JOURNAL OF APPLIED HEALTH STUDIES IN SPORT PHYSIOLOGY
Year:2018 | Volume:5 | Issue:1 |Papers Count:14

Citrulline, an amino acid metabolite, has been reported to stimulate muscle protein synthesis by increased anabolic hormone secretion. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of one-week supplementation of citrulline-malate, L-arginine and their combination on growth hormone concentration and metabolic responses in male wrestlers. In this semi-experimental study, 40 male wrestlers (aged 19-25 years; weight 60-90 kg; body fat percent 12-20%) in a randomized and double-blind design were divided in four equal citrulline-malate (Cit; 4g/days), L-arginine (Arg; 4g/days), their combination (2g/days Arg + 2g/days Cit) and placebo (P) groups. Before and after supplementation period, all subjects were participated in a competition like wrestling. Blood samples were obtained in the 4 phases: one hour before and immediately after two competition like wrestling protocols. Plasma growth hormone (GH), glycerol, fat free acid (FFA), and glucose were analyzed. Change any of the parameters (mean and standard deviation) of four stages and between groups is determined by Analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measurement and post hoc tests, respectively. The significance level was set at p<0. 05. The findings of present study showed that GH and lactate concentration were significantly increased after one week supplementation of arginine, citrulline-malate and combination of citrulline-malate with L-arginine. Also, it can be concluded that the one week citrulline-malate with L-arginine supplementation is more effective than the citrulline-malate or L-arginine supplementation to prevent the exercise-induced decrease in some glucose levels. Therefore, it seems that Cit supplementation week more effectively than L-arginine for exercise induced increased of growth hormone, glycerol, FFA and preventing of decreases glucose levels.

Caffeine affects immune response during exercise and it has shown that caffeine reduced concentration of acetyl cholinesterase and myeloperoxidase in mice trained. Thus, in this study the effect of caffeine ingestion on enzyme activities of acetyl cholinesterase and myeloperoxidase was examined after resistance exercise in athletes. 15 athletes in in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study, received 6 mg. kg-1 of caffeine and placebo (maltodextrin) one hour before the resistance exercise (RE). After an hour blood samples were taken from the participants then they participated in resistance exercise and immediately and 15 minutes after resistance exercise, another’ s blood samples were taken to analysis acetyl cholinesterase and myeloperoxidase concentration. Analysis of variance with repeated measures at α level 0. 05. was used. ANOVA with repeated measures showed significant difference in concentration of acetyl cholinesterase at immediately and 15 minutes after resistance exercise between caffeine and placebo condition (p<0. 05), but there was no significant difference between caffeine and placebo in relation to the concentration of myeloperoxidase (p>0. 05). In terms of caffeine consumption, acetyl cholinesterase concentration was significantly lower at post compared to pre RE, but in terms of placebo consumption, acetyl cholinesterase concentration was significantly higher at post compared to pre RE (p<0. 05). It seems that consumption of caffeine supplement before resistance exercise prevent increase in concentration of acetyl cholinesterase in male athletes, and possibly caffeine from this way lead to reduce inflammatory activities.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks HIIT with alginate sodium supplementation on PYY levels and lipid profiles in men with metabolic syndrome. In the semi-experimental study, 24 young men with metabolic syndrome participated voluntarily. They were randomly assigned into 3 groups, HIIT with supplementation (n=8), HIIT with placebo (n = 8), control (n = 8). The exercise program was 8 weeks HIIT Training with intensity of 85 to 95 heart rate and three sessions per week. Appetite rates and blood samples were collected 48-h before and after training protocols. The findings indicate that HIIT with supplementation with sodium alginate or placebo increases PYY and decreases the metabolic syndrome z score in young men. Conclusion: Eight weeks High intensity training with sodium alginate supplementation, increase serum levels of PYY and satiety and reduce the risk factors of the metabolic syndrome in young men with metabolic syndrome.

The effect of cross training to improve endurance and its mechanism is not fully understood. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of 8-weeks unilateral resistance training on strength, time to task failure, neuromuscular fatigue and synergist muscles co-activation in trained and contralateral untrained limbs. 20 healthy female students were randomly assigned to either a training or a control group. The experimental group performed unilateral resistance training on non-dominant elbow flexors, 3 days per week for 8 weeks. The surface electromyography signal that was recorded from elbow flexor muscles during submaximal and maximal voluntary contraction(MVC) of both trained and untrained limb, were computed as Root Mean Square(RMS), mean power frequency(MPF) and integrated electromyography (IEMG) data in pre and post test. The result indicated a significant increase in elbow flexor MVC and time to failure in submaximal isometric task in trained and contralateral untrained limb. There was a significant difference between groups in RMS and MPF of biceps brachii in trained and untrained limb. However, this differences were not significant for brachialis and triceps in contralateral limbs. Also, after resistance training, there is a significant difference in the IEMG ratio of the muscles among blocks of submaximal contraction in trained and untrained limb, indicating a tendency to alternation in synergistic muscles activity. Cross transfer effect of unilateral resistance training on time to task failure might be explained, at least partly by the mechanism of synergistic alternate activity pattern.

