JOURNAL OF THE FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES (UNIVERSITY OF ISFAHAN)
Year:2001 | Volume:- | Issue:22-23|Papers Count:22

It is generally accepted that the global warming may result in increasing precipitation (Mitchell, 1989). Meanwhile, the quality and quantity of these changes is not so clear. Specially it is much more difficult to predict the climatic changes in a regional scale (Linacre 1992). Some researchers believe in the changes of the frequency distribution of precipitation. They suggest that the global warming may enhance the convectional precipitation and more flash floods may be resulted. In this paper, a statistical analysis of the frequency distribution of daily precipitation in Karoon basin has been made. According to the statistical results, it may be concluded that no significant change can be proved in daily precipitation over about 75 percentage area of the basin though the maximum peak discharge of the basin has increased.

In this essay, first we have tried to consider the importance of "method" in creation of sciences. Then we investigate the insistence of positivism in the similarity of the natural sciences and on the other hand the humanities from the point of view of method.So, first of all, attending to experimentalism reflections of the eighteenth and nineteenth century, we discuss positivism, and then the basis of positivism methodology under the causal explanation of models will be dealt with.For this purpose, the causality and its conditions, the difference between cause and reason, social and natural causality, ways of making models and different types of the causal models are considered.At the end, after bringing some criticism about the basis of positivism methodology, briefly we refer to the realism of methodology as a complementary for positivism and finally we have a whole conclusion of the essay.

Despite the fact that there are different opinions in the existing sources, it seems that Islam, from the beginning of the first century gradually found its way into the land of Ghuor. The Emirs of Ghuor, to keep their position intact, not only converted to Islam but they also helped it expand, and because they were not very restrict in religious affairs, they tolerated the different religious sects, like the Karami, Shafeis. Hanafis, Ismaelids, and even jews and Buddists who lived in their territories. Their court was a safe place for dialogues amongst the religious leaders.Apart from one or two relatively hostile incidents between the Ghuor Emirs and Keramiia and Ismaelids, which was for a short time, there has been no report of hostile confrontation between the Emirs with followers of other religions. They were the founders of the Moslem rule over India conquering different parts under pretext of the Holy War - Jihad.

The "sociology of religion" is regarded as an extra religious study which is, to a great extent, different from theology and its related branches. Secularization, as a specific supposition, taken for granted within sociology of religion, differentiates it from other branches of theology.As a matter of fact, sociology of religion has revealed and resumed a nonempathic and critical position vis a vis religion. No wonder that the process of secularization of religion in the west has coincided with the growth of sociological studies within this realm.The proposition of religion as a social product is not accepted by all sociologists. Some believe that religion can not be exposed to rational explanation. According to them, it is rather subject to intuition than being a subject matter of explanation. Thus, from the point of view of such analysts, in order to understand religious and sacred phenomena, one has to undergo a process of religious experience. To observe objectivity in research related to sociology of religion is not always possible, specially in occasions related to the study of 'foreign' religions.This paper contends that despite the negligence of such obstacles by the main currents of sociology of religion, the impact of the mentioned factors upon the new generation of religion researchers can not be disputed. Among the members of the new generation one can find sociologists, who prefer" sociology of religions" to sociology of religion, empathic understanding to 'dogmatic' objectivity, philosophical / theological approach to scientific and, generally speaking, interpretive approach to explanative one.

The main concern of this research is the undesirable effects of tribes on the economic development of Iran in the Qajar Period which has been investigated through library research. The results emphasize three points.First, Iran has encountered alternate aggressions of tribes which caused growth of fear, unreliability, lack of national uniformity, extravagant groupism, and continuation of despotism. The result has been a defense and aggression culture.Second, there has been a conflict between the tribal behaviors (which reflects the continual confrontation with the harsh nature) with social institutions such as the industry and commerce which only could survive in peace and security.Third, there was no improvement-desiring government to use the abilities of tribes for economic development.

Cities are cultural, social and geographical phenomena, representing many qualitative and quantitative capacities and potentialities.As "living phenomena", cities undergo processes of physical growth. They are important from morphological, economical, historical, cultural, social, moral, affectional and psychological dimensions. Human beings are susceptible to disease and physical, psychological and social pathology. Cities are, likewise, exposed to such internal and external pathologies. It is very important that during the periods of reform and reconstruction, under different economical and financial conditions, the mentioned aspects are taken into consideration.

