POMOLOGY RESEARCH
Year:2018 | Volume:2 | Issue:2 |Papers Count:8

Plant tissue culture technology is used for large-scale multiplication of the plants. In vitro propagation methods of MM111 apple rootstock, often produce plants with accelerated growth. This research was performed with the aim of optimizing in vitro propagation conditions for MM111 rootstocks and survey effect of basal media and different plant growth regulators on proliferation and rooting in three separate experiments. In first experiment; the effect of five different basal media culture including, MS, ½ MS, 2MS, WPM and B5, on proliferated shoot number and length, in second experiment; the effects of plant growth regulators BAP and TDZ in various concentrations (0, 2. 2, 4. 4 and 8. 8 μ M) on shoot number, shoot length, node number, internode number and internode length, in third experiment; the effect of two basal media types (MS and ½ MS) supplemented with two auxin types in different concentrations (0, 7. 35, 14. 7 and 22. 05 μ M) of IBA and in different concentrations of NAA (0, 8. 05, 16. 11 and 24. 16 μ M ) during darkness for three and four days, on root number and root length were studied. Hardening of the rootstocks in coarse perlite, fine perlite, perlite and peat moss (1: 1) and peat moss separately was surveyed. According to the results, highest proliferation rate (13. 66 shoots per explant) was observed in 2MS medium. In the second experiment, BAP was more effective than TDZ on proliferation rate and number of nodes, and reduced internode length. The highest proliferation rate (8. 66 shoots per explant) was observed in BAP (4. 4 μ M). According to the results obtained from third experiment, The highest root number (2. 65 root per explant) was observed in MS medium supplemented with 8. 05 μ M NAA.

Land provision and proper use of data from natural resources according to their environmental characteristics, is an important principle for sustainable development. In this regard and inorder to find the suitable areas for table grape cultivation in Boukan, the present study was conducted. The research was carried out as a descriptive-exploratory design and library collected data. For this, fourteen natural variables affecting growth of grapes including elevation, slope direction, aspect, soil attributes, geology, land type, evapotranspiration rate, wind speed, relative humidity, winter temperatures, precipitation, minimum and maximum daily temperatures and average were extracted, based on the basic maps of 1: 50, 000 scale. These factors were ranked and prioritized by AHP method. Finally, GIS and other related softwares were used to identify the appropriate areas for table grape cultivation in Boukan lands. Results of the study showed that approximately 30. 5% of the County's area has very good and favorable contitions, having the first and second priorities, respectively, which are geographically located in northern and northwestern parts of the Boukan County. Planting table grapes in the rest of the areas (including southern, eastern and central regions) of about 65. 5%, is not recommended due to inappropriate water, air and soil conditions.

Date palm is one of the most important horticultural crops in Iran. The yield and fruit quality of this crop depend on several factors especially the pollen source. In order to determine the effect of pollen source on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of fruit of tissue cultured "Zahedi" date palm, the experiment was carried out as factorial based on randomized complete block design with three male genotypes (M001, M002 and M003) and three stages of fruit growth (Khalal, Rutab and Tamar). Some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of fruit were studied at the fruit growth stages. Results showed that fruit length, diameter, and fresh weight as well as pH, TA, TSS, TSS/TA, total sugar content, and yield are affected by the type of pollen. It was found that fruit and seed size and volume and fruit TA were decreased while fruit TSS, pH, TSS/TA and total sugar content were significantly increased toward Tamar stage. It was found that M001 compared to other studied male genotypes improved the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of fruit and increased the yield (28. 9 kg) of "Zahedi" cultivar.

In order to determine the best planting date for dwarf Cavendish an experiment was carried out with twelve treatments in Zarabad Research field located in 185 km western of Chabahar for 32 months (2013-2015). Planting date significantly affected growth, cycling time and yield of banana. Bananas planted on march 6, 2014 and August 6, 2013 significantly promoted all growth characters, as well as the weight of bunches (13. 29 and 14 Kg) with maximum weight (2 and 2. 5 Kg) while bananas planted on July 6, 2014 and January 5, 2014 showed the lowest weight. Results showed that survival percentage were different so that, 6 August and 6 March were the best times of planting with 98. 1 and 98 % of survivals, respectively. Planting on 6 July showed the least survival (77. 6 %). Different dates of planting affected the number of suckers and the time between planting till flowering. The highst number of suckers was observed in 6 October and the least number of suckers was recorded in the suckers planted on 6 April and 6 may. Planting on 6 December after 318 days and planting on 6 February 2005 after 421 days in sequence were the lowst and the highst date of planting till flowering. Planting on 6 August and 6 March showed the most positive effect on weight and length of banana bunch, length and number of fruits in each bunch.

