GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH
Year:2006 | Volume:21 | Issue:1 (80)|Papers Count:6

Human body as a thermodynamic system needs to be kept fixed between 37±0.5. The body thermo-regulation system does this task automatically. Thus, the daily and seasonal changes of temperature affect man's health and comfort level. This in turn led to many studies concerning environmental temperature. These studies brought about the invention of thermal indices.This paper, aims to introduce, calculate and evaluate Standard Effective Temperature by using daily data presented by 130 Iran's weather synoptic stations between 1996 to 2001. Taking into consideration the volume of daily data, the application of special software were extremly useful. Concerning the variation of day and night regime and annual temperature changes, effective temperature in 8 times of day and night (0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21) were reckoned. Map of classification of Iran's effective temperature were drawn based on these data. Moreover, the average effective temperature for every month as well as the minimum and the maximum of effective temperature were calculated. Data of effective temperature were analyzed. In this analysis, the dependent variable is effective temperature, and independent variables consist of dry temperature, wet temperature, dew point, relative humidity, wind velocity and sunshine (9,12, and 15 o'clock).Multivariate regression analysis, Forward method and Beta coefficient were applied. Data pertaining to mountainous regions, foot hills, southern, eastern and northern areas indicate that the effective temperature index in human activities in north, south and east of the country is highly affected by the wet temperature of the same areas. Whereas in mountainous regions and foot hills, it is influenced by the dry temperature of the area.Finally, maps of monthly effective temperature throughout the country were produced. Maps 1-3 relate to minimum, maximum, and mean effective temperature of Iranian month of "Ordibehesht" (21 April-21 May) respectively.

Windchill factor can be considered as a climatic phenomenon that happens with a combination of different temperature and wind elements in spatial conditions. This phenomenon has an important disturbing effect on human convenience. In this study, therefore, all accessible data from 17 synoptic weather stations were used to distinguish spatial variations of windchill factor in the Northwest of Iran. On the assessment of windchill rates in the region an index was then applied. Also this paper presents a method for creating large-scale wind chill maps with the aid of a Geographical Information System (GIS).Meteorological data are consequently linked with geographical information about, elevation, latitude and relative humidity, in order to generate spatial distributions of windchill factor in the study area. Additionally, the model combines an air temperature map and a wind map in order to create different zones for which the risky areas to be shown.Final expected results indicate that the spatial distribution of windchill phenomenon is clearly related with a prepared elevation model of the region. According to various spatial analysis, dangerous zones are found in altitudes in which the air temperature is low with high wind speeds. Conclusively, based on some overlaying techniques, frequent risky areas in the case of developing of windchill phenomenon were presented, throughout the Northwest of Iran.

Semi-arid mountains have favorable conditions for the process of erosion. In Ligvan region, these processes are at work during the year and form all types of landforms in long valleys and on the surface of the slops. In val1eys of Saband mountain with Semi-arid climatic conditions, there are erosive materials on the sides and the foot of valleys. This study analyzes erosional potential of the area, for die erosion processes (climatic, litological and geomorphological conditions) by using classical and mathematical approach, precipitation, sediment flux, temperature and discharge data. It assesses the human impacts on the disturbances. The results show that changing the land use through human activities has accelerated erosional processes. Gullying and scars on slopes and changes in hydrological condition (such as meanders and increase of sediment load) are the results of these. At recent time, narrowing the route of flowstreams, directly or indirectly made by man, has caused disturbance in the rivers in different ways. Narrowing the routes of rivers has caused more major flood events and as a result has increased the power of water erosion in the study area.

Iran taking into account its locational properties, its presence in arid and semi-arid region, has encountered with some difficulties regarding provision of fresh water. This in turn, has led to tough nature of ranchers' livelihood, low livestock management, and inefficient feed-lots.Iranian ancestors through their provocative insights and thoughts and subsequent innovations namely indigenous water construction projects have overcome water shortage problems. These projects were designed to catch and retain rain water to be used during subsequent dry periods.In some part of the country taking into consideration their climatice specification, these constructive projects are the only possible alternative as far as the human and live-stock useage are concerned. Even though, these indigenous water development projects are not as popular as in the past, but it could well applied to arid & semi-arid regions for creation of fresh-water. Sathe Saighal (surface run off passage), Abanbare Sangi (stony water reservoirs), Sang-Ad (small-stony container to be used by livestock), chahe Maldary (wheeled well), Abanbar Ashayeri (nomad's water reservoir), Chele pad (water reservoir covered with compacted mud, Ashayeri Pond (nomad's pond) are among the list of these water constructive projects. Their application well justified, taken into account the country's vast pasture area and climatic peculiarities. One may argue that improper pasture management would result in shortage of fresh water for human and live-stock uses. This could well be exemplified in winter pasture and some of summer pasture which force normads to do early migration. Thus in these circumstances, these kind of indigenous constructive water projects would consider as an appropriate alternative. These projects could be promoted through hybriding indigenous knowledge with up-date official one in order to be adapted with arid geographical conditions.This study first tries to introduce indigenous water-catchement, retainment projects in arid and semi-arid regions of Fars province and second to propose some improvement measures.

Models are means for analysis of facts as well as simplification of world's complexities. Their major objective of this paper is to enhance our recognition regarding real-world phenomena and trends.This paper tries to propose some models' definitions and explain concepts of modeling as well as their foundamental properties and categories. This is followed by description of deductive, simulative, cognitive, graphical, mathematical, and statistical modeling.Modeling process consists of problem-statement, data gathering, proposing criteria, and the evaluation of different alternatives. It may be argued that the application of modeling well justified in geomorphology, the science which requires temporal, functional, and evaluative modeling regarding investigation of physical landforms.Cycle of erosion is the first geomorphologic model which was proposed by Morris Davis between 1884-1899.He is the pioneer in linking geomorphology with modeling. The application of modeling in geomorphology is well justified by the very nature of landforms and their transitional nature. This is followed by Waiter Penk's and King's contributions in the area of modeling regarding physical landforms in 1920. Deductive, graphic, and systematic modeling possess great magnitude from application point of view in geomorphology.That is why the great bulk of this paper is devoted to these systematic type of modeling. More recently, symbolic and statistical models in geomorphology received considerable attention. Nowadays computerized modeling in geomorphological researches got great application. This is due to the simulativeability of computer with regard to physical landforms.

Taking into consideration different urban social and infrastructual priorities, citizen's participation with regard to administrating cities' affairs could enhance urban efficiency and cost allocation systems. taking into According to historical investigation, citizens' participation dated back to ancient Greek cities. These participation are influenced by dominant ideological structure. From the beginning of human history up to the end of Pahlavi's dynasty except soleekian's period, the way that Iranian's cities were governed represented governmental and imperical controls. That is cities were governed by king's will. Cavalier revolution were considered as new era with regard to citizen's participation. It is a time in which provincial and state laws were passed. These laws were forced to fail due to Iranian social-cultural circumstances as well as lack of structural setting for adaption of democratic template. Islamic revolution (1357) paved the way for citizen's participation regarding the administrative nature of cities affairs. Council's law, passed by Islamic constitution in 1361, were facilitated the matter. With the beginning of 8-years, Iran-Iraq imposed war, and subsequent US economic sanction, the full application of those council laws were impeded. Khatami's government fully challenged citizen's participation. The first round of council's election were conducted in 1377. second round were administrated in 1381. The main objective of these council were the election of municiple and imposition of laws regarding social, economic, civil and cultural drawbacks.