Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development
Year:2020 | Volume:28 | Issue:111|Papers Count:10

There are obvious evidences showing that climate change will affect adversely the agriculture sector especially those of the developing nations in coming decades. Regarding the climate change effects on the agriculture sector; this study aims to examine the impact of climatic variables on the Iranian agriculture value added. To get the study objective, provincial panel data over 2006-2016 was applied. Temperature and precipitation were applied to examine the effect climate change on agriculture value added. The remaining variables affecting agriculture value added are labor, physical capital including land, livestock and irrigation equipment, human capital measured as the number of the university graduated population, social capital represented by phone lines in rural area and trade index. Trade impact was also investigated using Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and trade openness variables. Based on the results, the climatic variables’ fluctuations or deviations from their average found to have more significant impact. One degree increase in temperature beyond its long term average is expected to induce a reduction of 5% in agriculture production while the corresponding value for 1% reduction in precipitation is 0. 3%. Among the capital variables, physical capital has the highest contribution to agriculture production. Production elasticity with respect to social capital exceeds those of human capital, ranging from 0. 17 to 0. 18. FDI showed an insignificant effect; however, trade openness was found to affect adversely. . .

Due to factors such as political issues, technological change and natural disasters as well as the spread of environmental concerns and social responsibility, supply chain issues are no longer just a matter of looking ahead but the reverse-processing is also a matter of consideration. For this purpose, the present paper deals with the design and modeling of multi-periodic and multi-product green closed-loop supply chain in olive production. After designing the supply chain, the optimization of the whole chain profit and costs of the pollutants from the olive-product-processing process was investigated using a Genetic Algorithm based on Iranian olive data during the years 2016 to 2018. The model also came closer to reality by incorporating risk into the proposed model and taking into account the demand of all centers under risk conditions. The results show that the chain is profitable at 55417 billion Riyals, but with respect to the waste disposal to waste recycling cost-benefit ratio, 431. 91, Iran's olive supply chain performs poorly in waste recycling, which by incorporating this model and revising the chain, this ratio will be reduced by 79%. Furthermore, according to the results, there is no need for import in risky conditions and all the market’ s demand and export centers demand is met without any lost sales by the chain itself. It is, therefore, suggested to increase productivity in the field of olive-conversion-industries by equipping olive processing plants and constructing oil-production waste processing plants. On the other hand, in spite of the potentials and capacity of olive production and processing, it is suggested that macro-level policies be adopted to increase the consumption of olive oil in order to promote community health and create added value in order to increase the production of these products compared to its present value. . .

Accordingly in this study, the effect of investment development policy in agricultural sector on employment has been investigated using social accounting matrix 2011. Results in 4 scenarios (increase of five, ten, fifteen and twenty percent investing in agriculture) show that, the employment of the whole economy increased by 2, 32, 4, 63, 6, 95, 9, 27 percent in each of the above scenarios. In addition total employment resulting from each of the above scenarios mainly concentrated on building, agriculture and services. Therefore, it is necessary to pay special attention to the above mentioned sectors in the employment plans. It can also be said that, the effects of job creation on the economy as a whole (9. 27% increase) and in each economic sector, due to the implementation of the last scenario, has been more in agriculture than in other sectors. The study of employment multipliers also shows that agricultural sector has the highest employment multiplier (0. 008 people-jobs) among different sectors of the economy and as a result this sector requires the least amount of capital to create a unit of employment. . .

The granted credits of agriculture sector are limited and the number of applicants and sub-sectors for these credits are much, therefore, this study tried to determine optimal portfolios for agricultural bank credits by using of fuzzy logic. For performance of this study, a fuzzy linear programming model based on profit maximization was used in the period of 2011-2015. In this study, two scenarios were considered for maximizing the objective function. The first scenario involves maximizing profits facilities and the second scenario involves maximizing the net intake facility (the profit rate that deducted from that the pending rate). In both scenarios, the absence of risk and existence of risk (fuzzy) is considered. The results of this study showed that due to limitations and existing laws, the current model of credits allocation of agricultural bank was not optimal and it is necessary to review in presents and amounts of credits. Also, the credits allocation model based on risks and uncertainties is closer to reality. Agricultural bank should be made part of agro-based industries, agriculture services, poultry and non-related activities with agricultural sector in the higher priorities. Also, agricultural bank considered the rate of arrears credits to avoid them. . .

