GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH
Year:2013 | Volume:28 | Issue:3 (110)|Papers Count:19

Environmental management and planning and benefiting from climatic capacities of every geographical place are related to homogenous climatic regions and the most influential climatic elements in spatial separation of the climatic regions. Accordingly, the aim of the present study includes determining the most influential climatic elements affecting on the climate of Esfahan province, and the spatial separation of climatic subdivisions by using multivariate statistical methods. To do so, the mean annual data of 29 climatic elements from 17 synoptic stations were used in the limit of Esfahan province. In the next step the Maps of each variable were evaluated on a web-node with the pixel dimension of 12×12 km, with the help of Kriging interpolation. Finally, the correlated matrices of standardized data of the 29 climatic elements were analyzed in principal component analysis in 746 spatial pixels, in the province of Esfahan. This analysis showed that with 9 principal components, more than 99 % of the spatial changes of the regional elements in the province can be described. At the same time, the temperature elements have the greatest roles and are more evident in the eastern half of the province. Humidity elements have the second roles and are more evident in the western half of the province. The temperature and humidity elements determine 70 % of the spatial changes of climatic elements in the province. Applying agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis, by the combination style applied on the scores of the 9 principal components, showed that the province can be classified into 10 climatic regions. This classification is matched a lot with the environmental realities of the province, especially the mountains configuration. The climatic regions of the western half of the province that have more a North west- South east trend, have great potentials for the regional civil planning and developments, while one of the biggest climatic potentials of the eastern half is its benefiting from the sunlight for energy production. At last, the studies revealed that the climatic conditions of Esfahan station is a mean, sample one for the entire province.

Iran glaciers have not been enough considered as one of the country's water resources. The total area of the Iran glaciers is estimated to be between 27 to 32 km2. Unfortunately, there are evidences that they are gradually retreating, a tragedy that is happening for other world's glaciers. Assessment of these changes on the rivers that are originated from glaciers is very important, especially from water resources management point of view. This subject constructs objective of this paper and it applies a number of statistical methods such as trend and homogeneity analysis in this regard. The results show that except in a few cases, there are not significant changes in seasonal discharges of the investigated rivers. Furthermore, it is tried to estimate total volumes of the glaciers using some empirical methods and a few field measurements. The estimated volumes by the applied methods vary from 850 to 2300 MCM. However, the method which resulted in 2300 MCM fits better with the field measurements.

Spatial and stable view is the main and inevitable principle of city physical development progmming. Along this approach, and because of social, economic and natural requirements, we studied the physical development of Eghlid city. The development of Eghlid city is limited because of being located in a closed mountainous location. Indeed, negative and destructive consequences follow improper programming and leading of Eghlid city physical development. However in many of today cities these consequences manifest in many forms including different disturbances, unbalance and balance between users, instability and social and biological disturbances, is progressively evident. Because the Eghlid city is located in mountainous area and land constructive active and shape constructive land, necessarily requires a specific and continuous programming in order to lead and program future development and current status improvement. In this regard the current research identifies the effective elements in city development in order to provide proper model of city physical development and introduce them as study parameters in geographic information system and AHP model. The research method is a combination of analysis, casual and quantity documentary – description methods and we used field-evidence method in order to collect required data.The results from the current research show that the natural elements are effective in forming Eghlid city and the linear pattern of Eghlid city, is the product of parameters and natural obstacles. The final map of AHP model process shows that the ecological capacity and biological notions of agricultural lands, gardens and near jungles of cities from one side and the limitations from being mountainous, closeness to sills, uneven land, and improper slopes and also special pattern of water paths existing from another hand, are big features and obstaclels in the way of physical development of this town. According to composing weigh layers and providing outcome map that is the result of AHP model process, the lands near the city are classified into five classes(very goog, good, average, bad, and very bad). Finally the lands inside the city that are potential to development are the first priority, theadjacent lands that are in average and very good classifications are the second priority and the adjacent lands that are in average to very good classifications are in third priority in order to physical development of Eghlid city.

