International Journal of Enteric Pathogens
Year:2018 | Volume:6 | Issue:2|Papers Count:7

Helminth therapy or worm therapy is a type of immunoassay that includes the treatment of autoimmune diseases and immune disorders, using intentional contamination by the parasites in their different stages of development such as eggs, larvae or adult worms...

Context: Staphylococcus spp. are enterotoxin-producing zoonotic agents which cause a variety of infections such as mastitis in animals as well as human wound bite infections. This review was conducted to determine the prevalence of staphylococcal species especially enterotoxin-producing species in Iran.Evidence Acquisition: For this review, words of "Staphylococcus", "zoonotic", "prevalence", "animals", "human" and "Iran" were searched in the internet search engines such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Google, Science Direct and so on. Patients with no history of contact with animals were also included in the study for comparison. Both animal and human coagulase positive isolates were included. Data was analyzed with Graph Pad Prism 6, meta-analysis section. A total of 20 previous studies (450 clinical samples) were found. Staphylococcus intermedius was the most predominant isolate identified in animals. Other coagulase positive species such as S. hyicus and S. simulans were isolated with lower prevalence, and S. delphini was not detected.Conclusion: Staphylococcus intermedius was the most prevalent isolate identified in animals, with potential of causing infections in humans. Other coagulase positive species such as S. hyicus and S. simulans were isolated with lower prevalence, and S. delphini was not detected.

Background: Klebsiella pneumoniae is a gram-negative opportunistic pathogen that causes different infections, however, in recent years the emergence of resistance to carbapenem antibiotic among these isolates has caused failure in the treatment of these infections.Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae strains among various clinical specimens obtained from different wards of Isfahan hospitals, Iran.Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 100 different clinical samples were collected from different wards of teaching hospitals in Isfahan, Iran. K. pneumonia isolates were identified by different standard biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed as standard disk-diffusion based on the instructions of the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). For detection of K. pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) -producing strains, isolates were investigated by the modified Hodge test (MHT) based on CLSI instructions.Results: The study population included 62 females and 38 males (P=0.01). The highest and the lowest rates of resistance were observed for piperacillin (84%) and ertapenem (50%), respectively. The MHT was positive for 68 (68%) isolates from which the highest rates of resistance were observed for piperacillin (91.2%) and cefotaxime (83.8%).Conclusion: This study demonstrated high prevalence of carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae isolates, which shows an urgent need to review and modify the pattern of antibiotic consumption. In addition, in future studies genotypic methods for all carbapenemase genes should be employed to determine the cause of the resistance.

Background: Shigella bacteria can infect human body by taking contaminated food and water, and are transmitted from person to person. Human body is the only natural host for these bacteria.Objective: The aim of this study was to detect Shigella contamination in pre-packed samples of salads at restaurants in western regions of Tehran, Iran, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method.Materials and Methods: To conduct this research, 90 samples were purchased from the restaurants during the period of June to November 2016. The samples were cut into very small pieces, homogenized and a 25 g portion of these samples was added to 225 mL of Shigella broth media containing novobiocin and incubated for 24 hours. Then DNA of cultured samples was extracted using DNPTM kit (CinnaGen, Iran). PCR method was optimized for amplification of 613 bp segment of ipaH gene and performed on extracted DNA of all samples (before and after enrichment in Shigella broth).Results: Shigella contamination was detected in 7 (7.8%) and 20 (22.2%) of the tested samples before and after the enrichment, respectively.Conclusion: The results showed the contamination with Shigella bacteria in remarkable percentage of the samples and revealed the necessity of more attention and supervision in the processes of production and distribution of pre-packed salads.

Background: Escherichia coli develops drug resistance through several mechanisms.Objective: The purpose of this study was the assessment of antibiotic susceptibility profile, and detection of class I and II integrons in E. coli, isolated from urinary tract infections (UTIs).Materials and Methods: A total of 100 E. coli clinical isolates were collected from UTIs in a 1-year period. The antibiotic susceptibility of E. coli isolates was evaluated to 14 antibiotics as advised by CLSI 2016 guidelines. All the isolates were tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the presence of class I and II integrons.Results: The highest resistance was observed to amoxicillin (72%), erythromycin (70%), ciprofloxacin (66%), nalidixic acid (57%), and tetracycline (55%). The class I and II integrons were detected in 32% and 21% of isolates, respectively. There were significant relationships between resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (P<0.001), ciprofloxacin (P<0.01), and tetracycline (P<0.005) and the class I integron. The class I integron gene was highly detected in the uropathogenic E. coli, possibly playing a role in the dissemination of drug resistance.Conclusion: Because of the significant association between the presence of class I integron among multidrug-resistant isolates and antibiotic resistance, infection control, and establishment and implementation of appropriate strategies for suitable treatment in hospitals are essential for the prevention of dissemination of these isolates.

Background: FExtended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) are known as enzymes that are responsible for creating high level of antimicrobial resistance in gram negative microorganisms especially in Escherichia coli. Therefore, survey and identification of the genes generating these enzymes can be effective in controlling the resistance and helpful in using appropriate b-lactam drug against them.Objective: In this study we focused on evaluating the prevalence of ESBL enzyme genes, including CTX-M, SHV, and TEM b-lactamase, among E. coli isolates in foodborne disease outbreak.Materials and Methods: Four hundred stool samples from the individuals with diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, fever and headache were tested by IMVIC biochemical test for E. coli. ESBL genes were determined using antimicrobial susceptibility test based on the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), disk diffusion method, and confirmatory test (combined disk). Subsequently, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed for following the relative genes.Results: The highest resistance in E. coli isolates was reported against ampicillin (56%), and 36% of samples were ESBL-positive. As determined by PCR, the prevalence of SHV, TEM, and CTX-M1 genes was 0%, 18%, and 38%, respectively.Conclusion: Due to the prevalence of b-lactamase genes, application of accurate and rapid identification methods such as PCR deems essential. Therefore, it can be considered as a routine method.

We present a case of gastroenteritis caused by Salmonella due to the consumption of raw vegetables and water in a farm. A 62-year-old female from north of Iran was travelling to Karaj. In the way to Karaj, the patient consumed raw unwashed vegetables from a farm. After a few hours she complained of gastrointestinal disturbances. She was admitted to the emergency department for evaluation of frequent severe watery diarrhea. Stool culture was performed at admission which was found positive for Salmonella group B. This bacterium is sensitive to ceftriaxon, amikacin, co-trimoxazole, nalidoxoc acid, nitrofurantoin, piperacillin and ciprofloxacin. Therefore, treatment was initiated with metronidazole and ciprofloxacin resulting in rapid improvement of the patient’s symptoms. The patient was discharged from the hospital after 3 days. She remained well without evidence of recurrence of symptoms during a 2-month follow-up period.