Bioethics Journal
Year:2024 | Volume:14 | Issue:39|Papers Count:40

Background and Aim: Given the growing elderly population in countries, the importance of the health of this segment of society, and the significant impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on older adults, the present study was conducted to examine the relationship between a health-oriented lifestyle and the social stigma of aging with the level of fear of COVID-19 among retired employees of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. Methods: The research method is descriptive-explanatory of the survey type, and in terms of purpose, it is applied. The statistical population of the present study includes all retired employees of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences (approximately 9,742 individuals). Using Cochran's formula, a sample size of 410 individuals was selected. A simple random sampling method was employed in this study. The data collection tools included three questionnaires: the Health-Oriented Lifestyle Questionnaire by Walker and colleagues, the Coronavirus Social Stigma Questionnaire and the Fear of COVID-19 Questionnaire by Ahorsu and colleagues. SPSS version 22 software was used to test the research hypotheses. Ethical Considerations: The ethical principles have been observed in this study, and there is no potential harm to the participants. Results: The bivariate findings of the study indicated that there is a significant relationship between the social stigma of aging and its dimensions (stereotypical perceptions, negative emotions, and avoidant behaviors), as well as a health-oriented lifestyle and its dimensions (adherence to medical advice, physical activity, awareness of physical condition, healthy nutrition, mental health, alcohol and tobacco consumption, self-care, proper nutrition, and sleep habits) with the level of fear of COVID-19 among retirees. The direction of this relationship is positive for the social stigma of aging and negative for the health-oriented lifestyle. The regression model results for fear of COVID-19 also revealed that both independent variables (health-oriented lifestyle and social stigma of aging) were statistically significant in the model and together explained approximately 17% of the variance in the dependent variable (fear of COVID-19 among retirees), with the relative impact of the health-oriented lifestyle being greater than that of the social stigma of aging. Conclusion: This study demonstrates a significant relationship between a health-oriented lifestyle and the social stigma of aging with the level of fear of COVID-19 among retirees of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. The findings of this research can be generalized to the entire population of retired university staff. Accordingly, it is essential to implement planning and necessary measures to promote a health-oriented lifestyle and reduce the social stigma of aging. Such efforts can help reduce fear during the outbreak of diseases like COVID-19- a fear that itself serves as a contributing factor to various physical and mental illnesses- and should therefore be considered by health system policymakers.

Background and Aim: Occupational safety and health hold significant importance in human resource management, particularly within the workplace. In an era marked by globalization and modernization, safety and security are essential for the efficient operation of any business. They function as dynamic and endogenous components within the work environment, ultimately contributing to increased profitability for employers. Beyond material gain, the teachings of Islam approach occupational safety and health from a distinct perspective. A thorough examination of Islamic sources reveals cognitive foundations and principles that underscore safety and health in the workplace. Accordingly, this article seeks to explore the strategies embedded within Islamic teachings for fostering occupational safety. Methods: This research is theoretical. The methodology employed is descriptive-analytical, and data collection has been conducted through library research. By consulting documents, books, and scholarly articles, the study examines the mechanisms of religious teachings in promoting occupational safety and health as one of the key issues in human resource management. Ethical Considerations: In this article, the authenticity of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness have been observed. Results: The findings of the research show that the teachings of Islam, with a moral and transcendental view, have provided cognitive foundations such as human dignity, the hereafter, justice-oriented, the right to life, brotherhood and mercy and kindness for occupational safety, which requires the employer's attention to safety and It exposes the job security of the employees. Conclusion: Among the solutions of Islamic teachings in creating occupational safety are: manageable workload, prevention of possible risks, educational programs for awareness of safety and health, compliance with government regulations, evaluation and cooperation of workers.

Background and Aim: One of the topics emphasized in contemporary medical professional ethics is the crucial issue of chastity. A physician’s chastity is not only highlighted as a moral virtue and religious duty in ethical and religious texts but also receives serious attention in historical and ancient medical literature. In addition to these texts, a strong emphasis on this matter can be observed in numerous religious and doctrinal sources, particularly in hadith and jurisprudential references, to the extent that it can be regarded as a historical subject within these texts. Methods: This study employs a descriptive-analytical method using library resources. Ethical Considerations: This research adheres to ethical principles, including maintaining textual authenticity, honesty, and fidelity. Results: In response to the question of whether a physician’s chastity is merely a personal ethical obligation or virtue or if it transcends this and constitutes a patient’s right, this study reinforces the latter assumption. Identifying the ancient medical history of this issue and its alignment with religious doctrines reveals that virtue ethics preceded contemporary professional ethics, thereby contributing to cultural enrichment. Moreover, this connection links modern ethical advancements to past traditions on the subject. Conclusion: The issue of chastity in ancient medical texts, regardless of religious perspectives, has always been a matter of attention. Therefore, from a historical standpoint, it is deeply and consistently intertwined with the professional ethics of this branch of science. This finding links the current ethics-based structure to the distant past, as if what is emphasized today under the concept of chastity as a patient’s right had already been reflected earlier.

Background and Aim: Background and Aim: The stability of marital interactions and the dynamics of couples' relationships significantly influence mental health and the durability of their partnerships. This study aimed to investigate the mediating role of mindfulness in marital relationships and sensitivity to rejection in the association between differentiation of self and the stability of marital interactions. Methods: This study employed a descriptive-correlational design within the framework of structural equation modeling. The statistical population consisted of married individuals residing in Tehran, and a total of 867 participants were selected through convenience sampling. The study utilized the Marital Interaction Stability Questionnaire (1991), Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire (RSQ) (1996), and Differentiation of Self-Inventory–Short Form (DSI-SH) (2011). Data analysis was conducted using descriptive indicators and model fit assessments via SPSS 21 and AMOS 24 software. Ethical Considerations: The study adhered to ethical principles, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of participant information. Furthermore, no potential harm or risk was posed to the participants during the research process. Results: Findings showed that Differentiation of self and sensitivity to rejection have a negative relationship with the stability of marital interactions (0.24 and -0.26 respectively). While mindfulness in the marital relationship has a positive relationship with the stability of marital interactions (0.72, P<0.01); Also, the findings showed that mindfulness in marital relationship and sensitivity to rejection play a mediating role in the relationship between Differentiation of self and stability of marital interactions (P<0.01). Conclusion: Individuals with higher levels of differentiation of self exhibit lower sensitivity to perceived rejection. This reduced sensitivity to rejection, in turn, contributes to more stable marital interactions. The negative relationship between differentiation of self and sensitivity to rejection, along with the negative relationship between sensitivity to rejection and marital stability, indicates that the effect of differentiation of self on marital stability is, at least partially, mediated through its influence on sensitivity to rejection.

