JOURNAL OF PRACTICAL STUDIES AT BIOSCIENCES IN SPORT
Year:2017 | Volume:4 | Issue:8|Papers Count:11

Background and Aim: Previous studies indicated that bovine colostrum (BC) has antioxidant activity, but the beneficial effects of BC on strenuous exercise oxidative damage is remaining unclear. Thus, this study examined the effects of BC on exercise induced muscle damage in rats.Materials and Methods: Forty-eight male Wistar rats randomly divided into 6 equal groups as: Group 1 (control), Group 2 (aerobic exercise), Group 3 (anaerobic exercise), Group 4 (supplements without exercise), Group 5 (supplements with aerobic exercise), Group 6 (supplements with anaerobic exercise). After pretreating of BC, the blood sample from each group was taken in order to measure the levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine Kinase (CK). The data were analysed by ANOVA and Tukey test and significant level was set at p<0.05.Results: The plasma levels of LDH (P=0.010) and CK (P=0.006) significantly increased in anaerobic exercise group in comparison with control group. There was no significant difference between aerobic exercise group with the control (P=0.86). The mice were supplemented with exercise and anaerobic exercise extreme (Group 6) was significantly lower CK And LDH levels compared to anaerobic exercise group without supplementation (group 3) had (P=0.001). The results revealed that BC pretreatment significantly prevented LDH and CK increasing induced by strenuous exercise oxidative damage in rats.Conclusion: colostrum supplement due to its antioxidant properties can be considered as a sports supplement and recommended to reduce muscle damage.

Background and Aim: The conditions of a safe exercise program, depends on the physiological and motivational abilities of individuals. Furthermore, the estimated prominent component of the intensity of physical activity is very important, especially for deaf children.Materials and Methods: 24 deaf adolescences aged 12 to 18 years, with a hearing impairment greater than 80 DB, and a mean BMI of (19.9 ± 3.5 Kg/m2), voluntarily performed the aerobic maximal protocol along with analysis of respiratory gases with the verbal BORG10 and visual OMNI perceived exertion scales.Results: Construct validity showed a significant correlation between BORG10 and OMNI scales during submaximal ergometery (R=0.73, P=0.002), and high significant correlation also found during an exhaustive exercise (R=0.91, P=0.001). on the other hand, moderate correlation was observed for accectable concurrent validity with respet to relationship among two the psychosomatic scales and physiological indexes (HRR, VO2, VE) during the submaximal ergometery.Conclusion: Because, to communicate and interaction problems in deaf children with the social environment especially during a physical activity, both analog and numerical Perceived Exertion scales have optimization construct validity to adjust the various daily physical tasks. Visual Perceived Exertion Scale is also more efficient during an exhaustive and relatively maximal aerobic ergometery and can be used during attending targeted deaf children to develop physical activity during leisure time or sports events planning for coaches.

Background and Aim: Based on the limited and inconsistent results in regarding to the effects of intense exercise on inflammatory markers and muscle damage in adolescents, the aim of this study was to examine the response and relationship between some inflammatory markers and muscle damage in 14-16 years old boys in response to incremental physical activity.Materials and Methods: Twenty-four healthy 14-16 years old boys volunteered and divided in two groups as exercise (n=12) and control (n=12) groups. The exercise group performed incremental modified Balke protocol physical activity, according to the defined protocol. In order to examine the levels of plasma fibrinogen, Serum CRP and CPK blood samples were collected in baseline and immediately 2 minutes after incremental physical activity in trained group and also in baseline and 48 hours later in the controls group. To statistical analysis the dependent t-test, independent t-test, Pearson's correlation coefficient and beta coefficient were used and the significant level set at p<0.05.Results: Serum CRP (p=0.01), CPK (p=0.01) and plasma fibrinogen (p=0.01) levels significantly increased immediately after intense exercise in the exercise group (p<0.01). Moreover, the relationship between variables showed, significant correlation between plasma fibrinogen with Serum CRP (r=0.661 p<0.016) and plasma fibrinogen with Serum CPK (r=0.617, p<0.011) in the exercise group.Conclusions: According to results of this study the inflammatory markers and muscle damage indices were affected by intense aerobic exercise in adolescents, which indicates the presence of inflammation and muscle damage in response to intense aerobic exercise.

Background and Aim: Dehydration due to exercise and heat is a regular issue among athletes that can affect an athlete' s performance and even health. This study aimed to identify the effects of different hydration intensity on some of physiological and physical functions in active women.Materials and Methods: Ten healthy active women with an average age: 26.6±6.24 years, Height: 163.5 ± 20.20 cm, weight 54.6 ± 89.59 kg and BMI 20.59 ± 2.45 kg/m2 voluntarily participated in three separate days atdifferent intensity euhydration, mild and moderate dehydration. Dehydration situation provided by exercise, heat stress and water consumption. Anaerobic power, upper and lower body muscular strength and endurance were measured in three conditions. To analyse the data the repeated measure variance were used and the significance level was considered at p<0.05.Results: At mild and moderate dehydration situations significant reduction were observed as compare to euhydration situation including; in anaerobic power 7.37 percent and 11.94 percent, upper body muscular Endurance 3.4 percent and 17.44 percent, lower body muscular endurance 2.66 percent and 5.75 percent, lower body muscular strength 4 percent and 11 percent respectively. Upper body muscular strength in moderate dehydration as compared to euhydration situation also 8.62 percent decreased.Conclusions: It seems that some physical factors such as anaerobic power, muscular strength and endurance, also in mild intensities may be significantly reduced by dehydration.

