JOURNAL OF THE FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES (TEHRAN)
Year:2003 | Volume:52 | Issue:164|Papers Count:41

It is clear that the most fondamental difference between speech and philosophy is about their method that they use for reaching their aims. The cristian speech is ont exception. The cristian talkers, for explaining their religious thoughts and ideas, used reasons that are very weak. From the beginning there were disputs and long discutions among talkers and philosophers that non of them caused frnitful results. one of foundanental thoughts that caused serious changes in cristian speech performed by Akam and his followers. He claimed that principals of religion can not be proved through logical reasons. This principale expanded to the general discusion and then to the quality and essence of God. Although it was confronted with serious oppositions but it had a profound effect on cristian speech.

This article is an effort to present a comparative analytical study of the mystic thoughts of two renowend mystics, namely Khwaja Yusuf Hamadani and Sbaikh Najamuddin Razi in the light of their works, e. g. Rutbat al Hayat and Mersadul Ebad. Both the works speak of the similar mystic issues. In fact the contents are addressed to the publis and followers for their queries on different mystical issues. As the book, Rutbat al Hayat, begins with the questions of the public, for example as, "What is life?, and what is the aim of life?" In the s.ame manner Mersadul Ebad also offers explanation to the questions and curiostic queries an different related issues. Dil (heart and soul) "Zikr" are also discussed in the said works.

The age of lesan - ol - Qeib is famous for well known and great gnostics such as Emad Al - ddin Ali Faqih Kermani the gnostic poet whose name was known as a contemporeray poet with Hafez and for his literary political and mystic competions with Hafez. In this article the author tried to comment mystically the ellegy that delivered in Emad Kermani congress at 2001 in Kerman University

This article is the result of struggle to introduce Sayyed Mir Hassan Shirazi from the family of prophet (P.B. U.H) and "Valait" who guided Allama Dr. Muhammad Iqbal Lahori naming lqbal in younger age and gave him education and training and produced from him a powerfull poet in Persian literature and a mystic personality in the Islamic mysticism and handed over him the sword of light to fight against cruelty and illiteracy.

The Iranian culture is a culture with an ancient history" of knowle wisdom, tradition and cultural practices. Throughout the long history of their homeland, Iranians continuously constructed and preserved their culture. The Iranian culture, in turn, preserved the identity and life of Iran and Iranians. Every nation owes its significance and distinction over other to its culture, so the appraised Iranian culture has made Iranians distinct among all nations. Many nations world wide have imposed their culture to other nations through invasion and war. But history proves that the invaders who attacked our country, such as the Greeks and Mughals, were all impressed and affected by the Iranian culture.

The wise man Knows that there is Knowledge higher that his, and this causes him to be humble, while the ignorant one thinks that there is no limit for his Knowledge. (al-Kindi, 185-252 A.H.) Explaining the reality of Knowledge and the way to access to the most truth is among the interesting issues, to which the philosophers, since the very begining of philosophy, have paid attention, and feel themselves compelled to discuss this issue. Yet, it is among the unsolved philosophical enigmas. In the Islamic philosophy, this problem is approached from the angle of the relation between perception and perceived thing on the one hand, and the relation between the perception and perceiving thing on the other. Taking the definition of Knowledge as the illustration of the realiy of object or the presence of the quiddity of object in perciving one, this issue has always faced the well-known problem of association between substance and accident. This cause many theories to appear: 1) the theory of quality of correlated essence;2) the theory of image; 3) the theory, in which quiddity is employed to provide various explications. In the present article,after discussing the development of the doctrines of Muslim philosophers, the author will go on to analyze each one of these theories, and will explain their persumptions, the factors which are of influence in their development, the objection adduced against them in terms of standards such as consistency, independence, and completeness, and their resistance against the skeptic attacks.

