JOURNAL OF THE FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES (TEHRAN)
Year:2001 | Volume:46-47 | Issue:158-159|Papers Count:60

The prophet Mohammad (p.b.u.h) in a tradition stated that; verily Great God created man according to his figure. This tradition that is called the tradition of (figure) or face caused a lot of discussion among scholars and men of opinion, and every one declares in a different expression according to his opinion and thought. Some consider this tradition apparently or from extemal points and use simile like unbelievers and became pagan. And some others consider it by use of logical reasons and like extemalisms,because they couldnot understand its meaning, denied it and suspected about the origin of this tradition and stated that it was taken from Musaic law. They stntggled with those commentators who interpret it mystically. This article attempts to find out the reality of this fact that this tradition belongs to the prophet (p.b.u.h) and prove the truthness of commentators thought about it.

The Persent essay contains,an influence of holy Quran and speaches of prophet Mohammad (p.b.u.h) and the Imams (religious leaders of shiee) that is known traditions (Hadith) in the Ibn - e - Yameens Persian poetry.

The Parliamentary elections in Iran have been performed 5 times from 1979 till 1996. The provinces each has role in determiningthe destiny of the nation in parliament whose decisions are influenced by the different ideas of the political groups. Hence the two main political groups in Iran jame Rohaniat Mobarez" and "Majmai Rohanioun Mobarez" which are known as right and left wings respectively in the sight of the public have a pressed electioneering in parliamentary elections. In the stiff competition the inhabitants of BandarAbbass have made the right wing win. The author presents the above-mentioned inhabitants treatment and too that of their selected representatives during the periods from the lst till 5th parliamentary elections of Iran.

La grammaire persane a une histoire aussi bien europeenne quiranienne. Des le debut du dix-neuvieme siecle jusquau debut du vingtieme,plusieurs grammaires persanes ont ete publiees en langues europeennes.Ces grammaires avaient ete redigees par les orientalistes et quelquefois meme par les iraniens.Alexandre Chodzko, a Paris, Mirza Habib Esfahani a Constantinople,Albert de Biberstien-Kazimirski, a Paris, et tout particulierement Mina Abdolazim Gharib Garakani, a Teheran, ont deploye destimables efforts pour la composition des grammaires persanes,notamment ce dernier qui entreprit la composition de sa grammaire persane en meme temps que lenseignementde la litterature persane. Dans cette seconde partie de larticle, nous examinons le processus historique de la grammaire persane de ces savants dans la seconde moitie du dix-neuvieme siecle, ainsi quau debut du vingtieme.

This article is a second part of the previous one, In this article you will read about the emperor Akbar, (Akbar the Great) his great support and help to Persian speaking poets and to the Persian languege and Literature.Also the emperor Jahangir,he was a poet and his wife Queen Noorjahan, Zabu-nisa, daughter of emperor Aurangzib both were persian Poetess. The Emperors of Mughal did the great services to persian speaking Poets as well as to the Persian language and literature.

The 29Th IGC was held from 14th to 18th August 2000 in Seoul capital city of Korea with "living with diversity."More tham 80 countries geographers presented their new research findings in different subjects based on 817 papers. In this congress environmental changes, science and technology of geographical information, human impacts on natural landcape systems and development dimensions had maximum rank between all papers. In addition there were many commissions, discussionsand plenary Sessions.

"If thee shoot every part of our body by unfaithful arow;A beautiful tune of love is heared from every hair of us". Is there any relationship between divine eulogy and love? "Your love will come to your rescue if, as well as Hafez; you can recite Qoran according to fourtheen tradition". The mystic tongue, Hafez, believes that the way of reaching and visiting beloved is to love her and being drankard from the wine of love and kindness. To become drunk with the wine of love occers when visiting with beloved happens and gain the highest degree of Joyness. But before recognizing love, knowing the concept of kindness and beloved is necessary. In Qoran there is not the word "love", but in eighty three case, the word kindness and its derivations have been mentioned. The prophet Mohammad (p.b.u.h) and great leamed such as Qosheiri, Saadi, Anvar Shirazi Elahi Qomsheii have talked about love and kindness.

In the article, following a definition of sira biography it is remarked that sira looks to the type and manner of historical events.There are some differences between Sira Tarikh History and maghazi battles. Then the goals or analysing sira are elaborated.Also mentioned is its significant, key role in appreciating the noble Islamic culture. It is posited that without analysing and understanding the sira, gaining a knowledge of Islamic teachings will be impossible.Toprove the thesis,a number of references are made to the Quran, history,and hadiths .

