Year:2008 | Volume:- | Issue:34|Papers Count:20

Several methods, both invasive and non - invasive, have been used for estimating the anaerobic threshold, and there is no consensus about what is the best procedure. The aim of this study was the determination of anaerobic threshold by %SPO2 (percent saturation of Rb with O2) changes, and comparison of three common methods in evaluation of anaerobic threshold by pulmonary gas exchanges. 15 active men volunteered to participate in this study and did three incremental tests, at least with 48h interval. Respiratory parameters were measured breath by breath, heart rate was measured continuously every five seconds, and blood samples were collected every third minutes. Finally %SPO2 changes were measured continuously throughout the gas analysis test every ten second using pulse oximeter. Anaerobic threshold was determined based on: 1. Blood lactate concentration (lactate threshold), 2. respiratory exchange ratio (RER threshold), 3. V-Slope method (v-slope threshold), 4. %SPO2 changes (spO2 threshold), 5. Ventilatoty equivalent for 02 (ve / ve2 threshold). Equivalent of each factor including oxygen, heart rate, lactate and speed, for anaerobic threshold, was calculated in each test. The correlations among variables were made by pearson correlation coeficience test and regression analysis was performed to determine the ability of prediction. The difference among variables was determined by paired t - test. Significant correlation was found between RER threshold and lactate threshold (r = 0.784, p<01), ve / vo2 threshold and lactate threshold (r = 0.731, p< 01), v - slope threshold and lactate threshold (r = 0.59, P<05), Spo2 threshold and lactate threshold (r = 0.61, P<.05).The results indicated that determination of anaerobic threshold well correlates with the blood lactate - based anaerobic threshold and in the present study, it seemed to be the best respiratory index for estimation of anaerobic threshold. An other finding was that it is possible to estimate the lactate threshold hear rate with 95% confidence considering the heart rate of the RER threshold.

Learning organization is a new managerial theory suggested by "Peter Senge". He believes that in the present world, that is very complex with quick changes, if organizations want to adapt to the environment, they should be an integrate existence and capable to learn more quickly than their competitors. In first step, the strategies for developing these organizations are to identify the basic barriers to them. In this study, for identification of these barriers in I.R.I sport organizations organizational learning barriers questionnaire were completed by top sport managers. The results demonstrated that the important barriers were respectively:unsystematic approach, managerial instability, gradual acceptance of problems and threats lack of shared vision and lack of respect to innovators in and creative people.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of traditional games on locomotor skills in 7-9 year-old boys. 40 subjects were selected randomly by a personal information questionnaire. After locomotor skills were pretested by TGMD-2, subjects were divided by random matching into two groups. The first group performed traditional games and the second performed current activities.Traditional game group played for 24 sessions. After 12 and 24 sessions, traditional game ami current activity groups participated in the mid test and post test. Data were analyzed by variance analysis of repeated measures (P<0.05).The results showed that traditional games are more effective than current activities for locomotor skill development and that current activities were effective for locomotor skill development, but their effect was not significant.Thus we can conclude that traditional game program is appropriate for locomotor skill development.

The aim of the present research was to study the effect of aerobic training on inflammatory markers of cardiovascular disease risk in obese men. For this purpose, 24 male subjects (age 35 - 48) (16 obese, 8 lean) involuntarily participated in our study. Obese men were randomly assigned to one of two groups: aerobic training or control group. The 3rd group was called lean men group. Blood samples were taken (5cc) in fasting state from all subjects. The experimental subjects received aerobic training for 13 weeks, 3 sessions per week. The aerobic training program included continuous running (in gymnasium) with an intensity of 75 - 85% maximal heart rate.Results showed that aerobic training caused a significant decree in the serum CRP and WBC levels of the obese men  (a= 0.05) in addition, they determined that in obese men at baseline state serum CRP and WBC concentrations were significantly higher than those in lean men (P<0.05). We concluded that aerobic training caused a decrease in the inflammatory makers and probably decreased .future cardiovascular risk in obese men.