Regarding the increasing demand for table grapes consumption, the restrictions in maintenance postharvest life lead to decreas storage life and shelf life of the produce. Salicylic acid plays an important roles in decreasing the adverse effects of biotic and/ or abiotic stresses such as low temperatures. In order to study the effect of salicylic acid treatment in preserving quality of "Soltanin" table grape, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with salicylic acid at 1, 2 and 4 mM, washing with distilled water and without washing (control) with 3 replications. After treatment, grapes were stored at 1 ˚ C and 90% RH during 6 weeks and quality attributes were evaluated every once a week. The results showed that salicylic acid reduces some the chilling injuries and maintains fruit quality. Also, treatment with salicylic acid enhanced proline content, total carbohydrates and decreased the activity of gauiacol peoxidase enzyme and H2O2 content. Treatment with 4 mM salicylic acid showed the highest total carotenoids after 2 weeks of cold storage. But according to the results, salicylic acid at 2 mM significantly extened the shelf life of "soltanin" table grape.

Coating the vine is one of the common methods for increasing tolerance of vines against temperature changes and oils are one of the cheapest cover. For physiological study of soybean oil coating effect on table grape buds, spraying was done with concentration of 0, 5% and 10 % on grape cv. "Bidaneh sefid", in a randomized complete block design on early fall and late winter 2012 in three replications (blocks) and six plants for each replicate. Sampling was done in three different times (January, February and March) during the winter and twice (3-4 leaf stage of buds and early stage of blooming) in the spring of 2013. Results showed that coating the vines with soybean oil in winter, had a positive effect on the vines only in march, and with increase in the amount of soluble carbohydrates, the electrolyte leakage of buds was decreased in comparison with the control. In spring, treatment with of 5% soybean oil increased proline amount and reduced the amount of malondialdehyde showing the positive effects of this concentration on preserving membrane under low temperatures. But 5% soybean oil had negative effects on photosynthesis pigments. During spring, treatment with 10% soybean oil increased the amounts of soluble carbohydrates, protein and enzymes of peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase. As a result, soybean oil coating is not suitable for winter. Using 5% concentration to delay flowering buds in spring and escape from the spring frost is suitable but is necessary to be used with other fertilizers for increasing pigments and improve the yield at the beginning of bud growth and for decreasing negative effects of oil on photosynthesis pigments.

In order to investigate the effects of humic acid concentration on quality indices of Kiwifruit cv. Hyward, an experiment based on complete block design with 4 replication was conducted during 2015-2016 in one of the Kiwifruit garden of Talesh city, Gilan province. Experimental treatments included soil drenching method and foliar spraying of different levels (control, 2, 4 and 6 Kg/h) of humic acid. In this study, some traits such as weight of fruit, yield, firmness, soluble solids, titratable acidity and vitamin C, pH of fruit juice and total phenol of fruit were measured. Results of ANOVA showed that different concentration of humic acid had significant effect on weight of fruit, yield, soluble solids, and vitamin C traits at 1% probability level and these treatments had significant effect on titratable acid it/at 5% probability level. However, the use of humic acid did not has significant effect on fruit firmness, total phenol and pH of fruit juice. Comparison of means showed that the leaf application of 4, 2 and 6 kg. ha-1 concentration from humic acid had the highest fruit weight and yield. The best result for soluble solids and titratable acidity was obtained from Humic acid at concentration of 4 kg. ha-1 with soil application. Also, the highest amount of vitamin C was recorded from leaf application of 4 kg. ha-1 of humic acid. In general, results showed that the leaf application of 4 kg. ha-1 of humic acid, was more effective in the most studied traits. The highest yield (61. 65 kg per tree), fruit weight (145 g), soluble solids (5. 57. 5 Brix), and vitamin C (38 mg/ 100g Fresh weight) were obtained from the above treatment.

Salinity is a signifigant environmental factor limiting productivity of agricultural crops. In order to determine the effect of humic acid on some morphological and physiological characteristics of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch. cv. Sabrina) under salinity stress, a greenhouse experiment was conducted with three factors including two treatment methods (spray and drench), three humic acid levels (0, 300 and 600 mg l-1) and three of salinity levels (0, 20 and 40 mM) in a completely randomized design with four replications. The results indicated that with increase in salinity levels of nutrient solution, the plant root length, leaf area, leaf fresh and dry weight, chlorophylls a, b comems and total chlorophyll were reduced. Under salt stress, the electrolyte leakage of leaf cell and amount of malondialdehyde were increased. Under salt stress conditions, addition of humic acid enhanced growth characteristics, but reduced electrolyte leakage. In conclution, application of humic acid (especially at 600 mg l-1) ameliorated the deleterious effects of salt stress in strawberry cv. Sabrina.