In the umavid"s era there were two kinds of active centers scientific and literary 1. Centers that were established before the emergence of Islam by some of the ethnic Greesks, Iranians and syrics, in Egypt, Iran and cities like Nasibein and Raha, mostly dealt with rational and medical sciences. These centers were active for a long time without being dependent on Islamic caliphate reigns and could continue their scientific and research works. 2. Centers that were flourished by the efforts of the moslem nations, turned into great Islamic science and civilization centers. In these places, rather than Hadith other Islamic and Quranic sciences including (readings and interpretations) were mostly practised, while the other branches of sceinces did not have a place at that time.

Faramarz - nameh is a collection of verses in praise of the chivalry of faramarz, the son of Rustam in India, put to verses in 7600 couplets and printed in Bombay in 1324 A.H/A.D.1906. Dr. Jalal Khaleqi Mutlaq in the second part to his "Epic Studies" has undertaken to analyze the contents of this collection and in addition, with reference to verse directly quoted from the Faramarz - nameh has attempted to determine the author and the period in which it was put to verse. The present study is a continuation of Dr.Khaleqi" s discussions. This researcher has attempted to prove that the author of the Faramarz - nameh, Rafi al-Din Marzban - i Farsi was one of the poets of the 12(TH) century who belonged to the Fars province. The Faramarz- nameh was approximately put in to verse in the westem province of Iran approxmately around the year 555 A.H./A.D.1160.

Rumi in one of the greatest men of literature and a famous islamic knower in the seventh century. His Mathnavi is a great ocean of high human knowledge. which contains some of the islamic kinds of knowledge. The idea of decree and destiny is an arguable debate of the islamic theology with in many couplets of his six part Mathnavi. The purpose of this essay is the examination of this poets viewpoint about the mentioned theological debate. The essay consist of an introduction about the history of the subject. the defintion of decree and destiny in Mathnavi; and finally Rumis answer to the doubts stemed from belief in decree and destiny will be examined.

One of the diffierent kinds of human arts is the ideal manifestation of putting the words into vese. This ancient art is a divine blessing and beyound every one"s capacity. Since long time ago, the poets were the best and the only propagandistic way of people, groups, rulers, and merchants to express the claimants" opinions according to their requests ill the form of the words. Some of them wanted to lampoon the people or to rejuvenize their days of youth and some others requested to be praised. The poets as the propagatory tools acted in two different ways. Some of them composed the good and suitable poems such as Farazdagh, Deable, Komait, Sadi Hafez and so on, the others play their roles in accordact to others", will and to their personal situations. They also put their words into verse in a business manner. Islam distinguishes the divine poets from the others. In this research we have tried to express the poem, the History and their different kinds and rules according to the present capability of research.

Human being has always wanted to know where he has come from and where he is heading to since he came to know himself. The idea of passing through this world like the changing of days and nights or seasons has cast a dark shadow on his heart and soul. This has left him neither a way to stay nor a way to escape. To gnostic poets, the eternal life means human perfection and development from soil to the heavens. This is why Sanaei and later on Mawlavi has got lovingly engaged in describing the eternal resting place considering the day of resurrection as the devine meeting, the heaven as the time of joinig the sweetheart, and the hell as the departure from Him.

Considering the obligatory co-reference of the null subject of complement clause with the matrix direct object in sentences like (1) below, the sentence seems to involve object control structure within Government and Binding theory (Chomsky, 1981). Leila MaryamI ra va da r kard (ke) [el dars bexa nad]. Based on the Vacuous Movement Hypothesis, I show that Hashemipour"s analysis about the syntactic nature of the null subject (of complement clause) in such sentences is problematic, as. the null subject is not a wh-trace. Since the null subject is obligatorily dependent on an antecedent in the main clause and since we cannot replace it with an NP or pronoun, I claim that the null subject is a "PRO". Adopting the VP Internal Subject Hypothesis (Koopman & Sportiche, 1998), and following Radford"s Proposal regarding the subject Position, I claim that "PRO" in the related sentences is in the Spec-VP of the complement clause. Following Karimi (1989) and Darzi (1996), I suppose that Persian verbs typically govern their internal arguments to the right, as far as the direction of writing is concerned so that they cannot govern the position of Spec-VP on the left. On the other hand, the Spec-VP cannot be governed by finite Infl of the complement clause. Following Hashemipour (1989) I suppose that, in Persian, Infl is on the right of the VP. As the directionality of government in Persian phrasal categories is to the right, finite Infl of the complement clause cannot govern into the embedded Spec-VP position. It means that "PRO" in the Spec-VP is ungoverned. Since "PRO" needs no case, it doesn"t have to move to the Spec-IP of complement clause (which is in the government domain of the embedded Infl). Therefore, PRO Theorem is not violated in Persian.