Nowadays promotion of productivity in sports some of accounts the most important purpose for sports managers. The purpose of this research determines important factors in organization from managers' point of view. For this reason the effective factors in the efficiency of sports organization and intra and extra organization factors were examined.The research was a descriptive - analysis kind and a branch of field research. The tool was 39 questionnaires designed in 8 domains. After the determination of reliability and validity using Kronbach, the sample group consisted of 69 organization managers, councils and sports societies. The result showed that the intra-organization factors are more effective on the promotion of productivity in sports organization than extra-organization. Descriptive statistics (means and standard error) and fridman test were used to analyze the data.Results also showed that making goal for sports programs and instruction of human forces are most effective on sports organization efficiency.

The aim of this study was to compare six psychological skills among Iranian junior and senior elite free style ad Grew - Roman wrestlers. For this purpose, 285 wrestlers (free style junior N=70, Greco - Roman junior N=71, Free style senior N=73, and Greco - Roman senior N=71) who were invited to the national training camp last year were sampled and completed SASI Psych questionnaire. The results of ANOVA showed that there are no significant differences among four psychological skills (motivation, concentration, self - confidence and goal setting) in four different groups (¦=3.5 and p<0.01). While, in two cases (psychological control and imagery) we found significant differences among groups (p<0.01).

The present study was conducted to analyze the relationship between the use of sports images in advertisement and the consumer's behavior. The research community was the sports spectators in Tehran. Statistical sample was gained through cluster sampling. For this reason, 300 people took part in the research. For gathering research data, Almdarlou questionnaire was used with some changes some experts recommended. The results show that the use of sport image is significant related to consumer behavior rather than non - sport images and in fact this is an important factor in process of consumer's purchase. The result between individual factors of consumer behavior and the use of sport images shows that it highly influences the consuming behavior of well educated and wealthy people. Thus considering the result of this study and adjusting with subjective benefits from sport images for large companies and the following high profit through this way could present an appropriate process for active marketers of local companies to advertise through sport and sport fames for more effectiveness and less expenses.

The aim of this research was to study the type of exercise and estrogen on creative protein (CRP) anti some other cardiovascular risk factors (plasma lipids and lipoprotein) in old women. For this reason, 71 sedentary postmenopausal women participated in this study. They divided to three exercise group (waiting, weight training and water exercise) and two control and estrogen groups. The experimental groups contributed in an 8 week training with given intensity and duration. The control group was asked to continue their usual daily routine during the 8 week experimental period. Plasma CRP, lipids and lipoprotein were measured before and after the exercise program. Data were analyzed by t-test and one way analysis of variance (p<0.05). The findings indicated a decrease in CRP after the training program, but this decrease was not significant. The findings about lipid anti lipoproteins indicated a significant decrease in Te, TG, LDL, VLDL in exercise groups. This decrease was significant in TC and VLD in walking and water exercise groups. These data suggest that physical training has positive effects on cardiovascular risk factor.

The aim of this study was to recognize the effect of different methods of mental practice on serial reaction time in male students of University of Tehran. Method of research is quasi experimental in which different training methods contain: mental practice, physical practice, mental + physical practice, physical + mental practice as independent variables and serial reaction time variations as the dependent variable. 60 male students with age range of 19-26 were randomly selected and randomly signed to 5 groups and each group had 12 students: mental practice group. Physical practice group, mental + physical group, physical + mental group and control group. According to training schedule, the groups expressed for 20 sessions 20 blocks and 36 trials each session. Physical practice group performed the training schedule without knowing repetition stimulus arrangement in three section task. Mental practice group performed the training stimulus arrangement in three section task. Mental practice group performed the training schedule mental practice with knowing repetition stimulus arrangement training Mental + physical group performed mental training first and then physical training. Physical + mental group performed physical training first and then mental training. Subjects of the control group did not do any experienced but experienced the related tests. They first were pretested. After the completion of the exercise period (20 sessions) acquisition tests just like the pretest to analyze data were kolomogorov- smironv test. Paired T test two way ANOVA and Turkey fallow up test. The result of analysis showed that mental practice had no significant effect on serial reaction time. Using Turkey test, significant differences were seen among the different composed mental + physical and physical + mental methods of practice on serial reaction time.

