INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL AND BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH (IJABBR)
Year:2015 | Volume:3 | Issue:2|Papers Count:17

Background: Environment destroyed and reduce the living place especially in urban place become an important mater these days, improving environment need a lot of think together like economic, realigns and environment changes, urban tourism is one of the most important and complicate behavior in town. Objective: In researchers look tourism have a large effect on economic, realign and social behavior in big city.Increasing tourism can have a big effect for city people in all the world and Iran. and its steel growing. Propose of this research know the program of improving tourism in Kurdistan of Iran.Methods: We ask question or use question paper from Kurdistan tourism government that include 200person of tourism worker. We use T-Test and ANOVA analyze and Pearson test. Also we use SWOT for estimate advantages and disadvantage of research.Results: Achieve by the results Marginal market, beautiful environment, historic place and culture are most positive tourism parameter but there is not suitable hotel or transportation this can have bad effect on tourism. Tourists say that marginal markets are most interesting place in Kurdistan; this can be effective in economic mater. The Suggestions about this research are Efforts to create a national determination and belief in the necessity of the development of tourism as a substitute for oil, the need for a regional approach to planning, development, management and promotion of tourism, Enhancing the quality of human resources employed in the tourism sector and the development of education in this area, Attempt to reduce the administrative formalities for issuing visas to tourists, tourism and other areas of the face.

Objective: The main objective of this research was estimation of genetic parameters for five consecutive measurements of egg weights in Isfahan fowl using multi trait model and random regression models.Methods: The statistical models included generation hatch as a fixed effect, weeks of age as a covariate and additive genetic and individual permanent environmental effects as random effects. The date set included records of egg weight measured from 21 weeks to 84 weeks of age that collected during 15 generations from 1986 to 2011. For acquiring of best accuracy of variance components and determining appropriate model, used heterogeneous residual variances with 5 classes and considering different orders of Legendre polynomial and accordingly eight different models were compared. Finally, the model with fourth order for additive genetic effect and third order for individual permanent environmental effect was selected as best model.Results: Results showed high genetic correlations of the 32 weeks of age with all other ages also its heritability indicated that it could be the optimum period for breeding.

Objective: Flowering Time (FT) in cereals controlled by genes that had a main factor on plant development.Methods: Genetic and phenotypic diversity of four flowering time genes (FT2, FT3, FT4, Ppd-H1) in 19 genotypes of cultivated and wild barley was evaluated and a total of 107 alleles were amplified. Genotypes based on days to flowering time and molecular data were grouped into early, middle and late maturity.Results: Molecular data analysis showed that 83% of variety was observed within populations and 17% was related to among population. Neis the maximum and minimum genetic distance between early - late (0.629) and early. middle was (0.0224). The average of allelic polymorphism was 83.33%. Also, the results of Spearman correlation for markers the number of days to flowering indicated that Ppd-H1 marker has the most significant negative correlation with days to flowering that prefigures the dominant allele role of this marker to reduce the number of days to flowering. Generally, the results of this research showed that there is a high genetic and phenotypic variation for specific markers that affected flowering time in barley. Also, genotypes with dominant allele of Ppd-H1 (9bp, deletion) compared to other genotypes show earlier flowering in response to the condition of long days, that it is an important feature for selection of superior genotypes in response to the stress conditions at the end of season.

Objective: The role and importance of urban green space in urban life and physical stability and effectiveness of the system returns to different urban ecological, economic and social, it is undeniable, As far as public green space per capita in cities and urban management planning program is considered one of the main discussion. Urban green spaces should be one of the most essential factors to take into account the sustainability of natural life in new urbanism. In other words endless struggle between application and technology development on the one hand, and preserving and protecting the vital elements such as water, soil, air and green space has been on the other hand. In such circumstances, enjoying nature and greenery, living natural resources pleasant car to lead a life of peace to return to the sustainable urban development. So that the views of city and urban environmental safety more than ever regarded as sustainable development is one of the necessities.Methods: This article titled approach to the sustainable development of cities in the promotion of environmental quality with green space process of endogenous development in Marand developed and followed it.Results: According to urban green space, or to be more precise, according to the levels of man-made urban land with vegetation, producing oxygen, temperature adjustment, the absorption of pollutants, stabilize slopes, increase moisture and ultimately improve the ecological efficiency the quality of the urban environment and attractive space for social interaction and recreation for the society provides and the results reflect the fact that the city of Marand as a fitness center cities in recent years under the influence of various factors on the issues and problems faced. Therefore urban green spaces, urban planning and urban management is a necessary component. Marand in extreme poverty can be seen in terms of per capita green space and the size of the population and increase the amount of green space will be reduced and whatever the size of the population and increase the amount of green space will be reduced.

