Year:2008 | Volume:- | Issue:37|Papers Count:18

Many researches have found a relationship between organizational commitment and organizational performance. But, this relationship has not been found in Iranian sport organizations especially in Markazi province. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between organizational commitment and organizational performance of P.E managers. The sample includes 66 P.E managers and 242 employees in Markazi province organizations. The instruments were organizational commitment and organizational performance. Results demonstrated M±SD of affective commitment as 41.85±7.02, continuous commitment as 34.4±7.27, and normative commitment as 35.36±5.53. There were significant differences between affective commitment and organization type, between incentive and organization type, between ability and course of study of P.E managers, between affective commitment and work background, between affective commitment and experience in management, between normative commitment and work background, between experience in management and help, and between experience in management and incentive P.E managers. There were no significant differences between other factors.

The purpose of the present study was to determine the relationship between maximum aerobic power and coronary heart disease risk factors. Fifty nine male subjects (age=21.15±2.55 yr, height=174±6.83 cm, weight=70.26±12.62 kg) were selected randomly from Khoramabad Azad University. Subjects took the 1.5-mile test. We measured weight, height, abdominal circumference, hip circumference and also skin fold in chest, abdomen, thigh to determine %BF. Finally, we determined coronary heart disease risk factors such as TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, TC/HDL and WHR. To analyze data, Pearson correlation coefficient was used and minimal level of significance was (P<0.05). The results showed that there was a reverse significant relationship between maximum aerobic power and TG, LDL-C, WHR, FFM, BF% and BMI (P<0.01) and TC (P<0.05) whereas there is not a significant relationship between maximum aerobic power and HDL-C and TC/HDL. The results showed that physical activity can influence body composition and satisfactory effect on serum lipids. An increase in physical activity level causes a decrease in CHD risk factors.

A common phenomenon associated with sport behavior is the temporary decrement occurring when performance resumes after a period of inactivity. This phenomenon is termed warm-up decrement (WUD). In this study, the effect of different times of the interpolated tasks on warm-up decrement in the volleyball serve was examined. 56 University males (20±1.53 years old) were selected randomly and practiced 20 serve trials. Then they rested for 10 minutes and again attempted 5 final serves. During either last 2 or 5 minutes of rest period, participants continued to rest, ran in place, engaged in mental imagery, or repeatedly stroke the ball against the wall. Data were analyzed by two-way repeated ANOVA (4×2×4) test. Results showed that practice of stroking the ball was the most effective warm-up activity for eliminating WUD and imagery and running decreased WUD. Also, running for 2 minutes was better than running for 5 minutes, but no significant difference was observed among other interpolated tasks in 2 or 5 minutes. Theoretical discussion focused on possible applications of Nacson and Schmidt’s (1971) activity-set hypothesis to the volleyball serve.

The purpose of this research was to study the factors influential in indoor pool customers’ satisfaction. The data were obtained randomly from 360 Tehran indoor pool customers. 349 questionnaires were used for this study and the instrument was customers’ satisfaction questionnaire (coefficient alpha 0.81). The data were evaluated by the binomial test. The results showed that there were significant relationships between pool hygiene and safety, pool equipment and facility and customer satisfaction.

The aim of this study was to compare motor performance and motor skills in 11-16 year-old students in south of Tehran. The subjects were 187 (87 girls, 100 boys) students, aged between 11 and 16 who were selected randomly. Data were collected by motor performance tests (general body strength, handgrip strength, vertical jump, sit & reach) and motor skill tests (dribbling the football and basketball, hexagon test) and analyzed using independent sample test (P<0.05). The results showed that the boys were better in general and handgrip strength and vertical jump. There was no significant difference between boys and girls in sit & reach test. The boys were better in both dribbling and the girls in hexagon test.

The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of taking naproxen drug on the level of perceived pain and changes in CPK serum of blood after eccentric exercise. For this purpose, 36 students participated voluntarily in this research from male students with the exception of physical education field of Urmia University. Subjects were categorized into three groups: experimental or used drug (n=12), placebo (n=12) and control (n=12). The subjects were provided with five naproxen pills (500 mg) and five placebo pills (500 mg) in brown capsules. Four hours before exercising schedule, a capsule was taken by experimental and placebo group and it continued for 48 hours after exercising schedule with 12-hour intervals. Exercising schedule consisted of stepping on box and was repeated for 40 minutes. The level of pain and fatigue and blood sampling were carried out before the exercising schedule and immediately 24 and 48 hours after eccentric exercise. In this research, data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test.

