JOURNAL OF THE FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES (TEHRAN)
Year:2001 | Volume:48 | Issue:160|Papers Count:33

Although different theologians schismatic sects of schismatics such as Ashaereh and Imamieh have different ideas about the principles and branches of religion, but they are unanimous on montheism that is the religious pivot of Islam. Inspite of this, they present different, sometines antithetical commentaries which are the roots of all disputes and differences. Theologians Schismatic who lay stress on rational reasons about monotheism by emphasising the absolute simplicity of substance and negating the unity of quality and the qualified, believe in disqualified substance, and then the discrite the qualities that are introduced in the Quran they have to exaggerate. If we consider their ideas about God" s authority and knowledge we will see that they negate those qualities.

Abu Reihan Mohammad ibn Ahmad Birooni is one of the great scientists, Mathematicians, astronomers, historians and who is called by the 4th and 5th century researchers scholars of the fourth and fifth centuries whom the researchers call one of the greatest eastern scholars. He was born in Kharazm in 362 (A.H.) and died in Qazneh at the beginning of the revolution of Salageqeh and the reign of Masoud ibn Mahmood Qaznavi. The works of this great scientist were in Arabic language that was the scientific language of Islam and Iran. The only book that he compiled in persian was At - Tafhim reign which himself translated from Arabic into persian or vice versa. The fifth and sixth centuries (A.H.) are the most important eras for literature. The Persian prose in these two centuries has the style of absolulely different kind. One style was of simple kind of fourth century prose. The prose styles of these two are of quite different. The styles of prose in these two centuries are different.

Ziaoddin - e - Nakhshabi (d. 751/ 1350) is one of the authors, poets, translators and mystic in subcontinent. Besides the "Chehel Namoos" (.Juziyyat and Kolliyat) he had written several books in Persian eg: Tooty nama. Selkossolook. Golrees. Duaayc Suryani, Ashareh - c - Mobashsharah and etc. Chehel Namoos is onc of the unique works in this type of Pcrsian literature. It contain fourly) parts (Namoos = Principle = law) whrch 40 membrs of human body have been discribed in It, such as hair, head, front, neck and etc. Nakshabi explains the members of body as a "Namoos = Principle" with a line Persian prose - a uniquc type of rhymed prose. Also each part contains various aspects of those member: aesthetic, mystical. medical and etc. The writer also shows the power of God in creating human as a highest symbol in Universe. At last Nakhshabi ends his speech in each part with a ghazal by a ردیف (Rhyming word of poem) with same namoos. Terefore this book contains 40 ghazals with 40 rhyme of human body members.

The prose of decadenc is introduced by its special characteristics in Arabic literature. Imitation, repetition and using figures of speech are the characteristics of decadent prose. Sharaf Od - Din Ansari is one the poet of seventh century and belongs to this period. He guranteed and referred to the poets before himself such as Amrol Qais, Motenabee, Abu Tammam , Kab- Ibn Zohair and Omar - Ibn - Rabieh. He produced an adaption of Quran a great deal. These adaptions are so much in his poems that affected his mental faculties. He has not used special verses. In eulogy of prophet he has not used history or tradition. In eulogy of prophet he praised the family of prophet (p.b.u.t.) too.

The story of messengers lives and their effects are the base subject among the poets. By rereading of Joseph biography in Quran and effect of this story in Saeb Tabrizi . s Divan we realise that the effection of this life story in Saeb" s imagination is varaity and wavey which neglect none aspects of Joseph "s biography from the beginning to the end such as the story of falling down to the well by his brothers and their Jealousy towards him, being found by a tribe and sold to the king of Egypt, falling in love by Zoleykha, the Queen of Egypt, bringing a charge against him and putting him in to the prison, interpretation of dream, becoming the king of the Egypt and finally visiting of his father are those subjects which the poet mentioned.

Explaining subjects based on gnosticism as well as mysticism and describing experiences connected with taste and inner - feelings, mystics as a sign of the best and most suitable style put to use to a very large scale, the symbolic way of composition. In this connection, king of the Divine lovers, namely Ibn al - Farid the Egyptian, in his famous collection of poetry, which is considered, as one of the most impressive works of mysticism all over the world, used this valuable style very beautifully and tactfully. In this article the very style in question, is manifested through some specimens taken from his own divan. In addition, the article deals, thousoh in brief, with subjects such as the development of allusion, and how it joined symbolism; synesthesia and different types of allusion.