Sugar beet is one of the industrial productions of agricultural sector that plays an important role in providing the required sugar inside. In the present study, the types of efficiency including technical efficiency Under Constant and Variable Return to Scale efficiency, allocative, economics, scale, and management efficiency have been calculated. In addition, Sugar beet producers were ranked using method basis application of data envelopment analysis. This research was performed using data of 13 sugar beet producing provinces in 2014 in the GAMS software. Based on the results of calculating the economic efficiency of sugar beet producers, there is a great potential for improving economic efficiency in the studied areas. The investigations of this research reflect the fact that the main factor in the difference in economic efficiency is technical efficiency and the scale efficiency is the factor of lowing in technical efficiency. Based on the cross-efficiency results West Azarbaijan, Kermanshah and Khorasan Razavi provinces have the highest and provinces of Semnan, South Khorasan and Ilam have the lowest rank. The results of the ranking also show that, among the more efficient provinces, those who have a larger share than sugar beet production have a better performance. The approach of the maximum relative distance from anti ideal decision making unit provides the most favorable outcome for the differentiation of the efficiency of decision-making units. Government support increasing and shopping law reform can reduce the risk of production and thus increase the scale of production in the cultivation of sugar beet yield. . .

In this study to determine optimum crop pattern of the county of Molasani, linear multi-objective planning model include economic, social and environmental objectives has been used in two phases. In the first phase of the study, the uncertainty in the data is ignored, but in the second phase, the mentioned feature is included and the results of each of them are discussed separately. Necessary data were collected from government agencies for the 2014-15 crop year and the models were coded in GAMS software. According to the results in the first phase, barely acreage increased from 4 to 5. 74 thousand hectares (43. 55 percent) and vegetables acreage increased from 300 to 410 hectares (37. 38 percent). Also, in this phase rapeseed acreage decreased from 500 to 120 hectares (75. 34 percent) and wheat acreage decreased by 12. 43 percent. In the second phase of the study, it was found that there is a mutual relationship between the benefits of the optimal cropping pattern and the level of protection against uncertain data; such that by increasing the level of deviation from constraint from 10% to 50%, the gross profit decreases by 2. 5%. The results can help agricultural decision makers achieve the goal of maximizing profit, averaging 5% more than the current cropping pattern, by considering several different goals and avoiding wastage of scarce and valuable resources. . .

When producer price and consequently, generated revenue for a product is proportional to its relative risk, its production is expected to be continued, and otherwise the product will be gradually eliminated from production plan by producers. The purpose of this study was to investigate the risk compensation situation of apple production in Iranian provinces using the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). To this end, according to the available information, a portfolio consists of apple production in different provinces has been formed and the systematic risk of apple production in each of the provinces was calculated relative to the risk of overall portfolio. Results revealed that Ilam province with the beta coefficient of 0. 21 was the least risky and Semnan and Tehran provinces with the beta coefficient of 1. 92 and 1. 88 were the riskiest apple producing provinces, respectively. In terms of risk compensation, the prices of this product compensate the risk of apple production in all the provinces except Ilam, Alborz, Yazd, Kermanshah, Fars, Khorasan Razavi, Gilan, Kerman, Isfahan, Kohglouieh and Boyer Ahmad and Semnan provinces. Results also indicated that the main reason for not compensating risk in some regions is the relative low level of land productivity, and consequently high level of average cost of production in these provinces. Accordingly, focus on improving land productivity is recommended for those provinces. . .

Agriculture is one of the economic sectors and plays an important role in ensuring food security, economic growth, employment and, eventually, GDP. Increasing production of major crops like wheat may lead to improve food security. In this study, we investigated the impacts of purchase support policies and guaranteed prices on the cultivation area and production of Wheat during 1369-96. In order to modeling the relationships between variables, The Nerlove partial adjustment model was used and for clearing the relationships between variables and test the hypotheses, the ARDL model was used. The results indicated that the guaranteed purchase and the guaranteed price had a positive and significant impact on the wheat cultivation area and production. This Study indicated that increase in guaranteed price for wheat was less than the inflation rate in same years. Therefore, it is suggested that inflation ratemust be considered in determining a guaranteed price, as mentioned in the law. . .

The general purpose of this study is to develop a cultivation model based on reducing the level of chemical fertilizer application in the Pariz section of Sirjan city located in Kerman province. In order to explain the objectives of the study, a multi-objective planning approach was used. Also, due to the difference between the activity scale of farmers, first using cluster analysis and based on the activity scale were divided into two groups (farmers with less than 3 hectares of cultivated area and farmers with more than 3 hectares of cultivated area). Finally, the cultivation patterns were prioritized using the fuzzy approach. The results of optimal patterns for the first group of farmers showed that only two wheat and barley crops were selected in the optimal patterns. Based on the results, the optimal model for the first group of operators has less product variety than the current model. The results showed that for the second group of farmers, in the pattern of minimum chemical fertilizer consumption, the maximum gross yield remained at its current level while the amounts of water and chemical fertilizer consumption are lower than the current model for the second group of farmers. The results of ranking different patterns using fuzzy approach according to the objectives of increasing gross yield, reducing water consumption and chemical fertilizers in the second group of users showed that lower priority patterns are patterns that preferably maintain gross returns at its current level. . .