JOURNAL OF IRAN HISTORY (JOURNAL OF HUMAN SCIENCES)
Year:2019 | Volume:12 | Issue:1|Papers Count:7

Ali shah but also provided a realistically stark portrayal of such aids to the world. ways in which it banished not only the financial aides of British and Russian government to Mohammad Istanbul played an important role in support mojahedin movement under Sattar khan leadership and the of Tabriz resistance. This essay examines the hypotheses that the struggles of the Persian residents of movement abroad. The revolution of 1908 in Ottoman empire paved the way for the Persian supporters supply the movement with necessary items. In reality, the Anjomane Saadat was spokesman of resistance fatwas to support constitutionalism. Tabriz resistance movement also requested the Anjomane Saadat to support Mojahedin; Sattar khan, for instance, repeatedly acknowledged that his resistance is formed on encouraged Iranian religious leaders in Iraq to issue fatwas against the Shah, requesting people to of Mojahedin to European countries, and through Iraq would provide financial aides. They, moreover, who had joined the resistance movement. The anjomane saadat passed news of combats and victories with Tabriz Mojahedin through the anjomane saadat. The anjomane saadat represented the expatriats the emergence of the Iranian political activists abroad. The Persian residents of Istanbul had to cooperate and the formation of Mojahedin force resistance under commander Sattar Khan, eventually resulting in of Iranian residents of Istanbul with Tabriz resistance movement for the restoration of the constitutional, relate with the movement against despotism in Iran. The relation, however, was relying on the cooperation

changes in society’ s attitude towards than women’ s entry into the field. conditions and opportunities for women to be present in the society or it could not bring about serious of socialization of women were less possibility to occur, and these measures couldn’ t provide favorable The findings of the study showed that society’ s attitudes toward educational developments and the issue socialization of women in Pahlavi I era studied based on government reforms and measures on women. society. In this research, in a descriptive-analytical method, the issue of the possibility or refusal of the social arenas, which designed and implemented often without regard to the existing realities of the Iranian women’ s education were considered and attempts made to governmental reforms to entry women to the women or to the general public’ s attitude toward accepting socialization of women. Therefore, Issues in to bring women into the social arena. It is unclear whether these measures led to the full socialization of society, issues did raise in women’ s education and efforts were made in the form of government reforms of society. therefore, based on the model of western societies and without regard to the realities of Iranian efforts were made to transform the attitudes of society towards the presence of women in different levels cultural lifestyle of women, which was seen as a manifestation of modernization of the state. accordingly, change based on the pattern of Western societies. one of these measures was to change the social and One of the plans of Pahlavi I government and reformers of his era was to attempt to bring about some social

The Kipchak Turks who until the third and fourth centuries were hardly seen in the historical and geographical sources, kept their territorial position in the Eurasian steppe (without going into migration) entered Iran as Khwarazmi's armies in the sixth century and in the process of the empowerment of Khwarazmshahs played an important role in whole of the country. Until the end of reign of Jalal-Al-Din Khwarazmshah (1231 AD), they were the main force against the invading Mongols in Iran. Therefore, at the beginning of the seventh century, despite their shared racial roots, they were killed or became homeless by the Gengisid Mongols and great devastations were made in the land of Kipchak. After these destructive invasions, how do the Kipchaks appeared again in the history as a revolutionary regional and trans-regional agent? Our findings indicate that the internal conflicts of the Mongols, partly caused by the conflict between the traditions of Ulus and their desire to gain power, provided the opportunity for the revival of the historical role of the Kipchaks. By way of historical analysis with emphasis on the historical and geographical sources, this essay examines this issue.