Background and Aim: The third-party appeal in criminal cases has consistently been a subject of debate and dispute among judicial authorities from various perspectives. The lack of a general rule and ambiguity in the current provisions of criminal laws are among the root causes of these judicial disagreements. Recently, the Supreme Court’s General Board provided a partial resolution to these issues through Directive No. 818, addressing and clarifying certain aspects of these disputes. However, challenges and differing views persist regarding the function and scope of the said directive, given the varied contexts of third-party appeals in criminal cases. In Iran’s legal system, the right to third-party appeals in criminal matters has not yet been fully recognized as a general rule, as it is in civil matters. Based on this premise, the present study aims to clarify the necessity of recognizing and applying this right within the judicial system by examining its ethical and legal foundations. Methods: This research was conducted using a descriptive-analytical method, relying on library resources for data collection. Ethical Considerations: Ethical principles, particularly honesty, authenticity, and trustworthiness in referencing sources, have been observed in this research. Results: Third-party appeals in criminal cases hold a special place in the legal system as a legal tool for protecting the rights of third parties and upholding the principle of the relativity of judicial rulings. From an ethical perspective, this right is supported by the principles of beneficence, non-maleficence, and the establishment of social justice, particularly to prevent unjust harm. Conclusion: Although the rules of civil procedure, certain criminal laws, and the unifying directive establish conditions for exercising the right to third-party appeals within the realm of criminal law, there is still a need for legal reform aimed at recognizing the right to third-party appeals in criminal cases based on ethical and legal principles.

Background and Aim: Islamophobia or anti-Islamism refers to fear, hatred or discrimination against the religion of Islam or Muslims in general. Especially when it is perceived as a geopolitical force or a source of terrorism. The debate about the meaning of this word is still discussed and some consider it problematic. Many scholars consider Islamophobia to be a form of xenophobia or racism, although the legitimacy of this definition is disputed. Some scholars consider Islamophobia and racism to be partially overlapping phenomena, while others dispute this relationship primarily because religion is not a race. The causes and characteristics of Islamophobia are also discussed. Therefore, the questions that we seek to answer in this article are whether or not Islamophobia can be included under the category of hate crimes and how this issue is viewed in the United States, which is the main breeding ground for Islamophobia. Methods: The research method of the present study is descriptive-analytical and the method of collecting information is library studies. Ethical Considerations: This article adheres to ethical principles, honesty, respect for rights, confidentiality, and the principle of material and intellectual ownership. Results: The findings of this research, which was carried out by the descriptive-analytical method and by collecting information from library sources, indicate that the primary objectives of Islamophobia include creating an enemy, preventing the spread of Islam, countering the Islamic Revolution of Iran, and maintaining military presence in the region. Various tools such as the media, extremist groups, influential politicians, sanctions against Islamic countries, and public diplomacy have been employed to achieve these goals. The consequences of Islamophobia have been severe both within the United States and beyond, leading to acts such as murder and massacres, security-police confrontations, insults to sacred beliefs, and the plundering of resources from Islamic countries. The results of this study suggest that Islamophobia holds significant importance as an ideology in the U.S. and is systematically implemented to promote hatred and discrimination within the country. Conclusion: The presented findings show that race is a symbolic form of Islamophobia. According to the symbolic forms of Islamophobia, they are disseminated, produced and constructed through events of anti-Muslim discrimination. The incidents reviewed in this article show that Islamophobia is not in the realm of "rational" criticism of Islam or Muslims. This is often discrimination against people who look different to the majority of US citizens. The manifestation of Islamophobia in the United States also often conflates racial and religious prejudice, largely because the stereotyped Muslim is constructed as a sinister figure: the bearded, dark-skinned, turban-wearing terrorist perceived by ancient religious practices. The production of Muslims as "visible archetypes" perpetuates the negatively assessed meanings about Islam and Muslims in the United States.

Background and Aim: The Holy Quran has emphasized a lot on ethics and the issue of paying attention to ethics in political decision-making is a very important issue in the political governance of Islam. In such a way that the ultimate goal in politics and governance is to achieve the happiness of the Islamic Ummah, not to achieve domination and power. At the beginning of the Umayyad rule, the grab of power to secure personal and tribal interests became the goal of the rulers' actions and Mu'awiya's actions based on the absence of a two-way relationship between politics and ethics became the model of the caliphs after him. In this way, Umayyad politics under the leadership of Mu'awiyah was a separation between the two categories of politics and ethics. The problem of the present research is to investigate the performance of Muawiyah in relation to the separation of ethics and politics and to analyze the examples of violations of ethics in his policies as the founder of the Umayyad government in the history of Islam. In this regard, we will have a look at the theory of Malik Ben Nabi in the political ethics of the Umayyad era in order to clarify how Muawiya's behavior in the field of action and opinion led to the decline of Islamic governance and was able to regress political ethics in Islamic governance. Methods: This research is a review, descriptive and analytical study and its data has been provided by collecting research slips from library sources. Ethical Considerations: The principles of honesty and trustworthiness have been observed in the entire research process. Results: During the Umayyad dynasty period, especially the period of Muawiya's rule, due to the priority of power over happiness, a constructive relationship between ethics and politics was not established; Rather, in order to gain power, methods contrary to the approach of ethics and politics were adopted. Conclusion: Muawiya and the Umayyad government in general in the field of Islamic civilization by using anti-ethical methods such as Creating terror, poisoning and terror, lying, falsifying hadith and cultural activities and reproduction of Jahili ideas, caused a negative and inconsistent relationship between ethics and politics in the field of governance.

Background and Aim: New methods in the treatment of incurable diseases such as cancer, thalassemia, Parkinson’s disease, and growth hormone production indicate the extent of opportunities created for utilizing biotechnology. However, biotechnology has also faced challenges such as civil liability and compensation for damages. Accordingly, the present article aims to examine civil liability arising from biotechnology-related damages from the perspective of bioethical principles. Methods: This article has been conducted using a descriptive-analytical method and based on library sources. Ethical Considerations: In all stages of writing the present research, the originality of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness have been observed. Results: Based on fundamental principles of bioethics, such as the principle of non-maleficence and the principle of beneficence, biotechnology must both avoid causing harm and provide benefits. In cases where harm arises from biotechnology, compensation for damages is necessary. However, in Iranian law, the liability system is based on fault, and a major issue in compensating the injured party within such a system lies in the difficulty of proving fault by the victim, which consequently leads to uncompensated damages. Therefore, it seems that the strict liability theory is more effective in this regard. Conclusion: The Civil Liability Law does not meet the needs of today's society, and it is necessary for the legislator's approach to civil liability arising from damages caused by biotechnology to shift toward strict liability, based on bioethical principles.

Background and Aim: With the spread of unethical behaviors and events, the adoption of humble leadership by managers can play an important role in the effective management of organizations and reducing unethical behaviors. Therefore, the current research was conducted with the aim of providing a model of humble leadership for managers. Methods: This research was conducted in terms of practical purpose, with a qualitative approach and using the seven-step hybrid method of Sandelovski and Baros (2007). The statistical population studied included all Persian and English studies published in the field of humble leadership for managers between 2000 and 2023. In this regard, key words related to the purpose of the research were searched and the articles and documents obtained using the purposeful sampling method, finally 50 articles that met the inclusion criteria, using the three-stage coding method (open, central, selective) were analyzed through Maxqda 2020 software. The reliability of the codings was confirmed using the Kappa coefficient of agreement with a value of 0.92 and to check the validity of the research, the findings were provided to 4 qualitative research experts. Ethical Considerations: Throughout all stages of the present research, ethical aspects including the originality of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness have been observed. Results: Based on the results of data analysis, 90 open codes were identified, which were categorized into 20 concepts and 4 categories. Conclusion: According to the studies, it can be concluded that the existence of humble leadership by managers can lead to the growth and effectiveness of the manager, his followers and the organization.