Because of unique features during its historical transition the Persian Gulf region as a part of the international system scope has been an important and problematic area. However, because of development in industry and increasing need of the industrial world to oil, the Persian Gulf was gradually converted to a geo-strategic unit subjected to international system and has been regarded as a sub-system. Meanwhile, the increased regional power of the Islamic Republic of Iran as a peripheral player in the Persian Gulf sub-system has caused the reactions of central part of this system especially Saudi Arabia. According to cybernetics theory all system structures that are formed by especial attention of agents are in service of two main structures called controller and controlled structures and by getting adaptive patterns of behavior and support of intervention power. Saudi Arabia as controller seeks to encounter the Islamic Republic of Iran's role-finding in order to maintain current order in the Persian Gulf. The main argument of this paper is that Saudi Arabia's patterns of behavior against the Islamic Republic of Iran''s role-finding in the Persian Gulf region has led to making adaptive decisions with international system and dependency on gaining the intervention power support. It addresses this question that «what are Saudi Arabia patterns of behavior against the Islamic Republic of Iran's role-finding? The paper discuses the way of patterns of behavior formation and the role of intervention power in the Persian Gulf sub-system.

Religious tourism is one of the varieties of tourism that authorities in this filed, believe Iran, due to its special cultural and religious capacities and geographical position, has an important role in developing religious tourism industry. One of the important factors that affects industry tourism, especially developing the religious one, is the aerial transportation industry for the time being, regarding the importance of airports in transfering passengers, while being indurged in the existing economical, industrial and tourism problems. it is necessary to pay special attention to this industry and to have a deep survey on the role of airports in speeding the foretold activities. so in this article, by using information relevant to the number of internal travelers come in and went out of Mashhad Airport each moth(there are programmed flights from 13 different cities to Mashhad )during the years 1380-1395, grading the economical and industrial activities of these cities, and considering the number of tourists entered Mashhad airport and by using gravitation, regression and time serial models and also using Spss, itsm softwares, I have analysed the distance role factor in demanding to travel by air to Mashhad (regression model)and anticipating the number of travelers entering and going out of Mashhad during the years 1389 to 1393 (time seral model). Consequently, the above mentioned analysis shows that the most important factor in demanding to travel by air to Mashhad has been the distance between Mashhad and those cities.

The study of spatial and temporal Changes in climate parameters, is one the most important issues in the world's climate research. Study of changes in cloud cover as one of the most important climate parameters is important, because clouds are in top of hydrologic cycle and changes in them make changes in spatial and temporal variations in other climate parameters. In this study, the spatial variations in cloud cover in country by using monthly data of 90 synoptic stations (in 03, 09, 15 Greenwich), and cluster analysis on 18*18 kilometers cell size were done. Also the temporal variations and change-point in cloud cover time series was evaluated by using Mann- Kendall and Petitt' tests. The results showed that the clustering method can classify the amount of cloud cover in the country. This method showed five separate area for the annual amount of cloud cover including South Coast region of the Caspian Sea, Azerbaijan and Alborz regions, western Zagros and South slopes of Alborz, south-western and northern Central Desert region and south and central were presented. These areas have a good consistence with old finding about the synoptic patterns of air masses and cyclones traces in Iran. The results of temporal analysis also showed that the trend in the amount of cloud cover in most stations of areas 3, 4 and 5 (northern half of the country) is statistically significant. These significant trends are negative for all station, in other words the amount cloud is reduced. The results also showed that the sudden change in the series of cloud cover values in most of these stations occurred in 1990s.

Rapid population increase, expanding urbanization, lack of employment opportunities, particularly in agriculture, population pressure on natural resources and failing to create and expand medium and large industries, especially in developing countries led industrialization strategy that these countries from the mid-decade villages 1970 in their development programs to consider. This year emphasizing the rural industries, small industries, small towns and industrial decentralization of industrial activities was considered. Creation and expansion of rural industry or rural industrialization can be created through the diversity and increasing employment and income, increasing value added agricultural activities, development of industrial culture, an effective role in the balance urban and rural areas and rural development. To evaluate the economic effects of Bhshhrdr industrial estate with 176 rural employees, 22 factories and 15 rural centers in peripheral villages shows that industrial estates has been positive effects on rural areas. In this regards, chemical, metallic and food industries has more effective than other industries.