The aim of this study is to survey the effect of six weeks combined supplementation of methylsulfonylmethane and glucosamine on the superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde levels following a plyometric exercise session in amutor male athletes. In this quasi-experimental research, 22 male athletes were randomly assigned into two groups of supplement, and participated in two bouts of plyometric activity before and after the supplementation period. The serum levels of superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde enzymes were determined based on the four-time blood sampling, and the collected data were analyzed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) at the 95 percent confidence level. Malondialdehyde after plyometric exercise in the supplement group were significantly lower than the control group, and Superoxide Dismutase activity was higher in the supplement group compared to the control one. The combined supplementation maybe increases the content of the antioxidant enzyme (superoxide dismutase) that results in decreasing lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde levels), increasing the antioxidant capacity and decreasing the oxidative stress.

One of the positive effects of exercise training is to induce the secretion of useful adipokines from adipose tissue, which play an important role in reducing the risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks aerobic training on serum CTRP9, omentin-1, lipid profiles and insulin resistance in obese women. 20 non-active obese women (20-25 years) were randomly divided into two groups (10 subjects) control and training who participated in the study. The training program was run for 8 weeks and 3 sessions per week for 45 to 60 minute. The training and control groups were tested before and after 48 hours after the last training session at week 8 and after 10 to 12 hours of fasting to determine the desired parameters for blood sampling. Data were analyzed using paired t-test and independent t-test at significance level of P<0. 05. Performing 8 weeks of aerobic training significantly increased CTRP9 (P= 0. 022), omentin-1 (P= 0. 039). In addition, compared to control group, aerobic training significantly increased CTRP9 (P= 0. 047) and HDL (P= 0. 001), and significantly decrease insulin resistance (P= 0. 008), total cholesterol (P= 0. 020), body fat (P= 0. 003) and WHR (P= 0. 041). It seems that 8 weeks of aerobic training with increase CTRP9 and omentin-1 play an important role in controlling lipid profiles and insulin resistance, and changes in these factors play an important role in the prevention of cardiovascular disease.

The aim of this study was the effect of 12 weeks continuous and high intensity interval training on insulin resistance index in pre diabetes patient. Thirty tow pre diabetes patients were divided into 4 groups including control (CON), High Intensity Interval Training (HIT), Continuous Training at Fatmax intensity (FAT) and Anaerobic Threshold (IAT) groups. Blood glucose and insulin was determined at baseline and after 12 weeks of exercise training and the data was analyzed by means of ANOVA at 0. 05 statistical significance level. Results showed significant differences about the effects of HIT and IAT on both blood glucose and insulin resistance. Additionally, the effect of FAT and IAT groups on blood insulin level were significantly lower than HIT group. Results showed that the intensity and type of exercise could be influential on insulin resistance in pre diabetes condition.

A number of physiological stimuli can initiate human growth hormone (hGH) secretion non-pharmacological of which are sleep, amino acid content of the diet and exercise. Therefore, the aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of branched chain amino acids (BCAA) supplementation on hGH and insulin like growth factor (IGF-1) in elite male Paralympic weightlifters. In this semi-experimental study, 21 male Paralympic weightlifters (Age, 24. 9± 1. 62; body mass index, 27. 76± 0. 32 kg/m2) in a randomly and double-blind design were allocated in three equal groups: BCAA group 1 (N=7: 240 mg/kg/day), BCAA group 2 (N=7: 480 mg/kg/day) and placebo group (N=7, dextrose: 120 mg/kg/day). One week before of test, all participants were consumed 120 mg of the BCAA or placebo per kg of body weight. Then, all subjects performed a single bout of resistance exercise (RE). Blood samples were obtained in the 3 phases: 30 minutes prior to RE, 30 minutes post RE and 2 hours post RE. The results showed that BCAA supplementation at doses of 240 and 480 mg/kg/day does not have a significant effect on the response of hGH and IGF-I to upper body resistance exercise in the disabled weightlifters (p>0. 05). There was no difference between groups in terms of increased of hormones concentrations (p>0. 05). The results of this study appear to support the hypothesis that resistance exercise is a potent physiological stimulus for hGH and IGF-1 secretion, and BCAA supplementation does not increase response of these hormones.