Background and Aim: With the outbreak of the coronavirus, Iran's educational system, like many other countries, faced numerous challenges and opportunities. This article studies the sociological dimensions of the Corona ecosystem and its appropriate and inappropriate functions in Iran's education system. Methods: The research was conducted using a sequential mixed method. The statistical population included senior, middle and school-level managers, teachers, Farhangian University students and school students, with a sample size of 1229 determined using the Krejcie and Morgan table. The sampling method was a combination of cluster random sampling and disproportionate quota sampling. Data collection tools included participatory observation and lived experiences, as well as two researcher-made questionnaires: the first with 85 questions for managers and teachers and 65 questions for students, primarily using the Likert scale. The validity of the questionnaires was assessed through pre-test, face and content validity and reliability was measured by judge agreement. The research findings were analyzed through SPSS software and with descriptive and inferential statistics methods and T test, analysis of variance, Tuky LSD, ATA x2 test, Phi Grammar and Spearman correlation coefficient, TB and TC Kendall and Kruskal Wallis H test. Ethical Considerations: The ethical principles, especially honesty in citing texts, maintaining the originality of the article and obtaining informed consent from participants, were observed in the preparation of this article. Results: The research results indicate that the conditions of education in the Corona ecosystem can be described as a turbulent and instantaneous society, with inappropriate functions in the dimensions of education, justice and health and appropriate latent functions such as increased technological capabilities, improved communications and enhanced participation. Conclusion: The Corona ecosystem has brought significant changes to Iran's education system. These changes have created challenges in the dimensions of education, justice and health, but also provided opportunities to enhance technological capabilities, improve communications and increase participation. In the post-Corona era, to leverage these opportunities and prepare for crises, it is necessary to gradually upgrade educational technology infrastructure and develop more comprehensive programs for equitable and inclusive education.

Background and Aim: In recent decades, due to the spread of environmental risks, attention to environmental behaviors has become an important issue. Environmental behaviors are affected by various factors. In this regard, the aim of the current research is to conduct a meta-analysis on the factors affecting the environmental behavior of Iranian citizens. Methods: The research method used in the present study is a meta-analysis and the statistical population include all the research conducted on environmental behaviors in Iran from 2001-21. After going through specific steps (searching, screening, eligibility and inclusion), 18 researches were selected as the sample of study. After coding, comprehensive meta-analysis software (CMA2) was used to analyze the collected data. Ethical Considerations: Scientific trustworthiness was observed by careful reference to the conducted researches. Results: The most important variables affecting the environmental behavior of Iranian citizens are: cultural capital (0.37), environmental attitudes (0.29), environmental values (0.27), social capital (0.25), environmental awareness (0.19), environmental knowledge (0.18) and education (0.15). Conclusion: In order to promote the environmental behaviors of the citizens, it is necessary to consider the cultural and social capital, attitude, value, awareness and environmental knowledge of the citizens.

Background and Aim: Investigating the state of citizenship ethics and the factors affecting it has always been a concern of sociologists. Based on this, the aim of the current research was to predict citizenship ethics based on the role of citizenship education and family components. Methods: The present study was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of the research was all people over the age of 18 to 65 living in Tehran in 2023. The sampling method was a two-stage cluster in which 1200 people were selected according to the entry criteria and answered the standard researcher-made questionnaire that included the components of citizenship ethics, family and citizenship education, and its reliability and validity were confirmed. To analyze the data, Pearson's correlation coefficient test was used in SPSS-26 software environment. Ethical Considerations: After obtaining permission from the participants and stating the objectives for the participants, verbal consent was obtained from them and they were assured about the confidentiality of the information. Results: The results showed that there was a direct and significant relationship between family institution (β=0.728) and education institution (β=0.718) with citizenship ethics (P<0.05); And the components of education and family explain citizens' citizenship ethics well. Conclusion: The institution of family and education positively and meaningfully predict the citizenship ethics of Tehran citizens. The findings of the current research provide a basis for more and deeper educational research in the field of family education planning and improving the educational system with the aim of improving citizenship ethics.

Background and Aim: One of the main and critical issues in today's world is the issue of the environment. In this regard, one of the most important questions that must be addressed is how we ethically engage with the environment. The aim of this article is to examine the Islamic worldview, specifically the Quran, concerning nature and the environment, and subsequently to propose a behavioral model aligned with this worldview. Methods: This article has been conducted using a qualitative approach and an analytical-inferential method, utilizing a library-based research technique. Results: Based on the rulings and examples presented in the Holy Quran regarding the earth, the sky, and everything within them, a behavioral model consisting of the following six elements can be extracted: 1. Attention to justice and reform 2. Reliance on religious teachings 3. Serious preservation of the environment and nature 4. The value of work and the importance of the economy 5. Maximum production and minimal consumption 6. Education. Conclusion: It was shown that the Holy Quran, on the one hand, considers all beings and creatures of the world valuable, and on the other hand, assigns rights and moral responsibility exclusively to humans. It neither aligns with the anthropocentric theory, which values only humans while deeming other creatures worthless, nor with the cosmocentric theory, which attributes rights and moral responsibility to all beings. If humans are regarded as the noblest of creations, they are also considered responsible for all other creatures. It was demonstrated that, according to the Islamic worldview, all beings in the universe are created with purpose and wisdom, and humans are obligated to honor their sanctity. Accordingly, specific rulings have been established in this regard, including: 1. developing the earth; 2. prohibition of corruption on earth; 3. appropriate and moderate utilization of natural blessings; 4. reflection and contemplation on divine signs.

Background and Aim: If the school environment can meet students' needs, it fosters school bonding and academic hope. The present study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of moral intelligence training on students' academic hope and school bonding. Methods: The current research was semi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of this research was all the sixth grade female students of Isfahan district in the academic year of 2023-2024, and 30 of them were selected by available sampling method and randomly drawn in two experimental groups (15 people) and the control group (15 people) was divided. The moral intelligence training program was implemented on the experimental group during 11 sessions, 60 minutes long (two sessions per week); While the control group was placed on the waiting list. In order to collect information, the educational hope questionnaires of Khormai and Kamari (2016) and the link with Brown & Evans (2002) were used. Data were analyzed using multivariate covariance analysis and SPSS version 22 software. Ethical Considerations: The current research is an independent study in which ethical principles, including confidentiality and confidentiality of information, were observed and there was no possible harm to the subjects. Results: The research results showed that by controlling the effect of the pre-test, there was a significant difference between the average post-test scores of the experimental and control groups in the variables of academic hope and connection with the school (P<0.05). As a result, according to the obtained averages, it can be said that the academic hope and connection with the school of the experimental group has increased compared to the control group. Conclusion: According to the results of this research, it is suggested that the moral intelligence training program should be considered by school counselors as a useful intervention in order to increase students' academic hope and bond with school.