In this essay we discuss the womens characteristics in Shahnameh. Their position in the family as well as citizens in the society.According to the structure of the stories, their personality were based on the modesty, secrecy,devoutness, wisdom and intellect. Human rights were highly observed for them, for instance they had right to choose their husbands, although it was forbiden and condemned in the ancient societies. Their position as citizens were highly observed too. There was a symbolic city named "Haroom" where women administered all the state affairs intelligently without any help of the men. It could be a good historical experiment of the feminie s management. The executive power, soldiers,Judges,guardians...were women. Their participation in the social affairs were likely similar to the womens after the Islamic revolution in Iran.

Since this paper deals with literature and its components, it is necessary to study the tree basic topics i.e. definition of letters and literature, its components and finally analising these elements in a literary text. Over looking the verbal meanings of the term "Literature" and various definitions offered by critics a comprehensive and short definition of the literature would be that literature explains different aspects of like in an artistic and aesthetic form and structure. A literary text differs from the other texis in its effectiveness emotionalization and its ability to create interest and kindness in the orator addressee. In other words a litrary text effects orator though indirect explanation of the facts of life and its different problems. A literary text consists of four elements: sympathy, point of view, fantacy alul style. The first three elements are considered as the spiritual elements of a literary text and the last one called as the verbal element. This paper analysis the above mentioned elements in practice.

This article is focused mainly on "hyperbole" as one of the most significant and integral features of imagination and its coloring by diversified literary devicesand figures. It also probes hyperbole as the essence of epic,since inserting a variety of images within the stntcture of an epic leads to grandeur of the subject merely if it borders on exageration and hyperbole.Hence in this article the relation between hyperbole on one side and different literary devices on the other, in ferdowsi s great epic is pointed out. In this regard in order to assert and establish this acclaim, the notions of great authorities are probed and their researches are benefitted abundantly. It is noteworthy that in order to avoid lengthening and to let such issues as the relation between hyperbole and kenning, antithesis, rhetorical questions and other poetic devices find a room to be discussed,the link between similies and metaphors, when used along with hyperbole is only glanced at. Furthermore the strong link between hyperbole - this significant,integral feature of imagination and such devices as kenning and antithesis is an innovated study elaborated here.

The present article is a look at one of the dimentions crystalline of the crystall line poem book of HafiZ. It is possible to look at Hafizs lyrics from different points of view; thereby, unknown angles of Hafizs thought is discovered and reknown. In present article, after an intrduction and review of the traditinal ethical schools, various manifestations of wisdom and ethics in Havizs lyrics are investigated based on the following outline: chpter 1: ethics in the field of world view: Chapter 2: ethics in the field of human relationships: Chapter 3: ethics in the field of world assessment Chapter 4: ethics in the field of behaviour and manner (approved and disapproved properties)

During the human history men and women have had many problems. At that times males have been basically in right to do everythings and could face with better privileges. These priviliges have been considered as a truth or fact. In this research I plan to exarmine the real rights of men and women in acordance with different Islamic ideas of the jurisprudents of the fifth religions. I also plan to demonstrate the profoundity of Islamic thoughts and its justly perecepts. At the begining, I show the physolgists and psycologists opinions on physical and mental situation of the males and the females. I try to explain my own method in current research in an introduction. Afterward I express various opinios of poets, philosophers, nations, as well as common proverbs. In conclusion I will reply some Questions as follow: Can women take formal positions like judging at courts? Can they perform friday prayers as an Imam? Are they permitted to be a cmmander of an army or to be a religious adjudicator? What about ordering people to reputable things and prohibiting them from unlawful ones? In legal relations and punishments are they equal?At the end I do my best to scrutinize the inheritance difficulties and retriutive percepts of them.

In the terminolgy of literary men, eulogy means description of poet his praised by qualities &good characters. Eulogy has been one of the innate character of mankind & his motivation for eulogy has been summarizsd in four factors: (Admiration, gratitude,debt orfear, gain). Motanabi has been one of the most famous eulogist poet in the Abbassides period and he has been very successful in the matter if compared with his rivals.It is to say that his panegyrics were composed for taking a position or obtaining wealth. The most important characteristics of Motanabi s panegyrics have been exaggeration. He paid special attention in his panegyrics to describe: (courage, generosity, power, sciences, wisedom, Etc ...), and he was not so sen - sitive in physical and material and appearant aspects such as (physical beauty, richness, family, children, etc ...), just as in this verse, in which he has eulogized with exaggeration the courage and generosity of Mohammad - Ben - Zoraigh Toossi: "From the fingers of my praised flows generosity & from his sword, blood of enemies."

