OLYMPIC
Year:2001 | Volume:9 | Issue:3-4 (SERIAL 20)|Papers Count:15

In the pr esent study, the ef fect of two weeks of detraining on changes of LDH and CPK was studied. For this purpose, sixteen wrestlers with an average offour years of training and good physical condition at the time of study were selected and randomly divided into two groups; experimental and control. At the be ginning of the study, a blood sample was taken from both groups after twenty-four hours of their last practice session and twelve hours after their last meal. This blood sample was considered as the pre-test for this study. Following the pre-test, the experimental group was requested to stop training for two weeks. In the mean time, the control group continued their regular training. At this stage the second blood sample, considered as the posttest, was taken from both groups after twelve hours of their last meal. After collecting the data from both groups and using statistical,Proceduresanalysis of variance and t-test-, the following results were revealed. The results of this study demonstrated that two weeks of detraining has ne gative effect on LDH and CPK. The results also sho wed a signif icant difference on the level of LDH and CPK between the two groups after two weeks of detraining.

This article is being allocated to the final Chapter of the contemporary sport management text. Its contents are very useful fot the students of graduate and post graduate courses and studies. There are three elements necessary for success in sport management (1)professional preparation (2) professional attitude, (3) professional development. You can find sport management professional preparation programs at the bachelor"s, master"s and doctor alle vels. The typical undergradua te cur riculum consists of general education courses, major courses, and field experiences. Field experiences give you opportunities to apply what you learn in the classroom in sport settings. Master"s and doctoral programs will be more specific to your career goals. Professional attitude is reflected in your personal appearance (e.g.,hygiene, posture, self confidence) your adjustment to the workplace (e.g., academic preparation, writing skills, de pend ability, ethics, work ha bits) and your manners (e.g., telephone, E-mail, thank - you letters). Recruiters evaluate professional attitude during interviews. Professional development consists of career planning (determining your values, interested, and skills) and systematically investigating career opportunities. Your academic major does not necessarily predict your career choice. You may not progress in a dir ect path from college to your ultimate career objective.You arecontin ually developing talents, abilities and skills through your course work, leisure activities, volunteer experiences and summer and part - time jobs. Upon graduation, you will have a broad range of skills and talents that will make you marketable in the working world. Career conselors can not provide instant solutions, but they can provide guidance and direction. In your career planning, you should consider possibilities in international sport management.

New Page 4 The main aim of this work was to study the relation between the initial velocity of the ball in running, jump and standing shot in handball with anthropometrical measures of dominant hand in Iranian elite national team. The players were in preparation period for the asian games which was held in Mashad in September 2000. They were 18, and have participated in our tests done in the physical assessment center of I.R.IRAN national Olympic committee. A philips video camera with the ability of 250 frames persecond with win analyzer soft- ware has been used as two dimensional motion analyzing. The dominant hand anthropometrical measures were done with sliding caliper with the precision of ±1mm. We have sued different statistical methods such as; descriptive, partial relation and regression with multiple variations. In the present work, it has been done at ( a=0.05). Statistical analysis has been done with SPSS, which finally ended in the relation between initial velocity in running, jump and standing shot and anthropometrical measures in dominant hand of the players.  

Distance education is a modem educational mode which is used by different countries in different courses and levels according to their local, cultural and social conditions. The quality of educational performance of distance learners compared with conventional modes is an important subject among the authorities of this educational system. This paper studies the educational performance of physical education students in conventional and distance education system in Iran. The results of study showed that distance education students in human sciences courses were in higher level (a = e. 05) , while learning level, of students of the system as compared with conventional students in theoritical courses of basic sciences were lower. in sum, the level of conventional education student, were ( x"1 =13.20 in contrast x"2 =13.80 with t=2.34 at level a=0.05) higher than their distance education peers. This is a semi-empirical study whose statisitcal universe were physical educa tional students in 1999. The data were collected through eight closeended questionnaires (240 questions) and a questionnaire on educational self concept.

This study was carried out to investigate the posture and incidence rate of the spine abnormalities in 175 students(90 boys and 85 girls) of the zahedan university of medical sciences. All of the research population were examined by using posture screen and NewYork test. For this purpose, 8 cases of the students spine abnonnalities were evaluated from two back and lateral dimensions and three levels consisting of natural, Low Defonnity and weak posture. Then the incidence rate of the abnormalities between boys and girls were compared. The result shows, 97.77% of the boys and 96.48% of the girls as well as 97.15% of the research have postural spine abnomalities. Most of the incidence rate of the abnonnalities among the boy students, is drop shoulder (69.88%), and in girl students is Lumbar Lordosis disease (82.35%). The least of the incidencer ate of abnormalities among boys is pelvic inclination(17.77%) and in girl students is torticolis (10.58%). The research findings also indicated significant correlation between sitting behavior and Kyphosis, method of Carring things and drop shoulder, sleeping habit. and Lumbar Lordosis, and finally between Endomorph physical type and Lumbar Lordosis abnonnality (P<0.05). in this research chi square test is used.