Background and Aim: Investigating the influencing factors and ways to improve interest in school and academic success is one of the most important and basic activities in any educational system, so the present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of teaching ethics in school interest and academic success of students. Methods: The research method was a quasi-experimental design with a pre-test and post-test along with a control group. The research population included all 10th grade female high school students in one district of Karaj in the academic year of 2023-2024, 30 of whom were randomly selected by available sampling and placed in two experimental and control groups. The tools for collecting information were questionnaires of interest in school by Bahari et al. (2021) and academic success by Salehi et al. (2013). During 8 weeks, a 90-minute session was held every week for the experimental group, but the control group did not receive any training during this period. SPSS version 22 software and multivariate covariance analysis were used in data analysis. Ethical Considerations: The consent form and assurance of confidentiality were provided to the participants. They were also informed that participation in the sessions was voluntary and that they could withdraw at any time if they wished. Results: The findings indicated a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in school interest and academic success. The mean and standard deviation of school interest in the experimental group before and after the intervention were 68.46 ± 7.03 and 60.35 ± 7.27, respectively. Similarly, the mean and standard deviation of academic success before and after the intervention were 58.40 ± 4.22 and 53.13 ± 4.54, respectively. The effect size for school interest components was as follows: participation in school activities (1.28%), commitment to school (2.26%), sense of belonging to school (7.24%), and academic success (0.233%) (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Based on the study findings, it is recommended that teachers and educational policymakers incorporate ethical education in academic programs to enhance students' school interest and academic achievement.

Background and Aim: The impact of ethics on workplace spirituality has been the focus of numerous studies. Attention to ethical and value-based concepts -particularly Islamic work ethics- plays a significant role in understanding individuals’ workplace spirituality. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to examine the effect of the organizational ethical climate on workplace spirituality, with the mediating role of Islamic work ethics and work values, among the employees of the Khorasan Razavi Regional Water Company. Methods: This study employed a correlational research design using structural equation modeling (SEM). The statistical population consisted of all 184 employees of the Khorasan Razavi Regional Water Company, out of which 125 individuals were selected as the research sample using Cochran’s formula and a random sampling method. Data were collected using four questionnaires: the Workplace Spirituality Questionnaire (Milliman et al., 2003), the Ethical Climate Perception Questionnaire (Hunt et al., 1989), the Work Values Questionnaire (Chang et al., 2013), and the Islamic Work Ethics Questionnaire (Bin Salahudin, 2016). Data analysis was conducted using Smart PLS 3 software and structural equation modeling. Ethical Considerations: The ethical considerations in the preparation of this article, including preservation of the authenticity of the text, honesty, trustworthiness, informed consent, and transparency, have been observed. Results: The research findings indicated that the perception of the ethical context has a significant effect on workplace spirituality, work values, and Islamic work ethics, with path coefficients of 0.552, 0.536, and 0.525, respectively. The mediating role of the variables Islamic work ethics and work values was also confirmed. Conclusion: Perception of the ethical context, Islamic work ethics, and work values contribute to workplace spirituality. This highlights the need for managers to place special emphasis on ethical values within the organization.

Background and Aim: Today, along with increasing life expectancy in societies, the quality of life of the elderly as a multifaceted issue has been the focus of researchers, so the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the role of resilience and sense of psychological cohesion in predicting the quality of life in elderly women. Methods: The research method was descriptive-correlation. The research population included all the elderly women covered by the Imam Khomeini (RA) Relief Committee of South Khorasan province in the fall of 2023, 120 people were selected based on the formula of Tabachnick & Fidell (2013). Data collection tools included Connor & Davidson's (2003) resilience questionnaires, Antonovsky's (1987) sense of psychological cohesion, and WHO (2000) quality of life. Data analysis was done with Pearson correlation test and multiple regressions with the help of SPSS 24 software. Ethical Considerations: In this research, the authenticity of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness were respected and the participants answered the questionnaires knowing the objectives of the research. Results: The results showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between resilience (r=0.663) and feeling of psychological cohesion (r=0.580) with the quality of life of elderly women. Also, Resilience by 43.5% and the components of feeling of psychological cohesion by 32.1% has an effect on the quality of life of elderly women. Conclusion: Based on the results, it can be said that the quality of life of elderly women can be improved by improving the level of resilience and feeling of psychological cohesion.

Background and Aim: The sense of social security is considered one of the most fundamental principles of development and social welfare, because if there is no sense of security, the country's human capital is at risk, so the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the role of social justice and social alienation in predicting social security. Methods: The research method was descriptive-correlation. The research population included all citizens aged 18 to 69 in Tehran in 2022 and 768 people were selected by stratified sampling (men and women) based on Cochran's formula. The data collection tools included social justice questionnaires by Riahi et al. (2018), social alienation by Afshani and Javaherchian (2016) and feeling of social security by Vosughi Asl et al. (2023). Data analysis was done using Pearson correlation test and multiple regressions with SPSS 24 software. Ethical Considerations: In this study, maintaining fidelity in referencing sources was emphasized and completing the questionnaires was done with the full consent of the participants and their personal information was kept confidential at all stages of the research. Results: The results showed that the correlation between social justice and social security (r=0.553) was positive and significant, but the correlation between social alienation and social security (r=0.665) was negative and significant (p<0.01) and the components of social justice explain 30.4% and the components of social alienation explain 42.8% of the variance of social security. Conclusion: The research results show that paying attention to social justice and social alienation can help to explain and develop the social security of citizens in the society.

Background and Aim: Considering its role in the formation of a normal or abnormal personality, moral development is considered one of the most important axes of human development. The present research was conducted with the aim of determining the role of heredity and environment in the formation of moral development. Methods: In this Causal-comparative research, the levels of moral development of four to six-year-old children in four groups of non-twins, identical and non-identical twins raised in a family environment were compared with orphaned children raised in an orphanage. Eligible children to participate in the research were selected based on convenience sampling method. The final sample size was 96 people with 24 people in each of the compared groups. The moral development levels of these children were measured with the help of Isenberg's moral development task. Ethical Considerations: In compiling this research, ethical aspects including preserving the originality of the texts, honesty and fidelity and satisfaction and awareness have been respected. Results: A series of analysis of variance and post hock test showed that children in orphanages had lower moral development compared to children raised in families with both twins and non-twins. No significant difference was observed between non-twin children and identical and non-identical twins. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that the environment has a more effective role in fostering moral growth. The lower level of performance of orphanage children in moral development shows the importance of paying attention to the cultivation of this characteristic in this group of children.

Background and Aim: Following the widespread and forced deportation of civilians and children from the occupied territories during the Second World War, which was generally for the purpose of annexing the territory or forced labor, important measures are provided in Article 49 of the 4th Geneva Convention, based on which the forced transfer of protected persons collectively or individually and expelling them from the occupied territories for any reason is prohibited and this transfer is considered as an illegal transfer and a major defect of the convention. Of course, the occupying government with some exceptions can evacuate all or part of the occupied area if the safety of the population or military reasons require it, but this evacuation should not lead to the relocation of protected persons outside the occupied territories. Methods: The article is of a theoretical type, the research method is the analysis of documents and legal doctrine. Data has been collected by referring to books and articles and international legal documents and laws and regulations related to the subject. Ethical Considerations: In order to organize this research, while observing the authenticity of the texts, honesty and fidelity have been observed. Results: People's security, military necessity and suitability, and compliance with the principle of distinction are among the exceptions to the ban on transferring children to other lands. The main problem in the implementation of this rule is the ambiguity in the interpretation of "public security and military necessity", which may lead to the substitution of exceptions for the aforementioned principle. The efforts of international documents to prevent the forced transfer of children in the occupied territories, including Article 8(2)(b) of the Statute of the International Criminal Court, are facing legal obstacles. Conclusion: This article follows the phenomenology and etiology of the violation of war ethics by the occupying power - with two case studies: Israel and Russia against the children of Gaza and Ukraine - and providing legal solutions to overcome the obstacles to the implementation of the discriminatory norms of the ethics of war in the process of annexing the occupied territory, is one of the important topics of the ethics of conflicts. In order to reduce the objective conflicts between military principles and moral principles, it is discussed based on the explanation of the rule of morality, the principle of dignity, the principle of justice, the principle of separation, the principle of proportionality and the principle of peace on the violence committed by the occupying power.