Adiponectin as anti-inflammatory cytokines and hypoglycemic agents have important role in metabolic syndrome. However; the effects of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on the adiponectin in accompany with metabolic risk factors is not understood. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of high intensity interval training on levels of adiponectin, insulin resistance and markers of metabolic syndrome in men with metabolic syndrome. Twenty two male with metabolic syndrome were randomly divided into two groups including high intensity interval training (HIIT) (n=12) and Control (n=10). HIIT group were trained 3 sessions/wk for eight weeks at 6-12 intense exercise with intensity 80-85% heart rate reserve for 2 minutes and active rest for 2 minutes at 50 percent of maximum heart rate for 25-60 minutes for 25-60 minutes. Blood samples were collected at baseline as well as 48 hrs after the last training session, followed by measuring adiponectin. Insulin, glucose and lipid profile levels by ELISA. Paired t test has used to data analysis; the level of significance has been consider at P≤ 0. 05. Data analysis showed, high intensity interval training (HIIT) significantly increased the Serum level of adiponectin and HDL (p˂ 0. 05). Also, high intensity interval training (HIIT) significantly reduced body weight, waist circumference, BMI, mean blood pressure, glucose, and insulin resistance (p˂ 0. 05). However, there were no effects on insulin (P>0. 05). In general, high intensity interval training (HIIT) with increase adiponectin levels, improve insulin resistance and risk markers of metabolic syndrome, plays an important role as an effective therapeutic strategy for patients with metabolic syndrome.

Increased production of free radicals during metabolism and physical activity are significant biological changes that oxidative stress in the body can provide background incidence of many diseases. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of 2 week aerobic exercise with royal jelly supplements on Male vistar Rats. In this study 20 male vistar rats were divided randomly into practice with complementary and noncomplementary exercises. Training Program includes 30 minutes of running on a treadmill to exhaustion at a speed of 12 meters per minute and 5 days a week and 300 mg per kg of body weight of royal jelly daily orally supplemented for 2 weeks. The data were analyzed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and T-test. The significance level in this study was considered to be 0. 05. The superoxide dismutase and total antioxidant capacity was increased significantly after two week aerobic exercise with royal jelly supplements. This study showed that eating royal jelly reduces oxidative stress.

The aim of current study is investigation effectiveness of 3 months aerobic exercise with Origanum majorana extract on male rats soleus muscle apoptosis. In current experimental study, 35 heads of male rats with 3 month age were alternated randomize in 5 groups( aerobic exercise, Origanum majorana extract, exercise+ Origanum majorana extract, 6 months controlling and also 3 months controlling. Exercise and exercise+ Origanum majorana extract groups implemented aerobic exercises during 12 weeks (5 days per week, 15% inclination, 10-60 minutes and 24-33 m/m speed). After 48 hours of last exercise, male rats soleus muscle were extracted and involved genes expression in apoptosis (Caspase 9 and Cythocrome C) were investigated by PCR. Data were analyzed by one-way variance analysis test at 0. 05 significant levels. Results showed that, after intervention; soleus muscle weight and its proportion against body weight had significant difference (P<0. 05) between groups. Also caspase 9 relative expression amount between groups had significant difference (P<0. 05) after intervention, but there wasn't significant difference between groups according to Cythocrome C relative expression amount. (P>0. 05) Aging cause to increasing rats body weight and reducing soleus muscle weight against body weight and also Caspase 9 increase simultaneously, but Cythocrome C expression amount doesn’ t change. So, exercise and consumption of Origanum majorana extract lower mentioned increasing cases.

Secretion of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines play a critical role in the regulation of metabolic conditions. This study examines the effect of eight weeks aerobic training on Adipolin cytokine and insulin resistance index in type 2 diabetic male rats. Eighteen 8-10 weeks Wister rats with 200-220 gr are selected and they equally divided into two diabetes [DBT] and control [CON] groups randomly. The training program includes 8 weeks of endurance training on a treadmill at a constant dip of 5%. The speed started from 10 meters per minute and it rised to the 25 meters per minute and its time started from 15 minutes to 45 minutes. In end of 8 weeks training, blood samples were taken after 12 hours of fasting in order to determination of insulin, glucose and adipolin levels. The homeostatic model assessment [HOMA] was calculated as insulin resistance index. The data were analyzed using the independent t test with the SPSS software ver. 16. A significant increase was observed in adipolin (1. 36± 0. 054 vs. 1. 11± 0. 065 ng/ml; p=0. 002) level, and while observing significant decreases in connection with glucose (276. 88± 27. 59 vs. 324. 55± 16. 04 mg/dl; p=0. 001), insulin (0. 206± 0. 02 vs. 0. 235± 0. 02 mU/l; p=0. 033) and insulin resistance (2. 55± 0. 495 vs. 3. 40± 0. 468 mg/dl; p=0. 002). It seems that aerobic training with moderate intensity could decrease insulin resistance with increasing serum levels of Adipolin in type 2 diabetic rats.