According to flexibility of pneumatic conveying systems with respect to other types of transmission systems, this system has wide application in industry and agriculture processes. One important application of this system is in the loading and unloading tankers and powdery bulk materials such as trucks carrying cement, plaster and sand. Conveying efficiency is associated with pressure, which increases the pressure drop in the pipe, operational efficiency will be reduced. This work presents a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) calculation to predict and evaluate the influence of the pipes type and the inlet mass flow rate on the pressure drop and velocity fields during pneumatic conveying of wheat. The numerical solutions were carried out using spreadsheet and commercial CFD code Ansys Fluent 14.5. The CFD simulations predict excellently the pressure drop and velocity field under different pipe types and inlet mass flow rate. Pressure drop were estimated to be 2780, 3120, and 3360 pa for mass flow rates of 4.33, 5.77 and 8.66 kg/s respectively in Steel pipes. Also there were 2940, 3240 and 3390 for polyethylene pipe that showed the maximum pressure drop in polyethylene pipes is higher than the steel pipes.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify factors influencing student’s achievement motivation. Statistical population of this research consisted of Agriculture Ms.c students in Tehran university (N=712).Methods: A random sampling method was used to collect data From 175 students applying Cochran’s formula. The main tool to collect data was a researcher made questionnaire. Content validity of the questionnaire was approved, by a panel of experts, and its reliability, was confirmed by calculating Cronbach’s alpha coefficient (a=0.85). Descriptive analysis performed in two sections using SPSS Win21.Results: Results showed that student’s self-esteem were in medium level. Results of factor analysis showed that six factors as: effort, goal-oriented, perseverance, explicit, specialty and abilities, explained the total of 45.79 percent of the variance in the achievement motivation variables.

Objective: In recent years, amino acids are used in veterinary medicine for many purposes. They injected into hatching eggs to increase chick body weight and performance at hatch, but the adverse effects of amino acids have always been a major concern. There is scant information available about the pathological alterations of amino acids in the chicken embryonated eggs. The objective of this study was to investigate the pathological alterations of triaminohexanoic acid for chicken embryo.Methods: Fertile chicken eggs were divided into two equal treatment groups as follows: phosphate buffered saline-injected group and triaminohexanoic-injected group whose individuals were injected with a triaminohexanoic acid solution at a dosage of 10 mg per Kg eggweight.Embryos were re-incubated post-treatment and allowed to develop until day 18 after which; they were examined for macroscopic lesions.Results: Results showed that embryos were normal in all treatment groups. Macroscopically, no lesions were also diagnosed in tissues. Based on macroscopic findings, it is concluded that triaminohexanoic acid at above-mentioned concentration is not toxic for the chicken embryo. Therefore, triaminohexanoic acid egg-injection can be used for increasing chick performance at hatch without any adverse effect.

Objective: Infections are increasing caused by antibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa day by day. For this reason, many researchers have tried to find new compounds as alternative antibiotics. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of yarrow extract, green tea and Ajowan on Pseudomonas aeruginosa.Methods: Extraction of Achillea, green tea and Ajowan was done with rotary. For this study, 12 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from patients in the city of Zabol. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of the plant extract of Achillea, green tea and Ajowan was determined in different concentrations by dilution on bacteria with plate method.Results: Results from plant extracts showed the highest MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) of green tea extract was concentration of 2.5 milligrams per milliliter for Pseudomonas aeruginosa that 8 strains were inhibited at this concentration. Also, The highest inhibitory concentration (MIC) of achiella extract against strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was 5 milligrams per milliliter that four strains were inhibited at this concentration, the lowest concentration of inhibitor was 62 milligrams per milliliter.Discussion: This study showed that Achiella, green tea and Ajowan have antibacterial effect against strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. However, the clinical use of these plants require more and wider research.

Teucrium polium L. (family Lamiaceae) is a wild-growing flowering plant, found abundantly in South-Western Asia, Europe and North Africa. Traditionally, T.polium has been used for different pathological conditions such as gastrointestinal disorders, inflammations, diabetes and rheumatism. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of ethanol extract of Teucrium polium against Salmonella typhimurium isolates from poultry is resistant to penicillin.Methods: Teucrium polium extract using vacuum from the center (Rotary) were 12 strains of Salmonella typhimurium was isolated from poultry in the city of Zabol. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of MBC Teucrium polium extract in different concentrations by dilution in the wells was determined on bacteria. Susceptibility to several antibiotics by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion standard were evaluated.Results: The result of herbal extraction showed the most MIC (the minimum inhibitory concentration) was 10mg/ml concentration that 2 strains of them were inhibited by this concentration Teucrium polium. The lowest MIC was 2.5 ppm concentration that two strain of Salmonella were inhibited. Although the clinical relevance of extracts and essential oils because of fewer side effects than other current treatments for common antibiotics, it seems valuable, but more research to clinical application of the mechanism of action of ethanol extract and purified effective composition of this plant is on microbial agents.