Background and Aim: The moral literacy of teachers is of paramount importance in the education of students, as it aids them in understanding and applying ethical values and principles, thus fostering the development of a responsible and ethically-minded generation. The aim of this study was to identify the factors affecting the moral literacy of primary school teachers from the perspective of exemplary teachers in Ardabil. Methods: The method of this research was qualitative. The statistical population included all exemplary teachers in the city of Ardabil over a three-year period (from 2019 to 2021). The total number of these teachers was 85. A purposive sampling method was used for sample selection. The sample included 27 individuals from the statistical population, selected gradually until theoretical saturation was reached. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, and thematic analysis was used to analyze the interview texts. Ethical Considerations: In compiling this research, ethical aspects, including preserving the originality of the texts, honesty, integrity, obtaining consent, and providing information, have been respected. Results: Based on the findings, the main categories of moral literacy consisted of 16 categories, which represent three groups: causal factors (such as administrative affairs, school status, future perspective, communication, knowledge acquisition, existing norms and moral insight), intervention factors (Job status, organizational structure, management and psychological contracts) and contextual factors (age, gender, marital status, education level, religion, number of children, parents' education, spouse's education, service history, field of study, occupation, participation in social gatherings, exhibitions, educational classes and the location of urban and rural service). Conclusion: The results of this study emphasize the importance of paying attention to the identified factors affecting the moral literacy of primary school teachers. They show that understanding and applying these factors can lead to an improvement in the educational and pedagogical quality in primary schools and, ultimately, reflect positively on the future of society.

Background and Aim: This study comprehensively examines the anthropological foundations of philosophy with a critical approach to children, addressing aspects such as biological and natural nature, social nature, rational nature, and other related concepts. This analysis is conducted from the perspective of Islamic philosophy and ethics, relying on the views of two renowned Muslim philosophers, Avicenna and Mulla Sadra, as well as considering the perspectives of Lipman. From the standpoint of philosophy and ethics, belief in the origin and source of humanity faces ambiguity and confusion. To implement this concept at the national level, necessary reforms in the field of anthropological foundations are required to leverage the effective measures of this program in educating the new generation. Methods: This research has been conducted using a descriptive-analytical method and by utilizing library sources. Ethical Considerations: In the writing of this article, ethical considerations, including textual authenticity and integrity, have been observed. Results: The study's findings indicate that utilizing Islamic philosophy and ethics can demonstrate the capability of the Islamic philosophical and ethical perspective in establishing an educational system based on the formation of rational and faith-based beliefs in children. Conclusion: Studies have shown that, considering the common aspects between the Philosophy for Children program and Islamic philosophy, as well as the program’s capacity to develop rational skills in children and adolescents, it is possible to implement this program in the educational system of our country by eliminating incompatible elements, replacing them with compatible ones, and consequently refining a modified and localized version, while creating the necessary cultural foundations.

Background and Aim: In today's era, when increasing health services and extensive medical measures have resulted in legal consequences, especially regarding the increase of crimes, the observance of citizen's rights and respect for the rights of accused and victims in medical crimes are among the key issues of the criminal justice system. Considering the effect of organizational culture on the performance and behavior of the police, this research investigates the role of police organizational culture in respecting the rights of accused and victims of medical crimes and emphasizes the ethical principles and the effect of the criminal procedure law on this issue. Methods: Research has been done by library and documentary method. The required information was collected from written sources, laws and legal documents, and using the qualitative analysis method, the data were analyzed to identify patterns and connections between police organizational culture and civil rights in medical crimes. Ethical Considerations: The ethical aspects of library studies have been considered in the present research. Results: The organizational culture of the police, based on common values ​​and moral beliefs, plays an effective role in protecting the rights of accused and victims of medical crimes. The principles of restorative justice and the approach of the criminal procedure law in this field indicate the necessity of constructive and humane interaction of the police with the accused and the victims. The law of criminal procedure obliges judicial officers to respect citizen's rights and maintain human dignity in all stages of proceedings, which provides a necessary platform for effective and qualitative treatment of medical crimes within the jurisdiction and interactive field of the police. Conclusion: Strengthening the organizational culture of the police by emphasizing ethical principles and under the shadow of necessary training can lead to the realization of restorative justice and protection of the rights of accused and victims in medical crimes. In addition to increasing public trust in the judicial system, this is effective in reducing social tensions and improving the quality of interactions between the police and citizens involved in medical cases. Accordingly, the most significant approaches to cultivating organizational culture include strengthening infrastructure and specialization within the police force, promoting adherence to the law, developing differentiated behavioral guidelines for medical crimes, establishing a performance evaluation system, implementing a reward and penalty system, assessing the process of fostering organizational culture, and maintaining a desirable organizational culture based on the vision of the Code of Criminal Procedure.

Background and Aim: Identifying the factors influencing students' academic quality of life is of great importance for facilitating their scientific advancement and comprehensive development, which is one of the key responsibilities of the educational system. Therefore, the present study was conducted to examine the role of the school's ethical climate and psychological coherence in students' academic quality of life. Methods: The present research method was descriptive-correlation. The statistical population of the research included all the male students of the first secondary school in district 5 of Tehran in the academic year of 2023-24 and 120 people were selected as a sample using available sampling method. The research tools included the school moral climate questionnaires of Schulte et al. (2002), psychological coherence of Antonovsky (1987) and the quality of academic life of Bourke & Smith (1989). Data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation test and multiple regressions with the help of SPSS 22 statistical software. Ethical Considerations: Verbal consent of the participants was obtained and they were assured about the confidentiality of the information. Results: The results showed that there was a direct relationship between the components of school moral atmosphere and psychological cohesion with the quality of academic life (P<0.01). Also, the components of school moral atmosphere and psychological cohesion explain 58% of the variance of the quality of academic life. Conclusion: Based on the results, in order to improve students' academic quality of life, programs can be developed to enhance the school's ethical climate and, consequently, strengthen students' psychological coherence.

Background and Aim: Concerns about the effects of Genetically Modified Products on human health and the environment have made it important to monitor the production and distribution process of these products. This research was conducted with the aim of examining the requirements and strategies for monitoring genetically modified products and its significance from the perspective of bioethical principles. Methods: The current research is theoretical in terms of type and descriptive-analytical in terms of discussion method. The research methodology is also library-based (documentary). Ethical Considerations: In this research, the aspects of ethical considerations in library study, including the authenticity of texts, honesty and trustworthiness, have been considered. Results: The monitoring of the production and distribution of genetically modified products is supported by various strategies, such as the evaluation of the toxicity level, experiments in farms, tests necessary for the release of products, labeling and tracking system of transgenic products. The strategies and requirements which are closely related to the principle of non-maleficence and the principle of respect for autonomy within the framework of bioethical principles. Conclusion: The protection of citizens' health and their environment, along with respect for individuals' rights to decision-making and choice—grounded in the core bioethical principles of non-maleficence and autonomy—has made the implementation of regulatory strategies in the production and distribution of genetically modified products a necessary measure within legal systems.