In the text of geographical history of Iranian cities that has sixty three sections, mentioned about the construction of sixty one cities and ,towns in Khorasan and transoxania and other parts of Iran. In the original text a hundred and fifteen big and small cities and towns have been discussed, but we do not know anything about the fifty one cities and how they were built. The city of Bagdad, the sixty first cities, that was built by kaliph Abu Nasr, known as Abu Aldavaniq and its construction reach to the centuries A.D. This text shows that the city of Samarqand was built by Kawoos the son of Qobad, and Siavash, the son of Kawoos finished it. In the east of Tranexania there is Nabat and Khorasan is in the south of it. Transoxania has been cultivated and populous from the old time and because of its production and economic centers it was a center for comerce and trading.

Tantrism is based upon worshipping duality in the world. It considers material world as a mirror which reflects images of transcendental world in itself. As duality prevailing in mental world, also its shades act as its agents in lower one too. Therefore its adherents try to reflects the affair of uper world in the lower, by worshippings, traditions and performances.

Discussions and researches have been done on the nature of knowledge from different point of views. But Mulans view on knowledge has a special characteristic. This paper attempts to analyze knowledge with attention to details from the point of view of some of great gnostics, specially Mulana, as one of the greatest Islamic gnostics. Mulanas ideas about different aspects of knowledge with reference to Masnavi Manavi and with examples and analysis have been discussed. Topics that have been discussed in this paper are: Kinds of knowledge- Imitation -evils of imitation-imitator -imitative knowledge - opinion (based on imitative knowledge), certitude (based on positive knowledge) - spritual knowledge (based on positive knowledge) finally conclusion. What has been concluded is gnostics, view, specially Mulana about knowledge is that knowledge on its own is not wrong or disagreeable and if sometimes some knowledges are scorned, actuly the results of such knowledges not the knowledge it self have been scorned. Side effects as Jealousy (envY),pride, insolence etc... that have entrapped some of learned men of science, such characteristics have been scorned. Otherwise knowledge by itself from every point of views including gnosticism is respectable.

John Keats (1795-1821) is one of the most renowned and original poets in the history of English Literature. His first recorded poem was written in 1814 and entitled "Imitation of Spencer".In 1817 his first and in 1818 his second and 1820 his third and final volume of poetry was published. Although Keats was in many ways a typical poet in style of the Romantic Era, in many ways he showed his unique grasp of the fine art of poetry. With his great imagination and gift for writing,Keats wasable to translate the beautiful natural world about him into exquisite images in his poetry. He was also able to fuse poetry with painting and sculpture.One of the greatest of Keatss odes is "To Autumn". This poem was inspired by a Sunday walk ill Winchester as Keats admired the beauty of a fall day in the countryside.The images of autumn in their perfect beauty deep down represent the fall and deterioration of the health of the writer.It was one of the last and certainly the best odes that turned to be the fruit and the message of the last days of the writer. It was written in 1819 before his sail for Italy where he became seriously ill with consumption and died.

At the time of the silence of history and the era of archeological weakness, this is religion and myth that has been of assistance to man and has lead him out of the dark, wary mysterious sea of ones mind into a beautiful, calm world of power. Religion has guided humans towards making and towrds the way of life. A remark on that is beyond the material life, and on the upper world and a supreme power is a remark inspired to humans through religion. It is too difficult to talk about religion and its exact definition, however if we look at the beginning of religion. Its inseparable tie to myth will become evident. If we trace remark on religion and myth in Mathnawi, we willnatice how Mawlana has made use of this gnostic roaring river. He considers God to be the source of all knowledge taught to prophets. Astronomy and medicine are prophetss inspiration, where can reason and sense go? Mawlanas inner look at spirituality in which his soul and life are abridged is the same strong tie between religion and myth represented in the form of story and allegury. Oh brother! story is like a measure in which spirituality is like a seed.

