JOURNAL OF THE FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES (TEHRAN)
Year:2002 | Volume:1 | Issue:1-2|Papers Count:20

In this article after translating in poetical and prose form of the vers in the name of God, a selected commentary and Gnostic interpretation of letter and words of the mentioned verse from the commentary school of Hazrat Ali and his relatives (p.b.u.lhem) and the ideas of great commentater.r such as Ibn Abbass, Khajeh Abdollah, Meibodi, Qosheiri, Roozbenhan, Mohyeddin Alfarez, Saadi Hafez, Mowlavi and etc. and the explanation and interpretation of author has bee presented. the author concluds that the best commentary is come out from the gnostic commentary of Ali (A.S.).

In this article the proverbs and maxims that are used in Arabic and Persian language in common are studied. Then we consider the proverb briefly. Also we point out the Quranic proverbs and philosophy that Sadi has used in his works. In this article the poetical proverbs that Motenabbi has used in his work and influenced on Sadi have been stated. Finally we conclude that, because these two poets were living in an Islamic environment and training in Islamic culture, they have used so many proverbs in common.

One of the most Islamic famous works which orientalists have noticed is Nahjol Balagheh.Seyyed Razi (D. 406 A.H.) had gathered the long and short speech of Ali (A.S.) and presented them in this book. In this research we introduce the hand written copies of this book and the books which are about Nahjol Balageh in Tehran university libraries.

After the death of prophet (p.b.u.k) the governor had an unsuitable and unjust treatment toward new non Arabic Muslems. They made them their partner less than themselves. Including these non Arabs was Iranian who were called Mavali the Mavali were unsatisfy from the racial and unjust treatment of the governors.Hazrat Ali (A.S.), during his short time of government, tried to settle Islam in its real position and show the ideal Islamic treatment. He did not differentiate between races such as Arabs, Iranian, Moraccon and etc.,.

In this article, the thoughts and works of Adonis, the famous contemporary Arabic critic are studied. He has not limited his critical points of view just to literature, but he believes that to catch a correct kind of criticism, paying attention to the other relative fields is an essential factor.Adonis's religious - literary trainings besides his familiarity with the west schools of thought make him as a famous literary critic. Ali Ahmed Saeed's works have been translated in Persian as well as fourteen other languages.His works and thoughts caused many critics to write for or against him. The Adonis's works and Poem Magazine reflect his own thoughts and beliefs.

This paper deals with translation plus critics on odes by Arabic poet named Abul Tayyeb Motanabbi.The said ode forms into two parts. The first one underlined the lover and tear text and nagates the neutral reproacher and declares that the reproacher favors with the lover so as to harm his emotion by blame and rebuke whether he cannot tolerate to forget the love therefore, intermittently afflicted with run down tears, whenever the reproacher conflicts with the love competition relieves the blames.Thereafter, poet refers to the latter one and confined it to the Self - o - Dowlah praise and pressed on exaggerated praise of him so that has no imagine any alternatives and resemblance to him as well.

Emract the: Motanabby's position in euology is like a philosopher whose intellect prevails over his feeling, his mental attitude on death is like the view of an afflicted and reflective person; being afflicted he does not blame death, but blames days that ravish the broad minded, feels annoyed with the bolds who dim the clear atmosphere of life.Motanabby 's elegies are different in content, the poet, sometimes, is forced to euologize a person no disaster has made him sad, so his poem lacks emotion and kind feeling, but sometimes he experiences great suffering cause him, even for a short time, submit emotion.Motanabby not only has a strong morale, but also has encountered a great number of misfortunes in his life; he has forgotten the style of writing threnody, hence he tries to hide his weakness impressing long wise saying, describing patience, praising the late and his family. Sometimes, in his poem, he prides himself but blames his enemies. The age when Motanabby lives, is an age of despising women, but since he does not like euologizing the weak, in euologizing women, he deals with them as if they are men and many times he prefers women to men.