In this research, effect of North Atlantic Oscillation and sea surface temperature (SST) of Atlantic Ocean on precipitation and temperature of Lorestan province and its effect on occurrence of drought and wet in this province were investigated. So, data of teleconnection indices used as an index for determination of fluctuations of pressure and sea surface temperature in Atlantic Ocean, amount of Precipitation and temperature of synoptic stations in Lorestan province (Koramabad, Aligudarz & Boroujerd) used in long term statistic period. The main method in this research is Pearson correlation and multiple regression analysis. Result shows that NAO index has more correlation with temperature and precipitation of stations in cold months. Positive phase of NAO index is related by droughts of Aligudarz station and wet years of Boroujerd station. Correlation matrix of SST patterns shows that most of these patterns have weak & direct correlation with precipitation and temperature variability of Lorestan province. Multiple regression equation shows that teleconnection patterns reveal 53, 57 & 70 percent of precipitation variability of Koramabad, Aligudarz & Boroujerd and 66, 45 & 58 percent of temperature variability in these stations consequently. Equations and outputs of Backward method shows that among other patterns, TSA pattern is the most effective pattern in presentation of variability of precipitation and temperature of stations. So, AMM, NTA & TNA patterns has the most roles in this variability.

Heavy rainfall is the causes of the crisis. In recent years extreme floods have occurred in the Behesht Abad basin in Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiar province, Iran in 2.10.2006 with a moment discharge of 605m3. This case study lies in the period of 1984-2010 and is selected for synoptic and thermodynamic condition studies. The meteorologically studied variables and thermodynamic charts indicate potential wet temperatures that would enhance circumstances for a storm. Bradbury and Rackliff Indexes show values of -2.15 and 33.67 that indicated a high instability in basin region. In addition, pressure synoptic analysis showed that 500 mb synoptic conditions are favorable for the occurrence of flooding is in accordance with expanding Atlantic-Europe down words polar shift. The dominant meridional pattern over the Mediterranean region and Middle East is formed over the Mediterranean and the West, with an intense fall over Iran. Bradbary and Radcliffe the indexes are fit for forecasting heavy rainfall that may lead to flooding.

Necessary for mental and physical health of citizens and members of urban society- especially metropolitans- is to enjoy favorite, interesting and beautiful spaces. Undoubtedly, in metropolitans like Isfahan and Ahwaz which lack of useful and available urban lands makes the development of such spaces limited, riversides could perform such a role because of different humanistic and natural reasons and as places for spending leisure times, they could be an important factor in creating happiness and hilarity and developing social relationships of citizens. On the other hand, other urban facilities and furniture, too, are considered as a dispensable part of such spaces which research seems necessary in identifying their problems and shortcomings and one of the cases which could be so useful and profitable is to carry out comparative studies on similar cases and to use experiences and findings of others in this field. In the current study, using descriptive-analytical methods, applying field surveys and getting opinions of users, urban furniture of recreational spaces beside Karoon and Zayanderood were compared and studied and advantages, shortcomings and generally their functions in terms of qualitative and quantitative research, positioning, spatial order and also satisfaction of users were analyzed for each of them. The data was analyzed in descriptive and inferential levels and with the aid of SPSS. To provide maps, Geographical Information System (GIS) was applied. Based on the findings of the compaction research types of the urban furnishings in 1000 square meter, on the coastal margin of the Karoon and Zayanderood are respectively 1.54 and 8.8, while the ratio of Karoon to the Zayanderood being roughly 1/8. Between the number and quality of urban furnishings at the coastal margin of the Karoon and Zayanderood rivers there exists a direct relationship. On the whole, Findings indicate that urban furniture beside Karoon, except in scarce cases (quantitatively, qualitatively, location, and spatial /space spatial distribution, complying with the needs of different classes of the society, and user''s satisfaction, and…), is not in acceptable state with respect to factors assessed. In contrast, the urban furniture beside Zayanderood, despite its superiority over Karoon’s furniture, is not in satisfactory level too, and both places- especially Karoon, have problems and shortcomings regarding urban furniture requiring serious attention and special planning if care about mental needs of citizens was considered and believed as one of preliminaries and pillars of fostering health man as a basis for sustainable development. Ultimately, according to findings and analyses, some suggestions and solutions were presented for promoting qualitative level of each of these places.

