studied here. Therefore, the government policies and the demands and interests of families need to be closely aligned.

This study is aimed at comparing life expectancy, resilience and differentiation between adolescents of single-child and multi-child families living in Khorramabad, Iran. This is a causal-comparative study and the statistical population consisted of all the male and female adolescent students in the middle and high schools of Khorramabad in the academic year 2015-2016. The sample included 150 students from single-child families who were selected through the convenience sampling method and 150 students from multi-child families who were selected, in proportion to the subjects from the single-child families, through the simple random sampling method. The data collection instruments were the Schneider Life Expectancy Inventory (1991), the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (2003) and the Self-Differentiation Questionnaire (Scorne, 2000). The obtained data were analyzed using the univariate and multivariate analyses. The results revealed that there is a significant difference between the life expectancy, resilience and differentiation of the adolescents of single-child and multi-child families (P=0.001). That is, the life expectancy, resilience and differentiation of the adolescents of multi-child families were higher than those of the adolescents of the single-child families. Based on these findings, it is necessary to find out more about the characteristics of the adolescents in single-child and multi-child families and introduce the appropriate parenting styles to the parents of these children.

The aim of this research work is to examine the effectiveness of the Minnesota Couples Communication Program on the quality of life and marital satisfaction. In this quasi-experimental study with control group, 60 individuals (30 couples) having marital conflicts and referring to the counseling centers affiliated to the Education Department of Mashhad were selected through the random sampling method and were divided into experimental and control groups (each with 15 couples). The data collection instrument was Quality of Life Questionnaire and Enrich Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire. Only the experimental group received training and the practical application of the Minnesota Couples Communication Program for 10 sessions. Following the intervention, both experimental and control groups took the post-test. The obtained data were analyzed using descriptive statistical indexes and the covariance analysis test. The results revealed a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in regard to quality of life and marital satisfaction variables (P<0.0001). Therefore, it can be concluded that the Minnesota Couples Communication Program has been instrumental in improving the quality of life and all aspects of marital satisfaction, and the results of this research work can be employed to reduce the communication problems of marriage.