Rural development as development target and or a strategy for achievement to it is, emphasis in many countries, particular in developing countries. The planning has a role very importance in rural development. In addition to this, the rural development planning has several stages such as; plan preparation, implementation, plan monitoring and evaluation. Therefore to use of an obvious methodology is necessary in process of rural development planning. There are many methodologies on rural development. But the methodology of rural development planning of a country must be framed in the context of its political and social systems. Therefore it is unrealistic to conceive a general or ideal methodology application for all countries.

The use of computer"s capabilities in the archaeological research is a recent trend around the world. So far a few softwares have been designed for archaeological investigaiton, especially the particular software as database which functions to make data collecting, sorting and processing of excavated materiaLs so easy with a higher precision It is obvious that such a trend is in its infancy in Iran, and the computerising archaeology and archaeological research needs further development. However. this research may open up the way for the further consideration.

For understanding of the works of each poet or writer, perception of his / her thought back ground id nscessary . In this article the writer tries to consider the reflctions of Esmaeilieh Thoughts in the works of Ansser Khosro briefly and to present a brief explanation over it in a way useful for those interested in it. The main target of the writer in this research is to find a way for better preception of the thoughts of this Esmaeili relgion poet and probably to make it easy for others.

Glottal articulation occurs, in the Larynx, by the juxtaposition of the vocal cords. Glottal stop is used in Persian before initial vowels, as in [?ABAD].Up to now, many articles have been written about the glottal stop in Persian, but still many questions remain to be addressed about this segment. Some authors do not regared the glottal stop as a phoneme in Persian, but it is also used as a phoneme in some contexts. In this article, it has been shown that there are two kinds of glottal stop in Persian, according to the distribution of glottal stop and compematory lengthening. One of them is an underlyng phoneme and the other one is the result of the process of insertion. The former has a complete distribution in the onset and the coda of a syllable, but the latter is just found in the onset at the beginning of a word. If the underlying glottal stop is deleted in the coda, this deletion causes compensatory lengthening. The underlying glottal stop is suggested to have a slot in the skeletal tier, but other one does not have this slot in the skeletal tier.

There are a lot of books and essays which are written on Persian literature, values and beauties. Here, in this essay we are going to say that this literature has a constant foundation and some powerful founder. We know that Baihaghi, Nasir khusraw and Balami were the best writher or dabir in their period and they are our literature founders so, our literature has a constant foundation. The second problem is our prose structure in this period. For example Nasir do not say من صحرائی عظیم دیدم He says من صحرائی دیدم عظیم Now our question is, why we do not say as Nasir has told.

Imam Ali (A.S) is a figure who is not limited to any certain group, ideology, or faith, ever since the advent of the religion of Islam, very great people with diverse predilections and interests have found themselves deeply anchanted with his supreme character, hence they tried their hands at describing him according to their talents, inclinations, and temperament. The present article concerns the degree of his presence in contemporary Arabic poetry. To this end, several qasidas and divans of poetry were studied; samples of various poems composed with regard to Imam Ali (A.S) are brought in here under various headings. They encompass almost a greater facets of his life. According to the author, Imam Ali (A.S) was not regarded unjustly, rather most aspects of his life and matchless attributes have caught the attention of poets. Many a poet, Shiite, Sunite, Christian made use of their talents by giving a mention of the virtues of Imam Ali (A.S) in their works.