Nowadays, the events attracting most tourists’ attention worldwide are related to sports competitions. Marketing and managing of these events, therefore, focus on increasing the number of spectators and also on specifying the parameters affecting their interest in contribution. This study was designed to study the relationship between active and inactive participants’ demographic characteristics and their interest in the repetition of their trip to the place of competition. For this purpose, 180 athletes (active participants) and 44 coaches or supervisors (inactive participants) were dispatched to competitions hosted by Gilan province. A questionnaire was used to collect data. The reliability of the questionnaire was previously estimated using alpha Cronbach coefficient method (P>0.9). The data were analyzed via Spearman-rho correlation coefficient (Significance level P £0.05). Results showed that there was no significant relationship between interest of sports tourists to repeat their trip to the place of competition and some of their demographic characteristics such as wage, education certificate, job title, and the distance between home town and destination (P³0.05). However, this relationship was only significant for the age of participants (P³0.05). As a result, it can be concluded that some other parameters such as motivation and specific tourism attractions inspire sports tourists to repeat their journey to the place of competition.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of an endurance training and detraining period on SICAM-1 predictor of cardiovascular diseases. For this purpose, 35 male rats were divided randomly into two groups: endurance training group (experimental, n=20) and control group (n=15, no training program). Experimental group trained for 12 weeks, 3 times a week with definite speed and duration. 5 trained rats experienced detraining so that the effects of detraining could be studied. After 24 sessions of training, the blood samples were gathered in different phases of training. SICAM-1 was measured in rats with ELISA kits (R&D systems). Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and T test. The results showed that SICAM-1 levels decreased insignificantly (p=0.112) in the first 8 weeks and significantly (p = 0.000) after 12 weeks. Also, it showed that no adaptation was created by detraining (The created adaptation will be destroyed) and the body was exposed to the dangers of atherogenesis damages (P=0.070). Generally, this research showed that the measurement of Cellular Adhesion Molecules (SICAM-1) was advantageous to the effective diagnosis of different environmental factors of vascular disorders. On the other hand, the regular endurance training would be a helpful method in prophylaxis and in the reduction of atherosclerosis through lowering the viscosity of SICAM-1.

Social capital is a new concept which has greatly attracted social scientists especially sociologists’ attention. Social capital can have different functions and consequences. It is generally considered as a public good because social capital as a result of social relationship is advantageous to both the person and the others. Therefore, its advantages can not be restricted to one party. The present study sought to examine the relationship between the components of social capital and sports participation. It also identified which component was the best predictor of sports participation. For this purpose, 382 adolescents from Babol were selected by multi-stage sampling method. The Pearson correlation analysis revealed a significant relationship between friendship, trust in friends, trust in neighbors, neighborhood relationship, volunteering, and sports participation. Multiple regression analysis and path analysis showed that voluntary membership; trust in friends, socio-economic status of family and friendship were the best predictors of sports participation. The findings were consistent with Putnam’s theory regarding the importance of volunteering.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of glutamine supplementation on immune system of Shahid Chamran University athlete students. 30 volunteers were selected and randomly divided into 3 groups: glutamine supplementation, placebo, and control group. Subjects’ entire predetermined immune system factors were measured. All subjects’ VO2max was measured by Jostrand test during pretest. The glutamine supplementation and placebo group exercised up to exhaustion with an ergometer and 75% of their VO2max for 2 hours. 14 gr. glutamine or placebo were used so that each subject took 3.5 gr. glutamine or placebo every 45 minutes in a double-blind way (4 times, 45, 90, 135.180minutes, 3.5 gr. every time). The control subjects were asked not to exercise. 2 hours after the exercise, blood samples were again gathered in order to measure the research variables for the post-test. Descriptive statistics, dependent and independent T test, 2-way ANOVA, and the follow-up Tucky test at a=0.05 were used to test the hypotheses. The findings were as follows: there was a significant decrease in neutrophils of glutamine group. After 2 hours of exercise, there was a decrease in CD4 of placebo group in comparison with glutamine or control group. The overall results showed that glutamine supplementation might have a positive effect on immune system of athletes during intensive training. As a result, athletes are recommended to use glutamine supplementation during intensive training in order to minimize the probable exercise – induced effects.

This study surveys and compares moral conduct indexes in championship domain from athletes, coaches, sports managers and teachers’ viewpoints. To describe the present status, a two-dimension questionnaire made by the investigator was used. The research method was descriptive comparative and statistical population was 570 subjects and statistical sample 373 subjects. To gather data, descriptive statistics, Levins, Kolmogrov Smirnov, Factor Analysis, ANOVA, and Tukey were used. Results showed that moral conduct of the present status was at the “average” level and the research groups agreed to a great extent with the presented methods to reach the desired status. Also, there was a significant desired status between subjects’ viewpoints on cognitive (P<0.01), emotional (P=0.03) and behavioral (P<0.000) domains of the present status and emotional domain (P<0.01) of desired status. But the results in cognitive (P<0.714) and behavioral (P<0.01) domains of the desired status were not significant.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between self-efficiency and in-service training. For this purpose, 242 P.E. teachers (134 males and 108 females) from east Azerbaijan province were selected randomly according to Morgan’s table. Two questionnaires were used to collect data. The reliability of the questionnaire was estimated using alpha Cronbach coefficient (a1= 0.89, a2=0.81 respectively). The data were analyzed via Pearson correlation coefficient and independent t (significance level P£0.05). The results showed that there was no significant relationship between P.E. teachers’ self-efficiency and their participation in in-service training. In addition, there was no significant difference between the self-efficiency in P.E. teachers participating in scientific-proficient competitions and those not participating in the above-mentioned competitions. Finally, it could be concluded that in-service training has no impact on P.E. teachers’ self-efficiency.