The Islamic revolution of Iran proposed Islamic government as the best system of government by the change of leadership and management system of the country. The proposed Islamic system was based on prophet Mohammad (p.b.u.h) and Imam Ali"s life (Sireh). The prominance of Islamic revolution was that it was against the secularism of the time, initiating the change by God"s name and continuing within the framework of religeous trainings. In this paper it was supposed that the concep backgrounds of Islamic revolution were based on the Political idea of Islam. This is against those who belive the revolution became Islamic one after the victory in 1979. The historical and empirical backgrounds of Iran"s contemporary history were such useful experiences in the mind of the late leader of the revolution and the aware people that denied the political guidlines of reformistic modification and the restoration of kingdom. and decided to destroy the oppression. There were many factors influencing the Islamic revolution of Iran but religion was the most important factor. Imam Khomeini was the theorician of the methodology of the struggle. This Study points out the role of people"s broad and effective participation, Imam Khomeini"s strict leadership and the motif of pure Islam.

Climate is an important factor on all human activities. We are all affected by the atmosphere and need information about it and we react to the atmosphere through our ability. Climatology is he science that seeks to describe the nature of climate, why it differs from place to place and how it is related to other elements of the natural environment and human activities. Outside the ancient Greeks and Roman writers, in the Islamic world, Ibn Khaldun contributed to a discaussion of the climate human relationship only the middle zone provided climates which people were regarded as able to excel in wisdom and adapt to climate conditions. Applied climatology seeks relationships between climate and other phenomena. There is a general agreement that the second world war gave a major impetus to the development of applied climatology. The potential vulnerability of the modern world to climate variability. growing energy prolems and an awarness of environmental consequences of the continued consumption of fossil fuels have led to a coming of age for applied climatology. Climate impact assessment as an important part of the emergence and development of applied climatology has been considered in his paper.

The people"s presence in extended elections for selecting one or more person to deposit their destiny for a distinct time is indicative of people"s sensitivity for their future destination. The more this sensitivity is, the more they present In elections. In this paper the quantity and quality of the presence of the inhabitants of Sistan & Baluchestan has been studied and the author tried to show the relation between the increase of this sensitivity and participation in the elections. Also the interactions between main political nations, groups (parties) in this provience and elected candidate tendency to special commission in the parliament in attention to the divestment of this provience and changing this variation in the recent time have been discussed.

The Abraham"s mien in Mathnavi, in addition to the prophetical position, is introduced as a perfect gnostic who became the leader and the pattern of disciples and devotees because of campaigning against his pasions. In story of Abraham, Mowlavi according to the Qoranic points, has passed all ways towards I and gained victory over theoretical and practical parts of life and reached to the witnessing presence part. Abraham has reached to the position of being the friend of God.

The emergence of complex societies is one of the main subjects in archaeological studies of Iran. The Tehran plain is one of the key regions of Iran, which has manifested many aspects of complex societies. In order to study the settlement pattern and the degree of interaction between the Neolithic and Chalcolithic settlements of the Tehran plain the University of Tehran has conducted a settlement survey. This paper will address some characters of these settlements.

Reasearchers and those who study the effects of stress on body health believe that cheerfulness and optimistic sense of humor have a negative effect on body health and longevity. Research by Friedman and his associates have shown that although cheerfullness and optimistic sense of humor may be beneficial in the short run, but in the long run may shorten people"s lives. Findings of these researchers indicating that optimism and a sense of humor as a coring mechanism can have an effective role on treatment and reciver from many problems such as surgeries, injuries, and diseases, but result m an unrealistic belief that increases the risks of certain activeties, such as smoking or driving after drinking. Opposed to, conscientiusness such as prudence, truthfulness, and freedom from vanity can increas longerity. Another factors such as marriage, social support, and feeling of personal control have a maim effect on personal ability to cope with stress and longevity.

Nasir - od - Din Tusi is treated as an outstanding Islamic scholar as well as a master of a variety of sciences of his time who wrote some valuable books in logic, mathematics, Philosophy, theology, astronomy, etics, and mysticism and thus attained a very high position among Muslim scholars. Tusi is also considered as a mystic who excerised practical mysticism and passed it"s highest levels and stations successfully - a reality which can clearly be observed in some of his works such as, "Awsaf al - Ashraf "Aghaz va Anjam" (In Farsi) and his commantory on mystical parts of "al - Isharat va al - Tanbihat". His mystical aspect has also been recognized by western orientalists.

