GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH
Year:2014 | Volume:29 | Issue:1 (112)|Papers Count:17

Soil moisture is a determinant factor in most of complex environmental processes and has an important role in agricultural drought occurrence. Methods based on remote sensing are preferred to point measurements due to their better spatial and temporal precision. Hence, in this research AMSR-E surface soil moisture data of Aqua satellite have been evaluated and their correlation to five years (2003-2007) precipitation data of two selected synoptic stations in Esfahan province (Esfahan, Natanz) has been studied in 8-day and monthly temporal resolutions. Results indicate of significant correlation between AMSR-E surface soil moisture data and in-situ precipitation data in 90% and 95% confidence levels.

Geomorphic indexes are useful tools in identification of evaluation in trace of tectonic activity (Relatively rapid or even slow). Since the drainage network morphology and behavior changes resulting from tectonic activity are very sensitive; It seems to be evidence such as crossing the fault line and changes river bed affected by the neotectonic activities in basin. Thus, for understanding and recognition the way and the amount of performance of effectiveness neotectonic activities in morphology and behavior of Qezelchesou River, Relying on field findings, have been used from morphometric parameters such as P, AF, Br, Vf, S, Hi, SL and Smf as conceptual and model techniques. The purpose of this study is understanding of evidence and evaluation neotectonic activities. For achieving this purpose, aerial photos, satellite images, topographic and geological maps as research tools have been used. The results of geomorphic indices show that Study area entirely influenced by neotectonic activities, but amount of influence is not the same in all Sub watershed, As in the northern part (anjiran) is higher. Obviously Assessment river reaction to gain access to a method for finding out the amount of channel stability can be provide based Information for studies land use planning.

Because of the role of climate parameters in climate Change and improve the efficiency of climate and rainfall prediction models, the study of these parameters are very important in the world. The study of clouds have special important, because the clouds make connection between the synoptic patters and surface climate conditions and any change in its properties, can start a chain reaction in other climate parameters. In this study, the linkage between four important cloud properties; cloud top temperature and pressure, cloud optical depth and cloud water and ice path; and daily precipitation was investigated in Iran. For this purpose, data from synoptic stations and satellite sensor (MODIS) for the entire period (2000 to 2011) was used and the relationship between the cloud properties and precipitation was analyzed by means of linear and non-linear regression and multiple regression models. In the first, few layers of clouds and precipitation data were overlapping in the ArcGIS, and the country was divided into 4 zones. These zones are based on the correlation between precipitation and cloud properties. The results showed that, cloud-top temperatures explain 20 to 39 percent of rainfall variability in the zones; this amount was obtained 20 to 37 percent for cloud top pressure, 21 to 31 for cloud water and ice path and 19 to 31 for cloud optical depth. The results of multiple regression model showed that, the four cloud parameters can explained about 50Cpercent of precipitation variability in zone 3. This amount was obtained about 40 percent in zone 2 and about 30 percent in other zones. The most parts of the precipitation variability in Iran can be explained by the four cloud properties, so these properties can be used as reliable inputs for precipitation prediction models.

Identification of spatial-temporal anomalies sea level pressure in Iran was the main aim in this research. For this purpose six hourly data used from the to eastern longitude and to northern latitude. In this location, there are 825 pixels to geographical degree. Therefore, database extent created. In this matrix, 825 are number of the pixels at that location and 90520 is number of six hourly scout of the sea level pressure during 62 years (1948-2009). Using these data, monthly anomalies sea level pressure obtained for every pixel. Frequency lesser and higher then long term mean calculated such as the negative and positive anomaly to sequence. For every month anomaly map of the sea level pressure have been drawled. The results showed that frequency of negative anomalies of the sea level pressure, almost during from November to April in most parts of Iran have been more then 50 percent and also during May to October lesser from 50 percent.

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the effect of tectonic on the volume of alluvial fans around Danehkhoshk Anticline. To achieve the purpose of this study, at first, borders, sweep angle(S) and radius(R) of alluvial fans were obtained based on Quick bird Satellite image and then difference in the altitude between the apex and toe of alluvial fans (h) were calculated based on topographic map at a scale of 1.50000. The alluvial fan volumes were calculated based on mentioned parameters. The strata dips of anticline limbs (DAL) were measured at mountain front (at the upstream side of fan) by clinometer. Danehkhoshk anticline was subdivided into 7 tectonic zones based on dip of strata on limbs and subsequently, mean of mentioned parameters were calculated in each zone. Result of this study reveals that there is positive relation between strata dips of anticline limbs (DAL) and fan volumes, with a correlation coefficient of 33%. Data analysis reveals that correlation coefficient between DAL and V is higher (87%) in alluvial fans with larger basin areas (180 to 737 hectares). It means that tectonic has stronger effect on fan’s volume in fans with larger basin areas. Evaluating the relation between means of DAL and V in tectonic zones represents that there is positive relation between mentioned parameters with a correlation coefficient of 69%. There is no meaningful relationship between mean basin area (BA) and mean fan volume. The positive relationship with fairly low correlation coefficient exists between mean basin topographic slope (BS) and fan volume. This study also shows that the presence of fault in the upstream basins of alluvial fans has an important role in increasing fan volume (V) so that, in each zone, the highest rate of V belongs to a fan that has a faulted basin.