Over much of Qazvin Plain denudation has distributed or destroyed Neolithic land surfaces and shallow subsoil contexts. Cultural material, containing domestic debris occasionally come to light by chance, either through the excavation of late-period sites or through natural and human activities. But once the artifacts from these contexts become exposed to natural weathering agencies, those composed of organic and ceramic materials. Frequently disintegrate, however lithic artifacts are more resilient and are easily recognizable on the surface of distributed ground. Clearly controlled surface survey is the most promising field survey method for retrieving traces of domestic and other activities of Neolithic Period from areas of disturbance. The aim of this short preliminary paper is to discuss the potential and limitation of this form of field survey as a method for locating and definnig Neolithic settlement sites.

Ammar was a fiery spirit in Alavi body (Hazrat Ali Follower) who had an honourable position among truth belivers, respectfulmen and Muslems. The aim of this research is to study the literary homilies and beautiful poetries of Ammar Yasser that have been remained from him. These poetries are few but original, simple and unornament. The concept of all poetries. is to protect the Alavi"s velayat (the government of Hazrat Ali A.S. the son - in - law of prophet) and Mohammadans, but they have good and strong structure. The poetry and homilies of Ammar Yasser have not been considered from literary point of view by the literary crities because of fewness and simplicity.

The study of climate, as an important water and soil controlling factor, is" significant. However, climate plays an important role in plant distribution. For this, meteorological information are important for agricultrual decision making. Agricultural especialists in short and long terms, need atmospheric information in making decisions. Climatic elements effect on soyabeans crop from seeding cultivation to harvesting is important. Soyabeans cultivation in spring farm begins on last May, but in summer farm after wheat harvesting. Hill and Sahar are two important varieties in the area study. Soyabeans harvesting, depending on early and late harvest varieties, begins on middle of October. The statistical data analysis on soyabeans harvesting during 15 years and water crop requirements showed that there is correlation between crop yield and water crop requirements. Also, deeply soil clay and sand humus have provided cultivation condition in regional plain.

The territories of Eastern part of Islamic caliphate was faced with great difficulties around the era of Mogol invasion: The absence of centeral reliable power, the multiplicity of power and conflict to gain more power oppression of the rulers upon people, sultan Mohammad"s appetite for more power, the AnNase intention to restore the lost paramount of Abbassid caliphate. The tension between the caliph and the sultan The seditions of Ismailite sect, Sufi"s superstition, the religious biases and bitter debate between various sects, the ever - increasing taxes and tributes, the occurance of natural catastrophes such as famine and eatrhquake, all and all terminated to a critical condition and finally the rise of a fresh and powerful rule of Chengis Khan in the desert of Mongolia led to a great change in Islamic world, specially in the Eastern Islamic territories.

Chronology is a science of time measurment in terms of dates, days, months and years. Chronology has a historical background of well over ten thousand years. It involves the most important problem of fixing the commencing date of a calendar .In order to estimate periods of time, it is necessary to determine starting date of the successive turns of the year. Next in importance is to apply units of time-pe1iods for scientific measurment of actual passage of time in relation to the starting date of a calendar. For the purpose of fixing the commencement date a majoer historical event is taken into consideration. The Christian or A.D. Calendar begins from the date of birth of Jesus Christ (May Gods peace be upon him). The Islamic Hijri Calendar starts from the date of migration of the Holy Prophet Muhammad (May Allah"s Peace and Benediction be upon him) from Makkah to Madina. The Islamic Calendar is named Hijri Calendar, which had its Solar (or Iranian) and Lunar versions. LAt present, Iranian, Islamic and Christian Calendars are available for obtaining whatever dates, days, months and years one may require from the calendars. 71le writer of this article presents conversion tables prepared according to the relevant roles and formulas of Chronology based on the successive turns of the year and its months. The tables make it possible to obtain corresponding dates or days among the Hijri (Solar), and A.D. Calendars over a period of J 69 years in the case of A.D. Calendar and 338 years for A.H. (Solar) Calendar.