Objective: Citrus (Citrus reticulata) is one of the most important horticultural plant in Iran and weed management throuth ecological methods such as cover crop is a proper option in orchard management practices.Methods: The experiment was designed as a split plot on the base of complete randomized block design with four replications in Mazandaran Province, Sari, Voushka county from 2010 to 2012. The main plots were methods of cover crop management (desiccated with glyphosate at 0.85 kg ai ha-1, mowed and incorporated with soil with rotivator that were done at the flowering stage), and the subplots were cover crop species [sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia), winter barely (Hordeum vulgare), triticale (×Triticosecale), sainfoin+barely and sainfoin+triticale] and one control treatment which was without cover crop.Results: An important reduction of seedling emergence and total weed dry weight were observed in the plots with cover crop dessicated compared with the plots mowed or incorporated with soil. The optimum cover crop species for weed control was sainfoin+barely mixes because it had the highest biomass and lowered the amount of light reaching the soil surface and reduced soil temperature fluctuations, resulting in a reduction in weed seedling emergence. In addition weed suppression by it has been attributed in part to allelopathy. In both years there were no differences among treatments in tree yield but to maximize and sustain the output of an orchard, weeds in the tree row have to be controlled efficiently.

Objective: Salt stress is a world-wide problem and soil salinity is common in arid and semi-arid regions. This study was undertaken to investigate salt tolerance in Salsola orientalis in laboratory and natural conditions and recognize the mechanisms that allow it to tolerate these conditions.Methods: This study had two parts of greenhouse and natural habitats. The treatment solutions for salinity tests were different concentrations of NaCl and Na2SO4 (0, 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 mM) with three replicates and growth parameters and proline and soluble sugar were determined in vegetative growth stage in greenhouse. Soil (two depths of 0-10 cm and 10-45 cm) and plant (root and shoot) samples have been harvested from three 200 meters transects in three provinces of Esfahan, Semnan and Markazi. Plant proline and soluble sugar and soil texture and EC were measured in laboratory. Collected data were analyzed using a factorial experiment and means were compared by DMRT method by SPSS software.Results: Results indicated that proline and soluble sugar were significantly affected by salinity levels and increased with salinity increase. The rate of growth parameters increased with an increase in salinity up to 300 mM while salinity levels more than 300 mM NaCl caused all growth characteristics decline. Data obtained from the laboratory experiment confirmed the findings noted during the field study. It has to be mentioned that nature is unpredictable and observing unexpected trends under specific conditions is not impossible.

Objective: Antibiotic resistant to Antimicrobial agent is one of the most important concern in hospitals, which can cause lots of costs, treatment fails and mortality rates. Acinetobacter baumannii is a Gram-negative bacterial pathogen notorious for causing serious nosocomial infections that resist antibiotic therapy. The purpose of current study was to define the evolution of antimicrobial impact of flower extract of Hibiscus sabdariffalagainstAcinetobacterbaumannii.Methods: Hibiscus tea plant after collecting dried and then milled, their extraction was performed using vacuum from the center (Rotary). The Twelve strains of Acinetobacterbaumannii were isolated from patients in the city of Zabol. Minimum inhibitory concentrations and MBC of the extract was determined on bacteria in different concentrations by dilution in the wells. Results: The result revealed that the levels of MIC range were from 6.25 to 25ppm. The highest MIC value was 6.25 ppm against A. Baumannii and Acinetobacterbaumannii were resistance to 4 of the agent including nalidixic acid(100%), penicillin(100%), tetracyclin(58.3%), amikacin(83.3%). Discussion: In important human pathogens, drug resistance is increasing according to the results of this study may be proposed that this plant can be used as a drug. It can be a good way to replace herbs with chemical drugs.

Objective: Development of resistance against many of the commonly used antibiotics is an impetus for further efforts to search for new antimicrobial agents. The aim of the study was determined as antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles produced by Plantago ovata seed extract against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.Methods: All 30 strains of P. aeruginosa were isolated from isolates of the urinary tract infection of Hospital and the minimum inhibitory concentrations were distinguished by microdulition method.Results: The silver nanoparticles revealed Gaussian distributions with average diameter of 13 nm with some deviations. The result of plant extraction showed that the most MIC value was 100 ppm concentration, and 9 strains of pseudomonas were inhibited.Conclusion: Ag nanoparticles prepared by the effective cost reduction method described here which is greatly promising as antimicrobial agents. Applications of Ag nanoparticles based on these findings may lead to valuable discoveries in various fields such as medical devices and antimicrobial systems.