There are various subjects discussed in many surahs (chapters) of Quran which they look, at first glance, unrelated. It is essential, therefore, to clear the wrong conception of confusing speech from the courl -yard of divine revelation. If each surah does not pertain to a certain unique message and its subjects do not intended for an ultimate goal. What is the reason for grouping a set of verses in a surah by the order of Allah and prophet?That is why we think the proof of unity in such a plurality is necessary step towards showing the readers of Quran that they are faced with a harmonious and well organized complex.In the present article we intend to convey a harmonious and well - ordinate feature from every Quranic surah by offering some measures specific for discovering aims ruling over all surahs. These measures are:1- Omission of subordinate sentences.2- Analysis of place and time conditions regarding to surahs.3- Beginning surahs.4- Repetition of specific themes and subjects.5- Beginning and final verses in surahs.6- Frequency of word repetition in surah

The books on the history of literature are usually said that: "Andalusians were imitating the East". But one should not forget that Andalusian literature in some forms of poetry – because of natural differences between the west and the East - was richer and beautiful.Of course this comparison can be made in special subject on the whole, the west were imitated the East and in this way they improved their poetry.Andalusians literature is weaker than the literature of the East. First in depth of thought and secondly the style. For example, we do not find in Andalusia literature the writer who is equal with JAHIZ and the poet who's Poems are simillar to ABOLALA AL Moany.In this article the writer reviews the existing strongness and weakness of Andalusiasn poems and compares Andalusian poets with the poets of the East.

When we talk about Zahriat we mean the way the poets describe the flowers, blossoms, fruit, trees, gardens and Spring. So Zahriat is hot a new phenomenon in Arabic poems. But, since very old time it had been used, specially in Khamriat and since the poets had gone into extreme in describing it during Abbassid, it became an independent phenomenon and it had improved during this period of time.Many poets got interested in nature and describing natural scenes and wrote a lot of poems about flowers, blossoms, trees and so on, and also their emotional feelings towards nature and the beauty of nature.In primitive poems the poets describe the nature as a source of important factor of their lives which were dependant on, but not as the beauty of nature. In some cases the poets use nature to describe their feelings like talking about palm trees while they're referring to the height of a lover, or talking about bamboo sticks while they're referring to the veiy thin and delicate ankle, so they use the figurative phrases to describe the beauty and their feelings. And also Omavy,s poets tried this style of poems and described the nature the same as the primitive tribes, rather than describing the beauty of the nature itself.But Abbassids style has been effected by the development of society, so it’s been more emotional and beautiful because of this, they have created a lot of beautiful pictures and arts.

Dealing with the contemporary Hosseini verses, the attempt of the research is to discover new subjects, well-known symbols, the explicit differences between this kind of poem and the previous ones. It also attempts to delineate the distinguished technique and the appropriate rhythm and the merits and demerits and their causes. The classic Hosseini poems as it was in the previous eras, were highly appreciated by people, specially in the mourning ceremony of Imam Hossein (Peace Be Upon Him) its popularity among people increased the influence and power of this technique, although some of the weak and low - class poems penetrated among it.In spite of the fact that the main dominant technique in this kind of poems has been "elegy” the epic one has overcome it in the contemporary era and has shed light on sociopolitical issues in recent decades. As a result, new subjects emerged abundantly in relation to the problems of Islamic world in general and Arabic world in particular.Different poets from different religions, beliefs, style and geographical regions have paid attention to contemporary Hosseini poetry, with his own viewpoint concerning the event of Karbala. Although different Hosseini poetry have different motivations and beliefs, a common feature exists among all of them and that is ecstasy, affection, love for Karbala epic and those who created this great Event.

This is a research about pre-islamic Arabic culture and civilization based on the present indications of Arabic language at this period. Therefore, it's necessary to be interpreted theoretical in the first section. At the opening, the origin of Arabic language and people is introduced. Then the antiquity of it's language, it's scripture and the emergence of Arabic "FA TH~ and also the sense of "JAHELIAT' (idiotic) are interpreted. It asks for this question: "How does the understanding of this meaning to all of the people conform to actual reality in this territory?"This searching presents the limit of "Jaheliat" Period, interprets it's religions and sciences at this time. It deepens, with a precision vision, the JAHELE Poem and prose, indicates also the evolution proceeding of poetry perfection and it / S antiquity indicates the societies that were criticizing (he poetry subjects, like our actual academies.In second section, it explains the word dimension of the symbol of culture and civilization in this area, next, presents these two separate sections: the symbol of civilization and the symbol of culture. In the first one, it shows the documentary indications based on philosophy, proverb, speech, etc. indicating sophisticated culture at that age. And the other, ensures us about the existence of an Arabic civilization before Islamic period testifying the present words at that time in connection with the books, the pens, the papers, the economy, the arm, the societies, the instruments, the ships, etc... It is necessary to indicate that, in the and of every section, the general conclusions are presented separately.

Seyyed Ghotboldin Mohammad Hosseini Neirizi, one of the well-know and important gnostics and philosophers in Safavid dynasty, was born in Neiriz in Fars Province in 1100 A.H. He started his education in his birthplace and then he went to Shiraz to be trained as a student of the great philosopher, Mola Shah Mohammad Darabi.He composed very valuable works in different fields of religion especially in Islamic mysticism.In the present research, I have the opportunity to describe and introduce his valuable literary work ''Alghasidat -al -Allaviat -al - Nahviah. Moreover an attempt is made to briefly explain Allamah Seyyed Ghotboddin's biography and his works.