Middle Persian Zoroastrian texts prove instrumental in illuminating the religion, culture and history of the Sasanian era. Compiled after the fall of Sasanid empire and in the ninth century of the common era, these texts drew on the ‘ translations’ and Avestan interpretations at the Sasanid period. One such text is Bundahiš n, literally meaning ‘ Primal creation’ , which is a trove of Zoroastrian knowledge, preserving many ancient Persian myths and legends. Chances are that the original writing of the book was completed at the end of the Sasanid era. New information was added to the final version in the ninth century of the common era by drawing on a variety of religious and historical sources. In Chapter XXXIII of the book, the section on “ the afflictions which befell Ē rā n-š ahr in each millennium” presents a synopsis of the Persian history from the creation to the coming of Arabs to Ē rā n-š ahr and the death of Yazdgerd III; it then gives an account of Ē rā n-š ahr’ s fate until the emergence of Saoš yant on the basis of the Zoroastrian foretelling. This research is a comparative and analytical study. It compares the information about Sasanids contained in this Chapter with that provided in the historical sources of the Islamic era. It will show that the following stories are based on Khwadā y-Nā mag and the Bundahiš n must therefore be regarded as useful sources for studying the Sasanid history. The accounts provided in the book are: Ardaš ī r Bā bakā n’ s efforts to annihilate feudalism and re-establish Zoroastrianism, Shā pū r II’ s battle against Arabs, seven-year drought in Pirū z’ s time and Hephthalites’ incursions, the emergence of Mazdak in Qubā d’ s time and his death through Khusraw Anū š irvā n’ s stamina, his battle against Huns, and the coming of Arabs to Ē rā n-š ahr in Yazdgerd III’ s time until his death.

some of them, shape the locus of their identity systems. the contemporary history of Iran, whenever there is a revolutionary identity, all these themes, or at least internationalism, constitutionalism, and opposition to parliamentarianism and violence and terror. In change, understanding of historical underpinnings, partisanship and covert activity, policy priorities, revolutionary identity. This model was built around the system and semantic elements including radical themes that in the course of the Second Constitutional Assembly developed the discursive pattern of on, relying on the method of historical analysis of discourse, the paper aims to identify a set of central revolutionaries, written in the form of party statutes and charters, leaflets, newspapers, diaries, and so period and what were its most important themes? Through the surviving texts of the early Iranian how the discourse model of revolutionary identity was constructed in Iran during the constitutional Marxism-Leninism ideology and at once the means to organize it. The main question of this paper is political parties and groups in the Second National Assembly, providing external ideologies such as of revolutionary identity emerged in the context of internal factors, including clashes between political identities that have had lasting and profound effects on Iranian society. Indeed, the discourse Iranian history. Among these emerging identities, revolutionary identity are among the forms of new The emergence of various forms of identity is one of the important phenomena of contemporary

Continuity and change in administration of medieval Iran in eastern lands emerges as some of the important issues in social, economic and administrative history of Iran. But less attention has been paid to the subject of taxing system as the basic idea of Iranian administrative; noticing the fact that lack of direct sources about administrative system, especially in eastern lands of Abbasid Caliphate, makes it even harder to have access to such details. Moreover, the hierarchy of taxing system, which has had a central role in its protection and function, has not been noticed. This article explores the mentioned problem. Here, by extracting common administrative titles of tax officers in early medieval Persian texts, this article examines the facts with historical research method and identify the relations between these titles and posts. The results show that following the change in administrative language to Persian in the 3rd of 4th century A. H., instead of ‘ Amil, Mostawfi became a common title for the high ranking tax officer, from the 5th century onward; while ‘ Amil was still in use in the meaning of employee. Authorities of middle rank officers, with titles as ‘ Amid, Bondar was variable and came to appear or disappear. Verifying the main administrative posts shows the necessity of some other titles, and also the point that posts were variable based on local needs.

Eunuch still remains as an unexamined concept in Persian history so far. In addition, eunuchs have not been anatomically and physiologically investigated. And all of scholars’ ‘ supposition’ is that the eunuchs were males. This article, however, has turned such suppositions into the locus of its research questions. Thus, the fundamental question of the present article is how can eunuchs be defined sexually? Did the eunuchs actually define themselves as man? Or did they pretend to be women so that they could have relationships with women in harem? The research hypothesis is that Eunuch cannot be regarded as male or female, rather it is about the third sex that possess some biological traits on the one hand and some biological and sexual feminine traits on the othe. This article shows that some of these male children are castrated as a child and so they lose one of the most important biological characteristics of the male and others that were naturally and congenitally capable of this profession or, in modern medical terms, they were afflicted with micro-penis. Physically and morphologically some organs of eunuchs such as facial shape, lack of beard and featured breasts gave them a feminine appearance. The third sex theory introductory presented in this paper involves the idea that at least some of the eunuchs are examples of androgynie, not in its Jungian taxonomy, being an example of the male and female hybrids at the physical level.