Objective: In recent years, antiviral drugs have been used widely in the glob to prevent and treat viral diseases. They injected into eggs to eliminate pathogens and prevent of egg transmission of disease, but the adverse effects of drugs have always been a major concern. There is little information available about the safety of antiviral drugs in the embryonated eggs of birds. The objective of this study was to evaluation of the effect of acyclovir on the viability of chicken embryo during the first trimester of the incubation period. Methods: Fertile chicken eggs were divided into two equal treatment groups. The phosphate buffered saline injected group and acyclovir-injected group whose individuals were injected with acyclovir solution at a dosage of 80 mg per Kg egg-weight. Embryos monitored daily during incubation until day 10 after which; they were examined for viability. Results: Results showed that all of the embryos were dead in the acyclovir-injected group. Based on findings, it is concluded that acyclovir at abovementioned concentration has a severe lethal effect on the chicken embryo. So, acyclovir egg-injection cannot be used to eliminate pathogens and prevention of egg transmission of the disease.

Objective: For investigation of intercropping of maize and faba bean, an experiment was conducted in Research Station of Agriculture Faculty of Tabriz University during growing season of 2013.Methods: Experimental design was randomized complete block design with three replications and seven treatment. Treatments included one row intercropping (1: 1), 4 strip intercropping pattern with ratios of (1: 2), (1: 3), (2: 1) and (2: 2) maize and faba bean and 2 treatments of faba bean and maize sole culture.Results: Based on results, grain yield and biological yield of two species in sole culture was significantly different from other species and reached their highest level. Evaluation of different patterns of intercropping using Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) showed that strip intercropping with ratio 2: 2 dedicated highest ratio of LER to itself. Regarding to maize as a major yield in all cropping patterns, economic value or Relative Value Total (RVT) was lower than one, but regarding to economic production of faba bean, RVT of all intercropping was more than one, and among them strip intercropping 2: 1 had highest RVT(9.65). Relative Crowding Coefficient (RCC) showed that in treatments which crowding one of two species is more than other, that species is superior competitively.

Objective: Today, addressing the issue of sustainability especially in agriculture has received more attention. Sustainability in the systems of Canola cultivation depends on many factors like ecological, social and economic dimensions and understanding these factors can result in formulation of policies and strategies for sustainable agricultural development. Methods: 8961 Canola farmers of Qazvin Province composed the statistical society of this research out of which 322 persons were chosen as sample using Cochran formula and they have been studied using a stratified sampling technique. The research collection tool was a questionnaire validity of which was approved by professors and experts in rural development and reliability of which was approved by preliminary study and calculation of Cronbach's alpha. Total sustainability indicator was calculated according to the three separate dimensions after leveling the indicators scale with the method of dividing by the average through analysis of main factors. Results: The findings suggest that in terms of sustainability of the whole system of Canola cultivation, 50.90 % of the farmers act in unstable and relatively unstable manner. From economic aspect, 44.10 % of the farmers act in unstable and relatively unstable manner. 25.8% of the farmers act in stable manner in terms of ecological aspect. Results of regression analysis showed that 32% of the changes in the ecological sustainability are explained by variables of technical knowledge, knowledge of sustainability, job satisfaction, benefit from promotional programs and mechanization.

Objective: The genus Psammogeton, belonging to the Umbelliferae family, has 4 annual species in Iran. In the present work, Psammogeton canescens (DC).Methods: Vatke was collected from Saheb-al-Zaman Mountain slope, northeast of Kerman province, Iran in May 2013. The essential oils of leaves, flowers and stems of the plant were separately extracted using hydrodistillation method and analyzed by GC and GC/MS.Results: In the leaf oil, 25 components were identified, representing 99.5% of the total oil, with b-pinene (40.3%), dill apiole (20.4%), limonene (15.1%) and 4aα,7b,7aa-nepetalactone (6.6%) as the main constituents. The flower oil was characterized by higher amount of dill apiole (44.3%), limonene (32.4%) and b-pinene (11.4%) among the 22 components comprising 99.8% of the total oil detected. Furthermore, 33 compounds were identified in the stem oil, representing 98.6% of the total oil. b-Pinene (33.6%), dill apiole (27.8%), limonene (16.3%) and g-terpinene (5.3%) were found to be the major constituents. Consequently, b-pinene, dill apiole and limonene were the main components in all three oils. The dominant components of the leaf and stem oils were monoterpenes (76.0% and 64.5%, respectively), whereas phenylpropanoids (49.7%) and monoterpenes (49.2%) were the major groups of compounds in the flower oil.