IN this pamphlet the biography of Kafoor Ekhshidi is investigated. His title in historical books ; known as Ostad Abolmesk. It is said that he was a slave and was brought from Sudan to Egypt J be sold. Toward the beginning of the foutrh century (312/934) he was sold to Abu Baker Mohammad Ibn Taghi Farghani known as Ekshid (king of Kings) who was one of the governors of Abbasid Caliphs and became one of the favoured servants. He was promoted in the administration of Ekhshid and, because of his own cleverness and intelligence, he became the commander of the army and of the consultants and a close associate of Ekhshid. By the way, including his high rank, e was the tutor of the Ekhshid"s sons named Abolghasem Anoomoor and Abolhasan Ali. In 335/957, Ekhshid passed away and his older son named Abolhasn became his successor. The later was the King by name, but in fact the affairs of Egypt and surroudings was fulfilled by kafoor. In 349 / 971 Abolghasem died in 349/971 and his brother became his successor. His position and responsibility did not change. In 355 after the death of Ali, Kafoor independently ruled Egypt nd surroundings. Up to the Year 357/979, when ruling the country, his name always was mentioned in all sermons (Khotbe) in the two holy mosques - Mecca and Medina He was a popular governor and specialy respected in the scholars, circled, jurisprudents, poets and Alavid sadats. In his reign the walfare of the country was so good that no one was in need of Islamic tax (Zakat). The income of alms (Zakat) was spent for construction of the mosques, schools, and the like. He was very careful in choosing the judges. He was recieving openly the complaints made by the oppressed once a week. One of his famous poets in his court was Abuteeb Motanabby

Epistemology has played an important role in contemporary philosoply. Intelectual perceptions fall into three groups by Islamic philosophers: 1) primary intelectus 2) Secondary intelectur 3) Logical intelectus. Some of the Islamic philosophers, as Hadj Mulla Hadi Sabzewary, have endeavored to give a decisive definition for these perceptions. Motahhari, as a philosopher, has done a good critique on Hadj Mulla Hadi Sabzevari"s definition. Kant, on the other hand, in his philosophical system beleived that a priori categories had an decisive part in our knowledge of the world. Motahhari criticized kant"s views on categories, and mentioned that his views disregarded the correspoding relations between object and subject. For this reason, he is forced to believe in idealism and not realism.

Wittgenstein says a proposition in a picture of reality. Wittgenstein"s general conception was that when we put a sentence together we constract a model of reality. In any picture there has to be a one - to one correspondence between the element of a picture and the things in the state of affairs its represents. In the view of the tractatus there are a variety of things that cannot be stated: the form of representation of propositions, the existence of the simple objects that constitute the substance of the world. These things are all unsayable. This experience is what he called the mystical

In this article, by comparing the viewpoints of rhetoric savants and their inherited definitions; specially that one of Sakaki with the standpoints and communicative models which are presented by the founders science of communication in the 20th century A.D. We will find that both of these opinions are very close to other and the components of communicative models like: the sender of the message, the receiver of the message, the message itself and even the communications media all could be found in definitions presented by rhetoric. Moreover, and by scrutinizing those viwepoints of the olds we arrive at such a conclusion that what has been presented in the sphere of rhetoric during the 7th and 8th centuries A.H. could have been turned out as a source for the formation of the science communications. Rhetoric had been sufficiently capable to enter new spheres such as communications, but why, did it come to a stop on the way of its development of science of communications, centuries after sakaki, detached from Muslims" progress in rhetoric, was founded by Europeans? In this article we shall try to study this question and give pertinent answers for It.

This study intends to analyse some of the grammatical difficulites in poetry from the viewpoint If prosody and rhyme. The question is whether poetry, as subject to such requirements and limitations as metre, rhyme, and music can be grammatically justified, and whether poetry can basically be scientifically relied on. To get the answer, with reference to some authoritative bibliographies, some example have been offered for the superiority of music to grammar In poetry Also, the necessity of the poeticality of poetry and its effect on the grammar have been emphasized. Again, this study analyses the necessity of empolying in poetry some long vowels 1stead of the short ones. In continuation it speaks about rhyme inrivalry with the grammar.