The rejection of the past history has always been common in our history. The most prominent starter of this rejection was Ardshir Babakan. He tried, besides rejecting the past, to destroy its past values to be able to construct a new history according to his own religious and political views.This resulted in reshuffling of our historical chronology. Therefore, the Ashkanite history was seriously and greatly damaged. This article tries to shed lights on the above matter.

After the Prophet (PBH) died, many of the tribes that had unwillingly converted into Islam disobeyed the government of Medina, so they were called pagan. However, following the arrival of military forces they became obedient.Following increasing victories, the leaders of such tribes gained their previous outstanding positions by showing their ability as military commanders, though they were not in a good position during the rule of Abubakr. During Othman's rule, they were provided with good grounds to obtain political and administrative positions and dominated their tribes completely.Imam Ali (PBH) followed the transformation policy and tried to weaken such leaders' positions. However, he faced a reality based on which such people, including Ashath-bin-Gheis, the most distinguished figure among them, preserved their influence, though in a minimum degree. In this way, they succeeded in changing the position against Imam Ali (PBH) in decisive situations such as the Seffin War. They always created different problems up to the end of Imam's life.

Tourism industry has now become one of the world's largest industries, but Iran's contributions are very limited, despite its extensive attractions for tourism development. Today, the development of tourism is considered as an alternative to the country's highly crude oil exporting dependent economy.Application of models in planning is a prerequisite for the development of the industry. This paper analyses the spatial model, as a true test of the debate and concludes that it has a high feasibility for tourism planning in Iran. Its application limits the disintegration of the industry's spatial development.

To achieve balance in human life, involving a stable development, special attention should be given to cultural as well as natural heritage.Natural and cultural heritage are the outcome of the history of civilization and culture of each country throughout years of formation and change. And complete development is achieved when the natural and cultural environments around people are related to each other and are thus preserved. Realization of such a goal involves the existence of an environmental ethics for all walks of life in the country and on a global level. The first step in the process of stable development is to identify the natural and human environments and to protect what is inside them, i.e., the natural and cultural heritage. What should be mentioned regarding the natural and cultural heritage is planning both on the national as well as on the international level and this requires a realistic and fair policy making and cooperation of all governmental institutions, research and scientific centers, organizations, the private sector and all effective popular forces.

Internal efficiency in education is concerned with a comparison of the education costs to the output of education (such as student learning). Educational production is said to be efficient when the maximum amount of educational output is produced for a given educational input; or alternatively, the least amount of educational costs is required to achieve a given level of educational output.The purpose of this article is to introduce the different factors which affect the internal efficiency of education (such as school size and class size), to improve the resource allocation within this sector and to provide policy implications for decision makers.

From 1975, the social psychologists concentrated on gender differences in social behavior, especially deviant behavior in different cultures. Their studies showed that society affects these differences. They regard gender as a relatively socio-cultural concept rather than completely biological and in explanation of gender differences in social behavior, they focus on socio-cultural variables rather than bio-psychological factors.Historically, figures have shown crime rates for men are higher than women (except prostitution). In the U.S., in 1977, 78 percent of the registered crimes were committed by men and 74.5 percent of these crimes have been serious (Red, 2000).Although international surveys show for every criminal woman there arc 15 criminal men, feminists tend to concentrate on minimum gender differences in social behavior. In contrast to biased and exaggerated explanation on bio-psychological factors in social behavior for men and women, feminist psychologists focus on socio-cultural explanation and they believe the attitudes to women should be changed essentially, and regard women in personality, behavioral tendencies and mental capacities equal to men.This article pays attention to both socio-cultural and bio-psychological explanations about gender differences in deviant behavior.

This paper by using a rank-size rule technique would attempt to present a picture of the urban system in Iran in 1996.The results of the analysis show disharmony in all levels of urban systems especially in uppermost and lowermost levels. There are only a few cases which seem to have no or little problem in this regard.In the concluding part, it has been suggested that the solution lies in using appropriate systems and some suggestions have been presented in this concern.