In order to assess the outing Mkhmlkvh Forest Park area of 430 hectares located in the northern city of Khorramabad, GIS technology was used. Maps of the slope, direction and altitude in the software and Arcview3.2 ArcGIS9.2 were prepared. Then combine them with a map of the Earth was formed. Rvyhmgzary map with the land, soil and vegetation classes, environmental unit maps were prepared. Units in comparison with Makhdoom tourism, maps can be obtained from the initial outing. The results showed that the total area, 4 / 34 percent of the park can walk Mkhmlkvh has focused on Type II, 9 / 39 percent of the first and 9 / 25 of a power of two is broad Results indicated that intervention of this factor, we can walk to the Park 6 / 13 percent concentrated power of a walk, 2 / 37 per outing focused on two types, 2 / 32 of a type of outing and 1 / 17 of a type of outing the changes found.

As the organizational relationships are effective in geographic environment of human settlements for development quality and its infrastructures, also it is influenced from space- place trends and development approaches definition and set to dialogue, not a different definition and set differently and they are effective in their spatial extent. on this basis, in this paper is trying to help some of social-economic indicators determination of the measure of development in rural area in the realm of research the relationship between rural development and space agency should be assessed. fuzzy multi- criteria method one hand and the results of organizng Plan & rural settlements on the other hand, respectively based assessment of development level in 23 rural points and are explained the spatial organization of the study area and the goals of research show that the rural areas despite of having almost homogeneous environment as respects defferent space-place performance have significant differences of development level. also the having level of villages is not equal together in each social-economic dimensions. These differences necessity of review and exact & complete implementation the space organizing plan and rural settlement will be inevitable to achieve an integrated and balanced development.

Danehkhoshk anticline is a typical growing anticline in Kermanshah province which is located in Folded Zagros belt. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effect of tectonic on the triangular facet characteristics, the drainage density and on the drainage pattern formed on anticline. Dimensions of triangular facets were determined by means of Quickbird satellite images and field works. Drainages were derived from topographic maps and satellite image and then imported in ILWIS (Integrated Land and Water Information System) software. Stream ordering was performed based on Strahler method and then lengths of all order were calculated. The dips of strata were measured at mountain front by clinometer. Studied anticline was classified into 8 tectonic zones, based on measured dips and width of anticline limbs. Means of strata dips, lengths of triangular facet bases, areas of triangular facets, and drainage densities of first order rivers in all zones were computed. Results of this study show that there is meaningful positive relation between means of strata dips and mean lengths of triangular facets bases, with appropriate correlation coefficient (92%), so that means of length of triangular facet bases increase with increasing means of strata dips. Also, means of triangular facet areas increase with increasing means of strata dips. This research shows that triangular facets have been formed only in zones with steeper limbs (zones 3, 4, 5). Results of this study reveal that values of drainage density of first Order Rivers increase as width of limbs of anticline decrease so that the maximum value of drainage density of first order rivers (3.39) is associated in the narrowest zone (8). This research also shows that upstream part of drainages on northwest and southeast ends of anticline curve towards the centre of the anticline that is indicator of lateral growing of Danehkhoshk anticline towards northwest and southeast. Overall, results of this paper reveal that parameters like triangular facets, drainage density of first order rivers, and drainage pattern are appropriate criteria for determining active tectonics and their local differences in Danehkhoshk anticline.

Karun River with a length of about 890 Km is considered as a main river in the country. In this paper, types of Karun’s screws regarding to the geometric factors of radius of curvature and chord length were identified by fitting circles with the arcs of the river’s axis. River’s arcs were classified into simple and compound screws. Then, by formation of the database consist of topographic maps (1:50000), Landsat satellite images of 1973 and IRS images of 2006, multi-time images were processed in ERM apper and GIS to determine the rate of meanders variations in a 51- years interval and finally map of changes was drawn. The results illustrated that from 149 meanders which exist in region, 21 meanders have changed from simple to compound and vice versa. Most of variations are related to the change of simple meander into compound meander. In some regions changes in river’s pattern were identified, so that 7 meanders have changed from simple pattern into arterial pattern. Another significant change is observable in the end of the Karun’s route (Bahmanshir River) which is related to the increasing of the 2 new meanders in the meandric route of the River.