The purpose of this study is the comparison of P.E classroom management problems (students' behavior problems and other educational factors) in wealthy and deprived schools of sport facilities. This was a descriptive study and the instrument was a questionnaire modeled and translated from an article (Mc Cormack, 1997) with the reliability of 87%. A pilot study was performed. The reliability coefficient of the questionnaire was estimated 86% was estimated 86% with few changes for 50 teachers. Statistical population was 141 P.E teachers in guidance schools and high school of Rasht. 108 the questionnaire (76/59%) were returned. For inferential analysis, SPSS independent T test and F in the level P£0.05 were used. The result indicated the problems of student behavior are in the following order: lack discipline, aggression and lack motivation. The last problem is less in deprived schools than that in wealthy school. Among the problems related to other educational factors, facilities and teacher factor had the highest priorities. Problems related to other educational factors from the teacher's point of view with under 10 years experience were more than 11- 20 years and above 20 years. Besides, from the female teachers point of view, students behavior problems in female classes are more than male classes. Also this subject needs more investigation to survey the classroom management.

The purpose of this study was to see the effects of concurrent training on prevention, controlling and cure for cardiovascular- risk factor in male students of Sistan and Baluchestan University. For this reason, 26 male students aged between 19-22 were chosen voluntarily and took part in S.B extracurricular sporting exercise. They were divided into two control and experimental groups randomly and filled out body activity measurement before beginning the exercise. All examinees were tested under conditions such as height, weight, rest heart rate, cardiovascular risk factors including: TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, RF. Then experimental group took part in a 13 week predetermined concurrent training consisted of aerobic interval training, resistance training and lively softness movements and at the end the above measurements were repeated for two groups. To compare the two groups, descriptive statistics, dependent T and independent t were used at a£0.05. Findings showed that there was a meaningful difference among TG (p=0.042), HDL-C (P=0.001) and RF (p=0.001) in control and experimental groups. Generally, result show that after 13 weeks of concurrent training, a number of cardiovascular risk, factors, can positively be changed during training.This showed that concurrent training according to the attractiveness and various similar frequently aerobic exercises can be effective on prevention, controlling and decrease of Cardiovascular risk factor and this training method Can be replaced with tedious aerobic interval training.

One of the in- service trainings and motivational methods is P.E. teacher's scientific - proficient competitions held in three stages annually. These competitions include scientific, physical fitness and skill tests. The purpose of this study was to: investigate and compare P.E. teachers and sport directors' view points about effectiveness P.E. teacher's scientific competitions. For this reason, 290 P.E. teachers and Sport directors (n1=260, n2 = 30, respectively) from province of Gilan were selected according to Morgan's table randomly. Two questionnaires were used to collect data. The reliability of these questionnaires previous was estimated using Cronbach coefficient alpha method (>0.9). The data were analyzed via one - sample kolomgorov - smirnov and Mann Whitney U tests (significance level p£0.05). Data analysis indicated at participation in competitions according to P.E. teachers and port directors' view point effects job characteristic, leisure time, professional ability and performing job duties. Considering the effect of participation in competitions, professional ability and performing job duties, there was a significant difference between P.E. teachers and sport directors view points. Finally, it could he concluded that scientific - proficient competitions may affect teacher's job variables hut not job performance.

This article was aimed to describe the life style and postural status in students of Alzahra University and the relationship between them. All the , students (n=261) who had the physical education course(J) at second semester 2003-2004 at Al-zahra University were selected purposely; so, statistical population and statistical sample were the same. The researcher-made questionnaires were filled out by participants. The postural status of students was studied under New York Test by spondylometer and checked plane. To analyze data, Chi Square was applied. The results show that about that the testes carried their bags over right shoulders and the bags of more than half them had fair weight. Majori of student didn't participate in any physical activities and about 30 percent of testes used sport shoes. Almost half of testes had back pain and the muscle pain in back, shoulder and neck. Between sitting status during study and genu varum, between style of currying hogs and shoulder prolapse, between sleeping status and thorasic kypholordotic and khphosis posture, between shoe style and hallux valgus and, also, between port and back pain and shoulder muscle pain, relationships were significant.

Computer games have become a popular pastime among children and adolescent. Current study includes a report of the effect of the games on arousal. Participants were 50 adolescent boys with age range 15-19 first measured variables related to arousal include blood pressure, heart rate, breathing rate and body temperature, and then participant’s exposure to computer game related to his group during 30 minutes (counter strike for violent group and FIFA 2005 for non - violent group) and immediately after end of game variables measured again. Results showed violent games increases arousal significantly containing systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate and berating rate, but don't increases significantly body temperature. Wherea.5 non - violent games don't increases significantly arousal.