In this article, in addition to explaining new colonialist tricks and maneuvres, such as cultural foray as well its reflection m these contemporary and accountable writers and poets works, We are accentuating on study of these scholars and elites approach. After studying the literary works of those of wirers. who felt themselves accountable against society and development. It was realized. that It is possible to clcssify)- those writers and poets in three categories. First category: such as Qasem Amin and Sad - Zughiul, who are welcoming this cultural Assault, as a social development. Second -category: such as Almanfelout Alrafeai. Mohhammad Abdeh and Ahmad Moharram, who arc resisting against this cultural assault dilently. Third category: such as Ahmad Shoghi and Hafez lbrahim who have selected middle course. The aim of this article is to explain the writers and poets approach and position in defending social vaiues parameters as well as safeguarding "musts" and "must not" and national believes, in order to clarity the literary values as well as cultural and social and social significance of this lmH1ch of art for all.

Scholars have done various discussion on syntax and its origin. What can be infered from their argument is that, Arabic grammatical rules have lost their influences. Therefore, the leading proponents of syntactic school have tried to avoid this problem by writing grammatical rules for Arabic. Such attempts have been conducted by schools of Kufa, Basrah and Baghdad. It goes without saying that each of these schools possess its own rules and regulations. To teach the syntax remained from the past in accordance with the Basrah end Kufa school is considered to be neither appropriate nor right. In devising new syntax to fulfil our needs, descriptive approach is viewed as the best Choice. In recent descriptive studies, syntax: is devised based on both spoken and writen language. Such a descriptive appro<"lch includes both the over all shape and the change in the final vowels of Arabic words. Dialects are unacceptable issues because they are not based on descriptive syntax and they are far from it.

The stable development theory appeared In the last decade of 20th century. The cause of this theory was the failure of the modernism and post - modernism regard to the establishment of the good life and destruction of the 10c.11, regional, national and world environment. Undoubtedly, to arrive to the basic principal of this theory the role of government strategy is necessary in the land use policy and planning. The Urban planning of 20th century not only has been positive, out also create the ugliness in the urban envirnment planning. This planning has created the social and biological structure, with technological culture, having imbalance and imsustainability in the natural, socialogical, economical and physical structure. This paper attempts to offer the stable development framework and request in the renewal of the theoritical framework in the 21st century and will propose the kind of compact city and urban

In method of eloquence the knowledge of rhetoric and among the knowledge of rhetoric. technique of simile has a special position. According to the kind of simile there are several classification in ancient books about eloquence such as being sensible and reasonable of two parts of simile, absolute, particular, compound and etc. In studding texts of Persian literature we see another kind of simile that has not been discussed by ancients independently. Although this kind of simile was studied from the sensibility point of view. This article attempts to consider this kind of simile that I called grammatical simile and I classified it into abstract and grammatical simile, which they are studied separately through different samples and examples from Persian literature texts.

Planners and decision - makers involve with a variety of activities undertaken at different spatial scales by national, regional or local organizations. They have to be aware of new techniques surrounding them. Geography Information System (GIS) is a set of computer sciences which can help planners in different areas such as housing, industry, environmental management, urban planning and so on. In this study the following titles, the object of GIS, types of data storage, hardware and software in a GIS environment, type of information systems, and application and user of GIS will be discussed.

This essay is about the history and doctorine of creation which based upon duality. God is transcendent and never merges with material world. So for its creation, they believed in states of immanations and marriage between two opposite sides (positive-negative).

In western philosophy history is related to philosophy through Hegel"s thought, so history is regarded philosophically and philosophy is seen historically and this relationship can not be possible for Hegel without explaining of history of philosophy. The Hegel"s commentary of history of. modern philosophy caused the new western oppositions to become union that have been disconnected and separated the western culture from Descart till the time of Hegel. In this article one of the most important philosophy of modern time that mean Spinoza from the Hegel"s viewpoint has been considered. At first part the introduction and the complete commentary of Hegel is presented. In the second part the Hegel critical idea about the definition of ethics has been introduced. And the third part is the denial of the universe in Spinoza philosophy.