If we look at some of rules of Arabic language we will comprehend that Arabian - in similar case with another posterities - wereenjoying of music of words and expressions, and were trying to harmonize words.Aboohelal - a rhetorical critic - has spoken about internal and external worth of music of words and about influences of them. He has paid primarily in the book of Assenaatein to the poem. Because he is lives that the poem can leave sentimental experience to someone beyond prose.In this article is paid to one of literary criticism cases in which Abuhelal spoken about the dependence of this criticism case to phantom. In the other way this article speaks about music of words and expressions - a critical case - and music rules in eloquence.

As a general and public concept, Hermeneutics is realization and decoding of phenomena and as a particular concept, means paraphrase and interpretation of words and utterances.There are different elements, for understanding and realizing a text, not paying attention to which, would make us disable in better understanding. These elements are as follows: Time and place of emergence, pre - and post - text components, date and location which are the purpose of narrator for expressing meaning and subjectivity of narrator, direct and indirect contemporaries and addressees. The symbolic language has been available in all societies and in religious texts, also, has had a significant role the sample of which can be considered employing symbolic figures and numbers (particularly seven) in Quran.For this purpose paying attention to texts on one hand and considering external meaning, on the other hand, are necessary.

Ali Ibn Abi Talib, may God honor him, was honored by many poets including Al - Sahib Bin Abbad. In his Poetry Al – Sahib talked in detail about Al- showing his virtues and noble traits. This study aims at investigating the aspects of Ali' s personality and revealing his high status. So the researchers discussed two issues in this study. The first one is the aspects of Ali' s personality in Al - Sahib's poetry, and the second one is Ali' s position in Al - Sahib's poetry. The researchers consulted various references which reveal Al - Sahib's opinions and clarify of the meanings and connotations of his poetry.

Comparative literature in modern and enthusiastic fields and comparison of distinguished personalities and poets in Arabic literature has many benefits. Mutanabbi is among distinguished and unique poets of the east and Ibn - e - Hani the Andaluzian is a renown and distinguished poet of the west, Known as Motonnabbi of the west that were contemporary and Ibn - e - Hani has been influenced by Motamnabbi in writing some of his poems and there are also other connections between them which are referred in the introduction. However, in this thesis we have tried to make a comprehensive and complete comparison between the thinking and moral characteristics as well as the poetical works of these two poets and the reasons for choosing this subject have been referred to in the introduction and then we have examined the background of studies made in that respect and the nature of political and social situation of the first half of the fourth century A.H. in the eastern and Western parts of Islamic countries. In the next chapter, we have given a summary of their biography along with their most important lauded ones, and since Ibn - e -Hani was born in Andaluzia, the next chapter is devoted to the nature of occupation of Andaluzia by Muslims. Since these two poets have both been poets of war, politics and court, in their odes, they have also recorded historical events. A chapter is devoted to the comparison of works of these two poets as regards their historical importance and then we reach the most important stage of our study which is comparison of poetical techniques of these two poets, which includes lauds, lyricpoems, fakhrs (honor) poems, elegies, description, satirical poems and wisdom poems. However, since a large part of their poetical works consists of landable odes, the most important part of this chapter is devoted to a comparison between laudes, and a general comparison between their couplets as regards word and meaning has been made in the same chapter, but to the importance of kuran 'and its influence on Arabic literature, we have devoted the final chapter to completes of these two poets which refer to kuranic verses and at last, a general conclusion, has been made of all topics, presented.

The history of meaning in linguistics displays that Formal Linguistics has been going down in value, for not considering context, and having abstract approach to language. In contrast, Functional Linguistics merely was able to - to a certain extent, - to explain the meaning of language from pragmatic and paralinguistic point of view. i.e. it failed to recognize ambiguous sentences from addressee and reader's point of view. The writers want to show when Functional Linguistics is not effective enough to disambiguate the sentences, formal linguistics could have descriptive efficiency within a framework of a semantic theory. Such a combinative approach is close to Leech's theory in semantics, which has not been taken into consideration in linguistic studies. But this approach was proposed by Moslem legal theorists more than one thousand years ago, and known as the theory of Appearance in Fiqh Principles. The theory of Appearance, based on the important Principle of Immediacy, is one of the exhaustive theories of inference which extracts legal judgments from Islamic legal texts.