Background and Aim: Paying attention to ethics in the governance of human capital in organizations is one of the essentials of efficient management, because the influence of ethics in the individual and social aspects of human life is significant and undeniable. Today's organizations need to redesign their management approaches based on ethical grounds. Therefore, the current research was conducted with the aim of investigating and analyzing the ethical components of human capital governance with an efficient management approach. Methods: Qualitative research approach and research synthesis method were used to achieve the goal of this research. The scope of the research is all the articles (132 articles) that have been presented in specialized and scientific databases about the ethical indicators of human capital governance in recent years. The research sample consists of 25 articles, which were purposefully selected based on thematic monitoring and theoretical data saturation. The research data were collected from the qualitative analysis of the studied documents. Ethical Considerations: In the preparation of the article, ethical principles, especially trustworthiness in citing texts and maintaining the originality of the article, have been observed. Results: By analyzing the data, indicators and ethical components of human capital governance in three selected dimensions and 11 axes of individual components (including moderation, responsibility and accountability, interactivity, capacity building, criticism, work discipline); organizational components (including ethical-strategic governance, justice-oriented, organizational commitment, monitoring the ethical performance of human capital, transparency); Management components (including human capital empowerment, conflict management in human capital governance, initiative and innovation in governance, participation and exchange governance, supervision and leadership of human capital) were organized. Conclusion: Based on the findings, it can be concluded that achieving ethical governance of human resources and effective organizational management requires simultaneous attention to three key dimensions: individual, managerial, and organizational. Reform and transformation within an organization necessitate groundwork and change across all three aspects.

Background and Aim: Sports have attained a prominent position in contemporary societies, leading to a significant increase in the scope and frequency of sporting activities worldwide. However, the risks associated with various sports operations have resulted in numerous injuries and damages, necessitating their adjudication within the framework of civil liability. Accordingly, civil liability arising from sports accidents has become a pivotal issue in the domain of sports law. Among the key elements of civil liability for sports accidents is the tortious act, the identification and delineation of whose concept, scope and criteria are crucial for resolving civil liability cases effectively. Methods: The present article employs a descriptive-analytical method, utilizing library resources to examine tortious acts and the conditions for their realization as one of the essential elements of civil liability arising from sports accidents during sports operations. Ethical Considerations: This study adhered to ethical considerations, including authenticity, honesty and integrity, throughout its execution. Results: Based on legal principles and relevant laws, particularly the Civil Liability Act and Clause (c) of Article 158 of the Islamic Penal Code, a harmful act is essentially synonymous with the commission of fault or negligence. The criteria for identifying such an act include violations of regulations or customary practices within a specific sport, inconsistency of sports regulations with Islamic principles and breaches of sports-related contractual obligations. Conclusion: A wrongful act or negligence in sports incidents occurs when there is a breach of sports regulations, contractual obligations, or the established customs governing a specific sport, or when the rules of a sport fundamentally conflict with Islamic principles. Developing comprehensive laws and clear guidelines can significantly reduce legal ambiguities, prevent disputes, precisely determine liabilities and facilitate the process of compensation in sports-related incidents.

Background and Aim: Paying attention to environmental cultures and acting based on them is one of the main success indicators of human resources management. This is particularly important for education, given its wide scope and goals, as it is one of the main requirements for creating national unity. Therefore, the current research has been carried out with the aim of identifying and investigating the dimensions and ethical components of management in multicultural schools. Methods: The approach of the current research was qualitative and its method was meta-composite. The research community included all the articles published in the last decade (2013-23) in the field of ethical indicators in the management of schools in areas with subcultures, from which 25 titles were selected as samples based on thematic content monitoring. Research data were collected by qualitative analysis of the studied documents. Ethical Considerations: In writing the article, ethical aspects including preserving the authenticity of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness have been observed. Results: By analyzing the data, the ethical indicators of management in schools in areas with subcultures were classified into 4 dimensions, 13 factors, and 67 categories. These dimensions include: individual-personality components (including the attitude of cultural ethics, knowledge of cultural ethics), social components (communication skills, cultural constructivism and intercultural ethics), professional-specialist components (managing diversity in human resources, specialized professional development, professional commitment and responsibility), and leadership-managerial components (paying attention to multicultural learning, intercultural conflict management, evolution towards pluralism). Conclusion: According to the findings, it can be concluded that paying attention to personality and empowering characteristics in line with the ethical management of human resources and understanding cultural diversity and the ability to make the school atmosphere collaborative helps to create an ethical environment in multicultural schools.

Background and Aim: In order to achieve its goals, namely the education and upbringing of individuals, the educational system requires the presence of diligent, compassionate, and committed teachers with high job compatibility and mental health. Therefore, the current study was conducted with the aim of examining the role of spiritual intelligence and Islamic work ethics in predicting the job compatibility of elementary school teachers. Methods: The research method used in this study was descriptive-correlational. The research population included all male teachers in the second stage of elementary education in District One of Baharestan for the academic year 2022-2023, from whom 300 were selected through convenience sampling based on the Krejcie & Morgan (1971) table. Data collection tools included the Spiritual Intelligence Questionnaire by Farhoush et al. (2019), the Islamic Work Ethics Questionnaire by Ali (1988), and the Job Compatibility Questionnaire by Pourkabirian (2007). Data analysis was performed using SPSS 22 software, employing Pearson correlation tests and multiple regression analysis. Ethical Considerations: After explaining the objectives of the study and assuring the participants about the confidentiality of information and their oral consent, the questionnaires were distributed to the participants. Results: The results showed that the relationship between spiritual intelligence and Islamic work ethic with job compatibility is positive and significant (p<0.01) and the components of spiritual intelligence explain 39% and Islamic work ethics 22.6% of the variance of job adaptability. Conclusion: The promotion of spiritual intelligence and the institutionalization of Islamic work ethics in educational environments provide a suitable basis for improving job performance, which will ultimately lead to the job adaptation of teachers.

Background and Aim: The Qajar era is one of the most prominent periods in Iran's history, during which the presence of missionaries and travel writers reached its peak. Travel writers, driven by specific motivations based on their personal dispositions and cultural and social backgrounds, examined the natural, geographical, historical, social, political, and cultural conditions of the places they visited. The aim of the author in this study is to present the reports of travel writers regarding Iranian culture, particularly the practice of tawassul in medical matters, while also analyzing and evaluating the accounts of European travel writers in this context. Methods: The present study has been conducted using a descriptive-analytical method and based on library sources, including Dr. Wills’ Travelogue, The English amongst the Persians by Denis Wright, as well as the Quran and narrations. Ethical Considerations: In this article, the authenticity of the texts, honesty, and trustworthiness have been observed. Results: The reports of travel writers on recourse in medical and therapeutic matters show that firstly, travel writers have expressed these reports with malicious intentions. Secondly. Recourse, criticized by travel writers, is considered one of the moral virtues among Muslims of the Qajar period due to Islamic foundations. Conclusion: This study addresses the reports of travel writers who, with malicious intentions, presented negative views on Iranian and Islamic culture and tawassul in medical matters. These reports have been countered through ethical principles derived from Quranic verses. Travel writers, driven by political and cultural goals, have presented negative reports on tawassul among Iranians. However, from a natural and rational perspective, and based on Islamic principles, tawassul for achieving both material and spiritual goals is considered acceptable and legitimate. Nevertheless, some Muslims during the Qajar era resorted to using talismans and non-Islamic prayers in medical matters, which contradict Islamic and ethical principles.