Background and Aim: The aim of exercise training is the cellular level amenities and development of athletic performance. Although, increase of workout intensity more than of physiological capabilities of athletes, will lead to overtraining syndrome. In this regard, this study investigated two training methods on some of immune system biomarkers in young athletes.Materials and Methods: This study was carried out on 45 adolescent athletes that were randomly divided into three groups of strength, speed, and control. The exercise groups were performed one of the strength or speed training for 8 weeks, three times a week, and 90 minutes per session. Research variables (cortisol, testosterone, and white blood cell count) were measured at baseline and 48 hours after the last training session. Data were analyzed by paired sample t-test for within group different and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for between group different (p<0.05).Results: The results showed that eight weeks of strength (p=0.02) and speed (p=0.004) training, significantly decreased cortisol and testosterone concentrations. But, testosterone concentration significantly increased only in strength training. Moreover, the identification of the variance in exercise and control groups showed no significant difference (p>0.05). The within group results showed that free testosterone/cortisol ratio significantly increased in all three groups (p<0.05). But, in between group no significant difference was showed in all three groups. Strength and speed training significantly increased lymphocytes in both groups (p=0.001), monocytes in speed group (p=0.001), and eosinophil in strength group (p=0.05). Also, neutrophils significantly reduced in strength (p=0.03) and speed (p=0.01) training. The variance analysis of exercise and control groups also showed that the neutrophils and lymphocytes were significantly difference (p=0.05).Conclusion: The changes in biomarkers of immune system showed that both of this exercise training (strength & speed) can be useful for immune system and anabolic adaptations.

Background and Aim: Apoptosis is extremely important to regulate the immune system, particularly lymphocytes or reduce the risk of starting a devastating response; therefore; the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of exhaustive exercise after eight week resistance exercise on lymphocyte apoptosis in inactive women.Materials and Methods: 24 healthy inactive women were randomly divided into experimental and control groups with average 21.7±0.9 and 20.58±0.9 ages respectively. The experimental group completed eight-week resistance training. Moreover, one exhaustive exercise session was performed for both groups. Blood samples were collected immediately before and after training period, after exhaustive exercise, and 24 hours later. Statistical analyzing between groups was analyzed by one-way ANOVA, and changes within groups were measured by ANOVA with repeated measures (p˂0.05) Results: Significant differences were observed between two groups in lymphocytes apoptosis. Apoptosis increased significantly after an exhaustive exercise in control group (p=0.001), and also, after 24 hours of activity was still high (p=0.496). Lymphocyte apoptosis was significantly differed after eight-week of practice in experimental group (p=0.000). However, these changes were not significant after one session of exhausting exercise, After 24 hours of activity, and it lead to apoptosis decrease significantly in experimental group, although, control group was not showed a significant reduction (p=0.020).Conclusion: resistance training had positive effect on the ability of immune system in order to face intensive exercise. It is possible that resistance exercise may have beneficial effect on cell apoptosis and it could improve public health.

Background and Aim: Apelin that is secreted by adipose tissue plays an important role in the inflammation process and it seems could be considered as an anti-inflammatory cytokines. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of 8 weeks of endurance training and L-NAME on Apelin in adipose tissue, glucose and insulin in elderly male’s rats.Materials and Methods: For this purpose, 24 vistar elderly rats with average 22 months old purchased from Razi Institute and transferred to Research Center, they randomly divided into four groups as: control, training, L-NAME, training and L-NAME. Training protocol performed for 8 weeks and 5 days a week with 75-80 VO2max. Inhibitor-training Group with 8-week training period, were given the solution to the drinking water 0.75 mg / ml (100 mg kg mice per day) L-NAME. Inhibitors Group during the period received only supplement. All rats were killed 72 hours after the final training session and after 24 hours of fasting adipose tissue samples were collected and kept in -80 Celsius degree. Also, Data was analyzed with One way ANOVA and Tucky in p<0.05.Results: The results showed that the eight weeks of endurance exercise significantly increased the level of apelin in adipose tissue of older male rats (p=0.0001). However, no changes was observed in the levels of glucose (p=0.157) and insulin (p=0.832) after endurance training in groups.Conclusion: It seems that endurance training can increase the levels of apelin in adipose tissue independently of insulin and glucose. So probably endurance training could have a role in control inflammatory condition in elderly subjects.