In this article some of deliberative points of Dr. Qasem Qanis marginal notes in Divan of Hafez have been considered. It is clear that from the death time of late professor many great reaserchers have written a great deal about Hafez and his works. Today also this school of literature is very active and has trained a lot of students. This article tries to discuss some of my findings and underestanding of those notes.

For searehing about truthful proof we are in need of two ways, historical research, that is which philosopher payed attention to this proof for the first time, and then who and how they continued and developedit. And through thinking about form and substance of proof find out the bases of the proof, what kind of analogy had been used and how they end to the elemen truths. This article tries to consider these two important points, and shows the formation of trathful proof from the age of Farabi until the contemporary.

The eulogy of prophet and believers (p.b.u.t) are in poets divan. The expression of believers (A.S) basis on Qoran verses and traditions is a custom that most of panegyrists have used it. Among these poets, Boosiri has special position for his "slave" and other poems and caused other poets follow and imitate him.

The development of identity used in the Extended Objective Measure Of Ego Identity Status(G.RAdams 1989:Translated to Persian)on 500 male and female undergraduate Iranian students was studied. The relationship between ego identity development and increasing years of studing in the university were proved when chi square technique was used. On the other hand the state anxiety was correlated with identity deffusion and identity crisis significantly and positively. Between Self-esteem and identity achievement a significant and positive correlation(r=O.31)were obtained. A negative and significant correlation between Self-esteem and identity deffusion(r=-0.42)were observed. Both rejecting religions identity and rejecting national identity were negatively correlated with self-esteem. Among four identity statuse according to Marcia categorization, identity achieved group showed higest level of self-esteem and lowest level of state anxiety, whereas identity diffused group showed lowest level of self-esteem and higest level of state anxiety.

In ancient period, Iran was applied to the country which had dominated on extensive ristrict of west and east teritories. Since of benifiting from this geographical location, not only established a relation between west and east empires, but also most cultures and sciences of the time were influnced deeply. Excessive intrest of Iranian to commercial affairs caused to procure different facilities and installation as well as security for road ways. The course of this roads passed from Euphrates and Tigris rivers to Harah, Nasibane then reached to Sardes and Efce. The lenght of this long road reached to 2683 kilometers. About 111 stations or carvanserais were equipped with spare horses for messengers. This course was travelled in 90 days by commercial carevans. The first jounzey of political boards from China court was headed by Chezan Naissan to the court of Iran accomplished in 228 years B.C. During the time of the Ashkanian second merdad chines silk from the road entitled silkroad, from north of Iran was despatched to the Roman empire.

During the middle ages, the science of geography reached its culmination in Islamic realms. The works in geography-besides sticking to the scientific and technical aspects of geography-have been formed under an out look influenced by the three -fold relation ship of God, man and enviroment (firmaments) which resulted in the evolution of Islamic geographers school. In this article man" s status in relation to the world and geographical enviroment -from the view point of Moslem geographers works - is treated by the aim of recognizing their out look and school. The main method of survey - in the framework of analytical ones -is of library analysis -based documentary and data analysis.

In this article, after referring to four remarkable characteristics of the style of Shiite committed poems, I have compared these characteristics with those of other religions and sects. The following are those characteristics of the style of Shiite committed poems. I. Innovation in content and pattem of elegy. This innovation was first introduced by Komeit Ibn Zeide Assadi in his famous elegy, Baeiyyeh, and was followed by Shiite committed poets in Abbasside era. II. Use of simple and clear tenns. Generally speaking, these poems are free from difficult and vague tenns. This feature is not restricted to Shiite poets. III. Use of reasoning Shiite poets have always put emphesis on the fact that Imam Ali and his sons (Peace be upon them) have been the best choice for leadership. But the poems in other religions and sects are hardly characterized so. IV. Use of terms and meanings extracted or found in Quranic verses and traditions. Terms and meanings found or extracted from Quranic verses and traditions have been utilized by all the Shiite committed poets. Among the other religions, one can also find some poets whose works have been omamented with Quranic tenns and meanings.

Grammarians and the researchers of the Persian language and literature assume that all Persian verbs are irregular, and maintain that each verb has two stems: a past stem and a non -past stem. Verb forms which refer to the past are derived from the past stem, and those referring to present and / or future, from the non -past stem. The present article is an a attempt to prove that a large number of persian verbs like the English verbs are in fact regular and have only one stem. All forms of these verbs whether they refer to the past, to the present or to the future can be derived from one single stem. The past stem of these verbs will be derived from the non - past stem by adding the past tense marker to it.