The main purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of maximal exercise on hematological parameters in athlete and non-athlete young students. For this reason 90 young students (46 athletes, 44 non-athletes) with the range of 15 to 17 years were selected randomly in Tehran. They were instructed to exercise till they became fatigue under the Bruce test. The blood sample was taken before and after the exhaustive exercise. The results are as follows: 1- There was a significant effect in HCT (P=0/000), HGB (P=0/ 000), MCHC (P=0/000), MCV(P=0/000), MPV (P=0/004), PLT (P=0/000), RBC (P=0/000) and WBC (P=0/000) parameters of young athetes, while there was no effect in their MCH (P=0/977) and RDW (P=0793) 2- There was a signif icant effect in HCT (P=0/000), HGB(P=0/000), MPV (P=0/000), PLT(P=0/000), RBC (P=0/000) and WBC (P=0/000) of non athletes, while there was no significant effect in their MCH (P=0/101), MCHC (P=0/000), MCV (P=0/574 and RDW (P=0/ 833) parameters.

This study presents the findings from the psychometric analysis of the Farsi translation of the South Australian Sport Institute Self-assessment (SASI Psych). This scale were translated into Farsi taking steps to establish semantic equivalence. The psychometric properties of the scale were tested with a sample of elite athletes (N=337). Factor analyses revealed a high content validity for the scale. The sub scales de veloped by the authors of the scale were used for further analysis. Internal consistency was also high with alphas ranging from. 6901. to .8923. Only questions number 6,27, and 38 had poor reliability. Adjusments in these questions has been suggested. Eventually, this translated scale can be useful tools for Farsi language sport psychologists who are interested in assessing psychological skills in research or in practice settings.

Stress is a combination of human"s general reactions towards unsuitable and unpredictable internal and external factors. Following the stressful events, wetry to confrontor cope with them through applying various methods. The strong inner relation among sport activities and stress causes positive effect, therefore, ,the object of this study is to compare the different principles of coping with psychological pressures in elite basketballists and non-athlete women during the year 1998. In This resear ch a causal-compar ati ve method is applied on two groups including 76 female basketballists, attending the national championship games and 76 female students of Tehran dormitories. Their a ge rate lies between 17 to 23. The questionnaire"s information including demographic data and "Lasarous ways of coping "were recorded. The results were e valua ted through descriptive statistics and T- test. There weren"t any significant statistical differences amon y these two groups. However, compar ing the groups indicates that "Positive Reappraisial", "Confrontive Coping", "Self Controlling" and "Distancing" principles are more applied in athlete"s group and "Accepting Responsibilities" and "Esca pe-Avoidence" are more applied in non-athlete"s group. In addition, "Seeking Social Support" and "planful problem Solving" are eqally applied in two groups. The results of this research pointed out that "positive Reappraisial " principle in athletes and "Accepting Responsibitity" principle in non-athlete are the most commonn way of coping.

The purpose of this research is to investig ate the effects of a selected exercise program (interval aerobic running) with the work intensity of 7090% of maximal heart rate on aerobic fitness and aerobic power, weight and percent of body Fat, heart rate, blood pressure, hematocrit, RBC, Hemoglobin, Serum Lipids and Lipoproteins in two age groups the young and elderly peopel and compare the changes of variables in these two groups. Analization of the given data shows that: Selected exercise program significantly causes an increase in aerobic power in either groups. Relative aerobic Power in young and elderly group shows an increase of 18% (From 39.5 to 46.6 mL-1. kg-1. min-1) and 14.5% (From 35.82 to 41.0 mL -1. kg-1. min-1) respectively. Timing of cooper"s 2.4 km run had a significant decrease in either group young and elderly 21 % and 14.2 respectively. Total bod y weight, Percenta ge of body Fat and Fat weight had a signifi cant decrease in either group. Density in either group but lean body weight only in elderly People showed a significant increase. Body mass index (BMI) and abdomen circumference had a signifi cant decrease in either group. Resting heart rate showed a reduction of 8% in either group. Deduction of systolic BP was significant in either group Following a Training but deduction of diastolic BP wasnot. Hematocrit deduction was significant in either group but RBC and hemoglobin changes were not. TCandLDL-c deduction was significant only in young group, TG.S and VLDL-c changes was useful but it was not significant. In comparison of variables between two groups it was shown that: exercise had almost similiar effect on most variables exce pt on Lean bod y weight, TC and LDL-c. Changes in lean body weight was significant in elderly group and changes in TC andLDL-c w as significant only in young group. In general can be concluded that: Although in the age increase Process aerobic fitness and ef ficiency of various systems of the body may decrease but by being involved in Physical activities and exercises, efficiency of elderly People undergo some useful and benef icial changes similiar to younger ones!

The Present Study was Carried out to Investig ate the effect of Practice Segmentation on Learining Breast-s troke Swimming. Fourty young biginners Subjects (25-30 years) Were divided into Two groups. group A(N=20) Whole Practiced and group B(N=20) Part Practiced the Stroke throughout the sessions. Flouting media tors (Weighthight-age, arme Length/hight) were homogenized across groups. A Retention test was given after Practice Period Which Consisted of seven weeks, 14 Sessions. Discriptive Statistics was used to analyzed data. The Result of retention test Indicated a significant difference between groups,i.e., group A showed better impr ovement than group B. The Results are discussed in relation to the ef fects of Segmentation of Practice on Skill instruction.