Background and Aim: The plantar foot is a very active part during leap activities such as jumping rope and with his small plane has important role in balancing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of 12 week of rope jumping on postural control, static and dynamic balance in 10 to13 years’ old boy students with flat foot.Materials and Methods: The population of this semi-experimental study was including of 450 boy students 10 to 13 years old of Jarghoyeh sofla. After the initial evaluation by the Pedescope (qualitative) and then measurement by foot scanner and Staheli index (quantitative), 30 students were selected as sample research and randomly divided into experimental and control groups (Each group 15 cases). For measurement the postural control, the foot scan device was used and changes in feet center of pressure was recorded for 20 seconds. Static balance with stork stand balance test and dynamic balance with Y balance test was assessed. Subjects in the experimental group exerted of 12 weeks in jumping rope training; three times per week for 45 minutes. The control group subjects did not perform any regular physical activity program in this time. Data were statistically analyzed by independent t test and Mixed ANOVA and significance level was set as p<0.05.Results: The within subject changes (posttest than pretest) and also the Interaction effect (Testing times*group) in all variables were signified (p<0.001). The difference between the subject only in static balance was signified (p<0.01).Conclusion: jumping rope trainings are useful exercises to improve static and dynamic balance and postural control in patients with flexible flat foot. So use these trainings along with other methods to improve balance and postural control, recommended for these Individuals.

Background and Aim: Muscle weakness or muscle imbalance is one of the causes of sports injuries. Since volleyball is an activity with a lot of jumping and landing with one foot, in this study aimed to discuss the comparison of strength ratio of agonist to antagonist muscles and range of motion of the hip in volleyball players and non-athletes.Materials and Methods: 30 female volleyball players with mean age 21.40±2.58 years and 30 female non-athletes with mean age 22.63±1.13 years were selected. Manual Muscle Test (MMT) and flexibility Leighton gauge were used for measuring the muscles strength and the range of motion of hip respectively. After determining the normal distribution of data, T-test was used to analyze the data. The significance level was considered at p£0.05.Results: the results showed the significant differences in ratio of internal to external rotators (p=0.005) and also extensor to flexors (p=0.001) muscles in both dominant and non-dominant legs. Moreover, the comparison between dominant and non-dominant legs between groups, only the ratio of internal to external rotator muscles was significant (p=0.005). The differences between range of motion of dominant and non-dominant legs in flexion (p=0.006) and external rotation (p=0.02) was significant that it was lower in dominant leg than the non-dominant one.Conclusion: The results showed, the use of dominant leg in volleyball, can lead to an imbalance of muscle strength and range of motion in the hip between two limbs that could lead to create damage to the joints of the lower extremities. So, in order to prevent imbalance, applying the same training on the both limbs in athletes, can be recommended.

Background and Aim: Measuring medial longitudinal arch of the foot is considered as the most important reference to identify foot disorders and to follow up treatment procedure and using footprint indexes is known as the most common method to evaluate medial longitudinal arch of foot. The aim of this study was to determine the reliability of Foot Photo Box in measuring selected footprint indexes.Materials and Methods: Design of Foot Photo Box was set based on a camera and image processing technique. In order to determine the reliability of the new device, 30 male and female subjects with the average age 25.33±3.08 years, the weight 61.53±9.6 Kg, the height 168.23±9.16 cm and the body mass index 21.70±2.32 were randomly selected among the statistical population. Measurement of the footprints were repeated for 3 continuous days. To determine the reliability of the foot photo box, interclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) and standard error of measurement (SEM) were used and significant level set at p<0.05.Results: Interclass correlation coefficient between the 3 measurements of all footprint indexes was very strong (high). Staheli index was the most reliable index (ICC=0.96), and further the arch index (ICC=0.95), chippaux-smirak index (ICC=0.95), and footprint index (ICC=0.94) also can be considered as a reliable one.Conclusion: Results of this research showed that Foot Photo Box is a reliable devise in measuring common footprint indexes; therefore using this device is suggested for accurate and rapid measurement of footprint indexes in clinical and research centers.

Background and Aim: Improving the affective factors of balance could be a critical procedure in managing the elderly's balance dysfunction. The goal of this study was to determine the effect of eight weeks foot reflexology on balance and ankle joint proprioception error in elderly men.Materials and Methods: This semi-empirical study was designed as pre-test post-test with two empirical control groups. The sample of study were 30 healthy elderly men, aged 60 to 80 years and located in the Farsan, selected among 100 elderly men. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups included empirical group (15 man) with mean age 76.58±7.93 (years) and exercising reflexology and control group (15 man) with mean age 77.64±6.27 (years). The amount of error in the reconstruction of the ankle joint angles in inversion and eversion and static and dynamic balance time was measured in pre test and post test of each group. Intervention group was performed 30 minutes reflexology foot in both feet (for each foot 15 minutes) and 3 sessions per week during eight week. Data was analyzes using paired and independent t test at significant level of p<0.05.Results: The results showed that there was no significant difference between the two groups' error average in reconstructing of the joint angles before the intervention. The results of an independent t-test showed that there was no significant difference between the two groups' error average in reconstructing joint angles before the intervention (p>0.05). However, after the intervention it has been shown that there was significant difference in error average and static and dynamic of the empirical group than the control group (p<0.05).Conclusion: Based on findings of this study it can be concluded that foot reflexology may improve static and dynamic balance and ankle proprioception in elderly men.