The inhabitants of the costal region along the Percian, Gulf have learned through experience that how to collect the valuable flood water in a traditional way and live in this way for ages. In this paper, first, the age old Eco - system of collecting flood water and it"s parts has been defined, and then the contemporary problems that abused the system are identified. The information and data collected from field surrey have been analyses and finally various guidelined regarding revitalization of the traditional system and its parts are reported. This would help to avoid last of thousand cubic meters of water (for drinking and vegetable) and at the same time reduces flood hazard problems which is due to altering of old system while implanting development plans. Detail area plan of Bandar kong, with respect to eco systems also as an exmple for future development has been given.

"Love" and "Wisdom" have always been two powerful and opposing- kings in the reign of Iranian literature and the mystical poetry as well. To surrender to one of these kings means to refuse to comply the other. Then in the canon of love. where the possessed lover knows the learned and wise scholars as the tutees of love. we come across a couple of verses in Sanayi"s The orchard: Two birds for two ends have been chosen The wise parrot and the lover bittern (The orchard; page 329) Considering these words, one can say Sanayi singes out parrot for wisdom, and bittern for love. Aims to distinguish the characterisitics of the Parrot, as the knowing journeyer to the reign of wisdom in comparison to the self - sacrificing bittern has been the very inducement to gather thise collection. According to Attar"s Conference of Birds those characteristics of parrot and bittern are mentioned, and when compared. revealed to be compatible with the idiosyncrasies and ideas of the mystics. Parrot, the sweet- singing bird in green, being as 1- devoted to sensual pleasure 2- word copier 3- glorious 4- searching for life- potion 5- willing to reign 6- rejecting passion and presumption. is not capable to be accepted in the school of love. but just the selected of wisdom. Bittern, on the turn, being 1. Voiceless 2. tame 3. fond of solitude 4.impoverished 5. downcast 6. diseased 7. barmy 8. zealous (and believing in the love of truth) 9. self - denial 10. self - sacrifice is liable to be chosen as the bird of love in Sanayi"s The Orchard Now that you"ve become the very bird of truth you"ll not abide, on one, but the Truth (Conference of Birds: page 99)

Hydrology of snow plays important role in arid countries like Iran In this paper, distribution of torrent, inundation , avalanche are the subjects that have been carefully examined. Warm weather in spring creates avalanches, therefore, it is of vital importance to divise scientific methods to prevent destruction of nature from avalanche and torrent Planing , artificial forest, using wire screens , artificial avalanche explosion by canon would reduce the real danger of avalanche. (In figure 2 appropriate methods in slopes have been drawn). Snow density in the cilies and roads cause essential problems and the mecessary equipment is needed to reduce the risks.

About the history of eastern Iran from Achamaenian till the death of Alexander very little information has been recorded by the ancient writers, even the Cyrus were killed by the northern tribes, but always eastern Iran were a secure place for the Persian, when there were invaded by the Forigners. Achamaenian recieved many gift from eastern Iran even in the form of tax, And, in thier records mentioned a huge amount of tax in the form of gold dust were recieved by them. Taxila were last satraps of them and were a terminal between east and west in Achamaenian period. Assist of Indian in the Darius III war with Alexander were mentioned by the ancient chronicles, and last aim of Alexander were taken rule over there, by the death of Alexander in Babolynia his trying for making a united world under his authority were undo. In this article we are investigating the political situation in the achamaenian period in the eastern Iran till the death of Alexander and trying to gave more light to the dark age in this region.