Bani Abbas "caliphs got power over Muslems territories in 132 (A.H.) by use of a slogan the government of prophet"s family (p.b.u.t)". Then, when they authorized and strengthened their government began to kill the familyies of prophet (p.b.u.!) in all parts of the world. Abu Faras, The poet, hinted to these crimes briefly through an elegy about sixty verses. in order to give comfort to the Shietts. That is why this elegy is called "Shafieh" (comfort). In this article the whole elegy is translated and all verses are explained and all events are hinted

The explosive growth of population of grand cities and the auto expansion of the cities that according to the obtimistic foreast, will become double at 2020 cause the logestics and settement of local and civil system to be urgent. The aim. of this article is to emphesize the settement and the logestics of territory as a principal way in order to equalize the civil system and avoid environmental crisis and corruption of natural sources. In this article, that is in analytical. method, after explaining the characteristic, history and the way of appearce of the logestics in this country have been considered. Then according to the continuous expansion of cities after Islamic revolution and being disharmony and unequivalence in civil system we explain the logestics of territory in order to equilize spacial system of cities of country according to the third development programme.

This paper, will question and examine the problem-identification in indigenous sociology in canada as one of the fields in humanities. It will be indicated that taking Canadian sociology as I example it is reasonable to argue that local and internal social issues and problems in Canada IS enabled Canadian sociologists to coordinate -scientific orientation of sociology with the indigenous necessities. It will be argued, however, that due to a lack of epistemological and conceptual principles in this argument it is still too soon to accept that indigenization of science is logically a valid argument. This is partly because multiplicity of subject orientations (such as what interests the Canadian sociologists to work on political-economy, cultural studies and feminism) only determines the foci in scientific research and it does not determine the scientific postulates with which to discover the universal laws dominating the social world and the epistemological atmosphere in which to develop new theoretical insights. The experience gained by the Canadian sociologists, of course, indicates that the formation of paradigms in sociology gain effect from the local experiences. For this reason this paper focuses on the relationship between problem-identification and the formation of indigenous humanities in Canada.

The present study investigated varieties of C-test as measures of General Language proficiency (GLP). C-test was first introduced into language testing as a modification of close procedure. The original C-test was developed by mutilating the second half of every other word, beginning from word two ID sentence two of [l passage. Through various studies, C-test proved an integrative and a highly reliable and valid measure of (GLP. The present study was also aimed at further confirming those findings by investigating not only the original C-test but other varietis of C-test. To this end ten C-test versions were developed, by applying different deletion techniques and deletion rates, and were administered among nearly 500 senior EFL students, in the way that each form was given to almost 50 subjects. All the subjects had already taken a TOEFL. and a close test prior to the administration of the C-tests. The results of data analyses showed that C:-test may measure different things one of which might be general language proficiency and as such, not all varieties of C-test measure this construct to the same extent.

For the gnosl1c in going through his mystical path. occur states and station. Which are not conceiveable for one who has not pessed over these stages. It is because, gnosticism like any other science, besides it special subjects and problems is in need of a subtle spirit. Good test and a kind of platonic love until to he understandable therefore every reader of their books is obliged to be familiar with those problems and introductry notes. Therefore here is discussed about sobriety, intoxication, collectivness. distinction, and the time the distinction so, called the station of servitude. In this stal1on, gnostic is based upon himself and is aware of his worships and duties. Intoxication is the death of humanly body in which the light of truth dominates the intellect and insight. In collectivness God is seen without this creation and abandonates the material and plurality and even obedience seems as polythism and the attention to worshiper them in the station of distinction after collectivness if the carisma of divine lights envelope the disciple. He becoms excited and disturbed and acts acording to his time. Duty is equal to the occasion and he becomes duty free. The duty belongs to a person who IS aware of it.

The philosophy of Robert Gosseteste (1170-1232) centers round the idea of light, so dear to the mind of Augustinian. He set up his thoery at Oxford university where the general tendency in metaphysics and psychology was conservative, Augustinian, while at the same time an interest was developed in emperical studies. Grosseteste who was the chancellor of Oxford university attempted to combine these two factors and his metaphysics of light well afforded some ground for his emperical studies on the physics of light which had been already established by Alhazen.

Borders are strategic. In fact borders are defined and are even introduced as simboles of strategy. These strips have always been the axesse of probable confrontations and most of the sensetive confrontations of nations have occured there. The roots of generation and transformation of frontiers to borderlines, making the people on the side of the borders convergent and divergent, and exchange of goods at border areas have played in making these strips strategic. The present article, while putting forth a general framework of previous important classifications, has intended to submit a new classification on the basis of strategic role of borders lich acords with the borders of Iran with its neigbours.