Precipitation plays an important role in the global energy and water cycle. Special interest in long-term precipitation analyses arises from the need to assess climate change and its impacts on all spatial scales. Based on this demand national and international organization initiated and support many research and monitoring programs. There are a lot of centers developing gridded precipitation data in various spatial and temporal scales and make them available freely. In this paper we want to introduce national database alongside CMAP, GPCP and GPCC datasets and then compare them with national database for Iran. The comparison showed us that there is a high coefficient of correlation between Asfazari and the other database especially GPCC during rainy seasons this correlation was very high.

Zonings of seismicity of Fars province in Iran and comparison its’ finding to other researches results is aim of this paper. We used Statistical method for analyzing recorded earthquakes in study area during 110 years (1900 – 2010), using GIS methods for this zoning. By using USGS seismic data of the region and fault maps, Excel software and ArcGIS, we prepare a seismic risk map of study area. Findings show that during study period we have 1636 earthquakes by 2.5 t0 6.9 magnitude. In the study area about 70 percent of earthquakes were lower than 4.5 magnitudes; maximum of earthquake was for Lar and Arsanjan counties. Earthquake zoning shows that 60 percent of the Fars Province area in inside High level seismicity zone. Comparison between these researches by other researches findings shows that in our zoning, there are vaster areas inside low risk areas, but in past researches there was not low risk zones at all or there were limited areas. Based on this zoning most of population density centers (such as Shiraz and Lar), and western parts of the province are inside High level risk of Earth quakes , but in past researches eastern part of province was inside high level risk zone. It seems that this zoning have higher accuracy, too.

Atmospheric circulation patterns are responsible for drought and flood occurrences around the globe; specifically in moderate mid latitude climates. While some circulation patterns are responsible for wet spells and floods as well, the drought events can be attributed to some other circulation patterns. Therefore, identification and distinction of dry/wet producing patterns and the geographical extent of Iran that they may affect is very crucial for many environmental planning. In the present study that aims to identify dry and wet producing atmospheric circulation patterns for Iran, the daily mean sea level pressure and 500 H.pa geopotential height corresponding to 1950-2006 period was retrieved from NCEP/NCAR and used as input variables for Principle Component Analysis coupled with Cluster Analysis. By this procedure all studied days were grouped into 18 clusters and their associated composite maps for both levels were drown and considered as the circulation patterns. To assess the relationship between the identified atmospheric circulation patterns and daily precipitation over Iran the Performance Index (PI) which is a conditional probability index was computed for 54 stations and used in the analysis. This index shows the probability of precipitation occurrence conditioned on the occurrence of a given circulation pattern. The result shows that circulation patterns of CP2, CP3, CP5, CP6, CP7, CP9 and CP10 are dry circulation patterns while CP1, CP4 and CP12 are considered as wet patterns in Iran.

Councils have been a component of civil society after the glorious victory of Islamic revolution in Iran. Considering the emphases of the holy Koran, the conduct of the innocent authorities in Islam (the holy prophet's household), the necessity of the implementation of a non-concentrated system, and the existence of local organizations councils were formed. Some principles of Iran's constitution were allocated to them and after being inactive for some years, the first round of elections for Islamic councils was held all over the country. Taking the provisions of Iran's constitution and customary rules into account councils are assigned three functions of decision making, supervision and Consultation and cooperation. In keeping with such functions studying the performance and determining the scope of the success of councils are necessary to know their weaknesses and Strengths. The present study was carried out in the form of an inquiry research in which some questionnaires were constructed and given to the citizens to study the performance of the Islamic city council of Dehdasht by considering the first, second and third round Acts of Islamic council and the acts of the council commissions. Research findings show that despite the crisis caused by the initial formation of the Council, as the impact on urban management, Dehdasht City Council of acceptable performance in later periods have been Impact on the transformation of the city council, was associated with weaknesses (such as the new city council, the nobles of the city's strengths and weaknesses and lack of experts and specialists, lack of effective cooperation with other organizations in the management of the city) but stabilized over time and place, we are seeing a positive impact on the city Dehdasht.

Precipitation regime refers to distribution of seasonal- monthly precipitation. By studying this character, it could be find out about the most important parts of mechanism(s) dominant in temporal distribution of precipitation. Precipitation regime can have positive or negative effects on other environmental components performance. In the present research, the monthly data in 73 stations during 1966-2005 have been analyzed to describe precipitation regime in North West of Iran. In order to do the study, three precipitation indices (coefficient of variation, homogeneity Index and seasonal index were used. Indices have shown same characters of precipitation regime. Results show that minimum value of precipitation coefficient of variation and maximum homogeneity occurring in north-east region. This part have homogeneity precipitation regime with a humidity season that showing different precipitation systems are activate. South-east region have a completely temporal-concentration precipitation regime. It refers to more effect of concentrate systems special in a season. There are in 80% of region with seasonal precipitation regime have a short dry season.