In this article the quality of child mind in connection with the initiating of language and its development, that is laid on three basis theories, is considered. These theories are: Skiner s theory that is conditioned language behavier,piaget s theory;langage acquistion and constructing of recognition and chomskys theory that is naturalizing of language.After presentation of every theory its deficits and problemes are discussed accordingto the new views of researchers.

Classification of knowledge has always been, and still is, a concern for philosophers and scientists.Many of theologians and other people have discussed about the matter too. In recent centuries,encyclopedists have also shown interest in this subject. While using old experiences,this new scheme is based on Qoranic conceptions and rely on them. This classification is mainly established on the binary system maintaining it for several rows. The nature and man are two main pivots of this scheme and other subdivisions are placed under them. The earth and the sky are placed under the nature, and body and soul under the human pivot, then come other subdivisions.

1) The term "pen name" is used to convey different meanings in persian literature. 2) In this article attempt has been made to explore its function as a proper name i.e. the poets poetical name. 3) "Moulavi" selected Xamus" as his pen name which can be pronounced as "Xamos" and Xamos". 4) Unlike "Saadi and "Hafiz", "Moulavi" did not use his pen name at the end of all his "uazals". Instead, he used a word, a phrase, or an expression that implies Xamus" such as "Siknce", to "Stop speaking", "to abondon speech", or close your mouth. This word, phrase, or expression is mentioned as a hidden pen name in this article. Close (shut) your mouth and be safe in keeping speech. For, king keep his keys of repertoire in a safe place. Ill stop, thought it is a secret, I wont say it. What is the use of speech while meaning itself will come.

Tehran a small village of Rey Metropolis with limited population has been changed into megalopolis containing about seven million inhabitants. Only, during last century - almost in second half - the population grew forty two times and the area expanded thirty fold. As the urban land is occupied by more than 40% on housing and because of rapid growth of population, the demand for housing has increased sharply. The qualitative and quantative problems have risen so fast. I believe that, this growth is not natural. By deep research,It would be obvious that above mentioned gigantic growth is the product of prevalence of private section and lack of influential control of govemment on housing section. The weak policy - some times wrong - which is not fully operated has brought in some negative Physical and social resultants, disharmonic and displamzed expansion of the city, shanty towns,housing location on the fault area, and also economic, social, and skeletal results,finally political and environmental problems.

In this short article, the writer is going to introduce "Khalil Matran Bak" the contemporary well-known Lebnanese poet and writer (1872-1949)and to make the readers familiar briefly with his life, works, thoughts and style in verse and prose. In relation this, the existence of two valuable and original odes named as "Buzarjemehr s Murder" and "Buzarjemehrs daughter" about two important and historical characters of ancient was the best reason for this article.

It was already discussed so much about Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406 A.D.) and in respect of his famous introduction, Muqaddimah, it is often attributed to him being pioneer of philosophy of history and even sociology. But without respect to the similarties,it is necessary first to examine the principles of his thoughts by which he could come to the field of his views. Without it, the danger of misunderstanding and misinterpretation is obviously inevitable. According to him, the current tradition of philosophy in the domain of natural philosphy is useless for the world and the world after, and in the domain of philosophical theology ceases to attain the knowledge of the separates. Generally speaking,philosophy is not able to sectlre the professed happiness. Still, he belived the Aristotlaian logic but strived to apply the demonstrative method of classical logic in the realm that it had never been considered as a branch of philosophy before. This realm is history. History, as he says, has two aspects. The apparent aspect of history is the reports about the past, but the hidden and deaper aspect of history is to examine the possibility and impossibility of the contents of the reports. This Knowledge in respect of its subject, i.e.,civilization and omran, is called elm-alomran.

Food and the obatinance of it, has always been one of the important problems of humanity. It is obvious that the Regime of alimentation of each country is under the influence of cultural, economical, and political circumstances. On the other hand, each system of alimentation has a great affect on environment, economics, politics, structure of each nation. After the industrial revolution, the commencement of colonization and in the period of multimedia, this relation, especially in the case of developing countries, has become dangerous. As a result of this, their alimentation independence is being threatened. In this article, its our effort to clear the importance of food and the significance of alimentation system, interpret the connection between culture ..., etc and alimantion. We try to find a way for alimentation independence, which causes people to get their freedom.