Background and Aim: Professional ethics is considered one of the most important characteristics of teachers and student teachers, and examining the factors influencing it is essential. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the factors affecting the development of professional ethics among English language teaching students. Methods: The method was qualitative, and since the goal was to investigate the student teachers' perception of factors affecting professional ethics, the phenomenology method was used. The participants of this research were 18 people (10 girls and 8 boys) of these student teachers in the academic year 2018-2019, who were selected by the purposeful sampling method of the standard type (getting a high grade in the course of professional ethics) and this sampling continued until the theoretical saturation of the data was reached. The research tool was a semi-structured interview, which was done through prior appointment. The obtained data were analyzed by the Colaizzi method, and the results were evaluated using Guba and Lincoln's four criteria. Ethical Considerations: In conducting the research, the principles of ethics in research such as trustworthiness and accurate reporting of data were observed. The present study was extracted from the doctoral thesis of the first author with code 15932/32/D. Results: The findings obtained from a semi-structured interview with student teachers of English, in the form of five themes: "continuous education and self-awareness", "commitment to learning and teaching", "ethics and professional behavior", "responsibility and accountability" and "culture building and social values" were categorized. Conclusion: Based on the findings, in addition to the internship courses for English language student teachers, it is essential to focus on their continuous education and self-awareness through training workshops, holding professional commitment and ethics courses conducted by experienced language teachers, and organizing in-service training programs for students aimed at enhancing responsibility and fostering a culture of professional ethics.

Background and Aim: The virtual space is not as free and democratic as it should be, and this lack of freedom has been particularly reversed in the case of women and children. Although freedom of expression is protected under the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, in many parts of the world, women are unable to exercise this right without fear. This is due either to discriminatory practices by governments and societies or to the inability of states to enhance access to resources and support for girls and women at various levels, both of which act as significant barriers. Methods: This research adopts an analytical and descriptive approach grounded in library-based data to address the fundamental question of whether women enjoy equal rights with men in virtual spaces. In cases where such equality and safety in cyberspace are absent, the study further explores the specific forms of discrimination that are imposed upon and experienced by women. Ethical Considerations: In the preparation of this article, ethical considerations including the preservation of textual authenticity, honesty, and fidelity have been duly observed. Results: The findings of this study indicate that despite the strong potential capacities of virtual space to promote gender equality, it still follows the path of gender-based discrimination due to the persistence of male-centered gender stereotypes and the dominance of historically patriarchal ideologies in society. As a result, cyberspace has also become a site for gendered bias, and violence against women continues to exist in the form of “silent” or “covert” violence. Nevertheless, in recent years, significant support for women has been provided in developed and democratic states. Conclusion: In order to combat discrimination against women in virtual spaces, new technologies must be recognized as a specific means of empowerment within the functional domain for women. The use of information and communication technologies to advance gender equality and empower women is not only vital for women, girls, and even children, but is also increasingly essential for achieving the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

Background and Aim: Restorative justice, as an innovative approach in contemporary legal systems, emphasizes repairing harm caused to victims, ensuring offender accountability, and, on a broader scale, enhancing positive citizen interactions and strengthening civil relationships. This approach, rooted in ethical principles, provides a favorable capacity for moderating rigid legal frameworks and increasing the acceptance of law. The aim of this study is to examine the role of restorative justice development in blending and harmonizing moral and legal rules, ultimately achieving social reconstruction based on citizen responsibility Method: This research is conducted using library and documentary sources with a descriptive-analytical approach. Accordingly, data are collected from library resources, including books, scientific articles, and reports from relevant institutions, and analyzed within the framework of the research problem. Findings: The findings reveal that restorative justice institutionalizes principles such as forgiveness, empathy, trust rebuilding, and distributive justice within legal frameworks. By emphasizing human values, this approach reduces conflicts between ethical and legal norms and fosters greater interaction between these domains. Compared to retributive justice, restorative justice programs have demonstrated greater success in reducing recidivism, rehabilitating offenders, and rebuilding social relationships while also contributing to the deepening of ethical dynamics within society. Currently, the lack of comprehensive legal frameworks, trained professionals, and alignment with certain traditional legal principles pose significant challenges to the development of restorative justice. Conclusion: The expansion of restorative justice offers an opportunity to deepen the integration of ethical and legal norms in society, contributing to the realization of social justice and the humanization of legal processes while facilitating the reconstruction of social relationships. This study suggests that by developing comprehensive legal frameworks, enhancing public education, and fostering specialized skills in the principles of restorative justice, its potential can be leveraged to mitigate ethical-legal conflicts and improve the legal and social systems of the country.

Background and Aim: Improving the quality of life of students is very important for the scientific progress of the society. Also, one of the important responsibilities of the university, in addition to the academic progress of students, is to pay attention to the quality of life of students. Therefore, the present study was conducted to examine the role of moral intelligence and economic literacy in predicting the quality of life among students. Methods: The present study was descriptive-correlational. The research population included all male and female undergraduate students of Farhangian University of Qazvin province in the academic year of 2022-23, of which 269 were selected by available sampling and answered questionnaires of Moral intelligence Lennick & Kiel (2007), economic literacy Safara et al. (2021), and quality of life Ware et al. (2001). Data analysis was done with Pearson's correlation test and multiple regressions with the help of SPSS 24 software. Ethical Considerations: In this study, ethical principles including confidentiality, the anonymity of participants' information, and informed consent were observed. Results: The results indicated a direct relationship between moral intelligence (r = 0.746) and economic literacy (r = 0.604) with students' quality of life. The components of moral intelligence explained 54.3% of the variance in quality of life, while economic literacy accounted for 36% of the variance (P < 0.01). Conclusion: Based on the results, policymakers and higher education authorities should place greater emphasis on designing and enhancing educational programs focused on ethical concepts, such as moral intelligence, and financial education, including economic literacy, to facilitate improved student quality of life, economic growth, and sustainable societal development.

Background and Aim: Today, abortion occurs in successful marriages in addition to shaky married lives. According to research, many psychological factors affect the occurrence of this phenomenon. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the psychological factors leading to women's desire for abortion in successful marriages. Methods: The study was descriptive-survey with a cross-sectional method. The statistical population of pregnant women prone to induced abortion referring to the hospitals of the 1st and 3rd regions of Tehran in 2023 was 3600 people, of which 351 people were selected using the available sampling method based on Morgan's table. The instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire, whose validity was obtained by experts' opinion and confirmatory factor analysis, and its reliability was obtained by Cronbach's alpha method. Data analysis was done using Pearson's correlation coefficient test and regression in SPSS-26. Ethical Considerations: In all stages of the research, the principles of ethics in research, according to the Declaration of Helsinki (2008) were observed by the researchers. Results: The findings showed that, based on the correlation test, there was a significant correlation between psychological factors including stress and anxiety, worry about the health of oneself and the fetus, early fatigue and headache, lack of preparation and unwanted pregnancy with the desire for abortion, but between mood instability and lack of compliance with There is no significant correlation between physical changes and the desire for abortion (P<0.05). The results of the regression showed that there is a significant and acceptable multiple correlation between all psychological factors and the desire for abortion (P<0.05). Conclusion: According to the findings of the research, it is necessary to control some of the effective psychological factors during pregnancy, which provides the basis for reducing women's desire for abortion.