Iranians residing in Central-Asia, consist of various tribes, whose lifestyles and the geographical location of their societies, has facilitated Silk-Road trades with the Fareastern world. Thus, since the era of the Arsacid - Parthian dynasty, as well as the Sasanian age, Central Asiatics, have been motivated to become exposed to the Buddhist faith, to the extent that, many amongst them, became converts and propagators of Buddhism in Sinicized Asia, via teachings and translations as far as Southeast Asia and China. Indeed, despite its South Asian origins, and orientation, Buddhism was introduced in the Fareast, via dedicated efforts of Iranian converts since the second century AD. Notably in its, Mahayanistic context", which had underwent Iranic metamorphosis via Zoroastrian - derived concepts, which became a turning point in growth of Buddhism in the Fareast zone of China and Souteastern Asia.

Music is the best and the oldest matter world among all the arts of the world and used by people all over for along time. People"s voices gives human "s satis faction. music is one of the human secses in all even children. In all divine religions or indivine religions have approved this as a human sese and if we see every nation there is a religious song among the most of the sound comes in the form of pyayer and expressing feelings towards: the metaphysic force and knowingly to all needs and to undertake them.

Many researchers and historians believe that the city of "Zarang", which was the headquarter of Sistan since Sassanids era and remained the same until the devastating attack of Timurids in 780 H. , is the same city of "Shahr - e - Sistan". Contrary to this, the authors suggest that when "Zarang" lost its political role in the late 4th century of Hijrat (l0th A.D), "Shahre - e - Sistan" city became the new capital so called "Dar - al hokumeh" of Sistan and remained as capital till the early 9th century of Hijrat (l5th A.D). In this article, the authors try to prove the accuracy of the change of the capital from "Zarang" to "Shahr - e - Sistan" as an important historical event by reffering to different valid historical resources.

Technological aspects of ancient metallurgy within overall study of the Iranian Prehistoric cultures are very important. In this article after a brief outline of the first appearance of metal using in the Iranian plateau, the history and general trend of metallurgy in the North Central Iran are studied in detail. In the last section, on the basis of the new excavated data from the Sagzabad excavation seasons of 1997-1999, technological aspects of metallurgy has been analysed by using laboratory techniques such as mineralogy during Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages (ca. 2100-800 B. C.).

The neglect of fathers" duties and the diminishment of their training role, particularly in the present era, have had adverse effects on, and consequences for the children personality, the family ambience and the society atmosphere. the present articles deals with the special position and role of father in training children, from the Islamic perspective. In Islam the father"s duties have been explained in extensive detail and distinctly as regards various stages of life within the framework of a training system, which duties can be classified and categorized distinctly. In this treatise, the significance of the training role of father and the implementation grounds of training duties of father in prior to marriage and prior to the child birth periods, including the educational, social, religious, and canonical training, as well as the requirements for discharging these duties in the best manner possible, from the Islamic perspective are separately discussed

Nautical strategy specifies the nautical policy. Paying attention to sea and its affairs and their progress has a basic and stable role in regional development. Governments have always tried to gain access to sea, somehow. Because of lacking noutical strategy and having land policy the Islamic Republic. of Iran still dose not care about nautical teritory, islands and ports. The consequences of this ignorance are evident in islands and ports. Even in preparing teritory readiness plan this lookout has not been changed. The reasons of this being inattentive about nautical matters has been tried to specify in this analysis and to present the practical ways of modifing this viewpoint as well.

The present study tries to analyse plan and planning of Iran from its inception of view: theoretical method, goals, strategies, organization and function through the application of a descriptive - analytical methodology. Seven plans until now have already been implemented in Iran. The first and the two seven - years plans have been prepared with centralized organization and non - comprehensive pattern. These plans lacked quantitative growth and were prepared only according to a complex instructional projects and resources allotment tables. The third, fourth and fifth 5 years - plans of the past achieved and annual growth of 8.5, 13.1 and 16.3 precents in G.N. P. Thus, all the plans befor and after revolution were depending on oil incomes.