The purpose of this paper is to describe the concept of neoliberalism, globalization. Also, the effects of these concepts on space and geographical identity and also by focusing on globalization effects on geography science have been addressed. Finally by criticizing the present way that expands neoliberalism ideology is sought to be able to maintain human being dignity in of economic, social and cultural developments of countries and prevails social, spatial and geographical justice as a dominant ideology in the world. The research methodology is descriptive-analytic. By studying the field of neoliberalism and globalization area, we can come to this conclusion that neoliberalism and globalization has deep and significant effects on geography that can be pointed out such as: increasing spatial analysis in geography, especially analyzing spatial inequality, regionalism in combination to reinforcing ethnical identity seeking, destroying penetration and power of social institutes, decreasing west political tradition in studying geography, return of religious radicalism and etc. The influence of geography on the evolution and transformation of the digital information age, the studies in this field has been done by geographers, shows that geography is not only adapted to the evolution, that even to see clearly and simply realistic view of some scholars, the phenomenon of globalization, the new stand and attitudes towards scientific field, also provides insight as to other sciences and an invitation to look again at the issues that face. Geographers with researches their thoughts and reflections on issues of the age, geography could turn back the edge of the scene and it made a respectable and reasonable range. So geography maximizes increasingly its own importance due to augmentation of researches in the field of spatial analysis.

In the recent years, increasing of Green House Gases, degradation of environment, deforestation alongside with the limitation and decreasing of ecological foot print of the earth for supplementation of human needs are the main problems of the world. The Carbon Dioxide gas as a main factor of world climate change, carry out the 60 percent of the global heating or greenhouse effect. The main source of the carbon dioxide is the oil and its products which used for the production of power in the urban and rural areas. The over use of these energy sources lead to ecological and environmental problems. The researches show that the forestry and greenery is one of the suitable ways to dealt with the green house problems. The aim of this research is to calculate the amount of Green Space for the absorption of the co2 resulted from fossil fuels. In doing this, we used IPCC method of prediction as a methodological tool. Though one of the municipals duties is about the urban forest and green area, this article wants to investigate the Ecological foot print of fuel energy sources in the city of Shiraz in Iran. This research showed that the EF for the fuel energy sources in Shiraz was about 7352 hectare. This means that we need 7352 hectare forest to keep the environment in equal condition. But the fact is this that the green space of per capita in Shiraz must be about 51.78 m2, which means that the municipal must add another 38.61 m2 of green space per capita to the current rate. Also this research emphasized that a real calculation of per capita green space, in an urban area, must take advantages of the EF. Having the results the municipality of the Shiraz must take a serious strategy for dealing with the current environmental crises.

In this research, the frequency of the jet streams associated with extreme and pervasive precipitation has been analyzed using environmental to circulation approach. Based on the 99th percentile index, 109 days of the extreme and pervasive precipitation was selected from the IRIMO data base ( including 33 synoptic, climatic and rain gage stations during 15992 days from Farvardin, 1st, 1340 to Dey, 11th,1383). Jet stream frequencies and their locations have been detected over extensive area from 0o to 120o E and 0o to 80o N in four levels ( 250, 300, 400 and 500 H.Pa ) at 00:00, 06:00, 12:00 and 18:00 UTC. The results of this research indicate that except the 250 H.Pa level that jet stream at 06:00 have considerable frequency, over 300 and 400 H.Pa levels and at 18:00 they observe over study area. At the same time, the plots of average speed of jet stream in conforming with the maximum frequency of jet stream on one hand and on the other hand is simultaneous with occurring the maximum speed of jet stream over study area that indicate area have fourth quarter (positive vortices and upper divergence) which is located on the Khazar western coastal. This can result in expansion of air mass at upper level or ascending vertical motion. Generally, the elongation of jet streams mostly until 500 H.Pa level at 18:00 indicates the thickness of instability layer that can create the extreme and pervasive precipitation over Khazar western coastal.

According to high important of the issue and the goal of what factors led to crime rise and criminal in Shadgholikhan district, the article reviews the crime rise and criminal in this slum, in Qom. The research methodology is (interviews and field observations) and library. 380 criminals were arrested in Sheikhabad post (population size) and were asked and interviewed during 10 months. To assess the validity of the questionnaire it used Cronbach''s alpha coefficient (a=0.9054). 0.01 is significant in alpha level. It used SPSS software, variance analyzing tests (ANOVA), Tukey, Chi-square test, correlation coefficients and Cramer coefficient. Thus, the result shows that crimes such as theft, conflicts and gang warfare, drug distribution, fraud, acts against public decency and morality are happened duo to issues such as family problems, unsuitable friends, saber-rattling, unemployment and boredom, lack of family love and emotions and etc. that most of them have originated in cultural - economic issues. In this study, mentioned relationship has been proven in the studying area, Qom city.