Background and Aim: Divorce and its related factors have been the focus of psychologists. Studies show that Object relations and personality traits may be directly or indirectly related to the divorce. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate the role of Object relations in predicting the decision to divorce with the mediating role of personality traits. Methods: The research was a descriptive-correlation type of structural equations. The statistical population was all the people who applied for divorce in 2023, who for the first time in their lives had referred to the family court of Qom to end their life together, and 350 of them were selected using the purposeful sampling method based on criteria. After the drop of sample people, 297 people remained and completed the personality questionnaires of Myers-Briggs (1962), Object relations of Bell (1995) and marital instability of Edwards et al. (1987). The data was analyzed with Pearson correlation test and the research model was tested using the statistical technique of path analysis in SPSS-26 and AMOS. Ethical Considerations: In all stages of the research, the principles of research ethics, including confidentiality and integrity, were observed by the researchers in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (2008). Results: The results indicated that the mediating role of the traits of extraversion, thinking, and judging in the relationship between object relations and the decision to divorce was confirmed; however, the mediating role of the intuitive trait was not supported. In fact, object relations indirectly influenced the decision to divorce through the three traits of extraversion, thinking, and judging. The research model demonstrated a good fit. Conclusion: According to the research findings, attention to object relations and personality types, as well as efforts to organize personality types through object relations with the aim of enhancing couples’ compatibility and promoting greater marital stability, is both important and necessary.

Background and Aim: Gambling, as one of the methods of illegal acquisition of wealth, has always been the concern of the legislator, and the strategy related to Sharia standards has played a major role in creating criminal protection against this crime. The existence of some legal flaws and ambiguities regarding dealing with gambling and betting as one of the crimes that have gained new dimensions with the emergence of tools and social media, made it necessary to amend the relevant laws. The aim of the research is to investigate the current criminal policy of Iran towards the immoral gambling offender. Methods: This research has been conducted using a descriptive-analytical method and by utilizing library resources. Ethical Considerations: In this research, scientific trustworthiness has been observed. Results: The plan to amend articles (705) to (711) of the fifth book of the Islamic Penal Code (Penalties), which was approved by the Guardian Council with amendments; It was discussed in the Guardian Council and the Guardian Council approved the resolution of the parliament. In addition, during this period, the Supreme Council of Cyberspace of the country announced the document of preventing and dealing with gambling in cyberspace approved in 1401 for implementation. Conclusion: This research has reached the conclusion that by approving and communicating the document "Prevention and Dealing with Gambling in Cyberspace", the Supreme Council of Cyberspace has approved organizational preventions, which by referring the matter to various organizations and institutions of social, state, It predicts growth-oriented and family-oriented. On the other hand, with the approval of the aforementioned law, lottery and betting were also defined and assigned. The provision of mandatory criminal declaration, zero tolerance in criminal referrals in the case of corruption in the land or economic disruption, severe and restrictive punishments are all among the reforming components of the legislator's criminal policy in the law amending articles 705 to 711 of the Islamic Penal Code.

Background and Aim: One of the most fundamental challenges in many fields of ethics is defining and presenting the definition of ethical concepts. One of these concepts that has been mentioned as a moral virtue since long ago is the concept of courage. Courage as an educational and moral concept is ambiguous and complicated in definition. The purpose of this article is to explain the definition of courage with a phenomenological approach and with a look at common life behaviors. Methods: The research has been done by content analysis method and using library studies and reports, books and related articles in this field. Ethical Considerations: In the preparation of the article, ethical principles, especially trustworthiness in citing texts and maintaining the originality of the article, have been observed. Results: In recent decades, various methods have been expressed and recommended for defining concepts. In this regard, one of the schools of thought that has been able to solve many conceptual complexities with its own method is the phenomenology method, which emphasizes first-person experience in defining concepts. In this essay, after stating the basic principles of the phenomenology method, we have defined the concept of courage by using this method and personal experiences. Conclusion: According to the four elements obtained in the phenomenological method, courage can be considered as any action for which I find a talent in myself and with confidence in my abilities and believing in the action I want to do, I do it freely. In this case, that behavior is courageously in my opinion and I consider myself brave.

Background and Aim: Extramarital relationship is one of the most common social problems that has wide consequences on the family system. In recent years, many researches have been conducted in Iran regarding the desire for extramarital relationships. The main problem of these researches is that they were not able to cover all aspects of this subject. Therefore, the present study was conducted using the meta-analysis method and aimed to analyze and combine the findings of the research regarding the factors affecting extramarital relationships. Methods: The research method is meta-analysis and its statistical population includes the research conducted on the extramarital relations in Iran during 2011-22. After going through specific steps (search, screening, eligibility and inclusion), 18 researches were selected as the sample of the study. After coding, Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Software (CMA2) was used to analyze the collected data. Ethical Considerations: Scientific trustworthiness has been observed with careful reference to researches. Results: The most important factors affecting the people's desire towards extramarital relationships in Iran are: mutual insecure attachment style (0.652), avoidant insecure attachment style (0.620), secure attachment style (-0.601), use of modern media (0.370), sexual satisfaction (-0.322) and religious attitude (-0.251). Conclusion: By improving the secure attachment style and reducing insecure attachment styles (avoidant and mutual), increasing the media literacy of the users, improving sexual satisfaction and religious attitudes of couples, people's desire for extramarital relationships will be reduced significantly.

Background and Aim: In recent years, many scientific efforts have been conducted to understand the concept of ethical consumption and its antecedents and consequences. Therefore, a complete review of this research area seems important and necessary. The present study was carried out with the aim of systematic review of researches in the field of ethical purchase and consumption, analysis of current research trends and discovery of future emerging research topics. Methods: In this study, a systematic review and bibliographic analysis of researches in the field of ethical purchasing and consumption during the years 2000 to 2024 is conducted. For this purpose, after formulating the search strategy and the inclusion and exclusion criteria, two main databases of indexing of scientific publications (WOS and Scopus) were used for collection and Bibliometrix and VOSviewer software packages were used for data analysis and visualization. Ethical Considerations: In compiling this research, ethical aspects, including preserving the originality of the texts, honesty, integrity, have been respected. Results: A total of 1136 relevant and distinct research articles were retrieved in the field of ethical buying and consumption. The annual growth trend of research in this field until the end of 2024 is equal to 9.16, which indicates the growing acceptance of researchers in this topic. The results of the analysis of key words indicate that although the concept of ethical consumption includes several definitions, many researches emphasize fair trade with emphasis on the rights of all living beings (including humans, animals and the planet). Also, the results showed that the expansion of the concept of ethical consumption is more in the fashion industry (with emphasis on ethical and sustainable fashion) and food industry (with emphasis on organic, vegetarian and local food). Conclusion: In general, occurrence themes such as “sustainability”, “sustainable development”, “sustainable consumption”, “green consumption”, “environmental attitude”, “consumption”, “anti-consumption”, “sustainable fashion” and “Green Marketing”, in the retrieved studies, indicates that the main goal of ethical consumption is sustainability and environmental protection, and this approach is considered a strategy for the formation of a responsible and sustainable economy.