Pazhuhish-i Zaban va Adabiyyat-i Farsi
Year:2003 | Volume:- | Issue:1|Papers Count:15

In this article the conversations and considerations of Demnah in chapter "lion and cow" (Asad -Vatthor) about political considerations in ancient Iran and of Shah title of Iranian(s) ruler (Arman shahy) and Iranian civic (Iran shahry) and divine glorious (Farrah - e - Izady) is stated , and also political and governing considerations of another and different persons like Shir - Shanzabeh and Kalileh in allusive and summery manner is stated.The most important point of Demnah that is realised are duties of king opposite of people and the duty of people (raiiat) opposite of king and duties of statesmen. and also in this article the origin and sources of this opinions that are planned, for example from Gazzali and Abol - hasan Amery and Ibn - Moghaffa and Abu-Reihan Biroony and Faraby and the other planners until seventh century are stated.

Transmutation of terms and the permutaion of their concepts which bring about the transformation (and not evolution or conscious transformation) of culture, is one of the issues observed abundantly in the interactions with other cultures and ideologies, especially in translations, exclusively in contemporary era. This trend is one of the factors contributing to the crisis of the cultural identity of societies. In order to perform the duty of promoting the Iranian culture, the following article endeavors to briefly compare the original Persian meanings of terms and foreign equivalents. Hoping that it will be an introduction for future investigations and researches.

The modern story literature of Iran has a rised and down condition from the beginning. The structure and form of this genre has been affected by poletical and social movements. The coup detate 1953 in Iran was the end point of Iranian struggle for independence that happened by external and internal intrigues. This great political event, not only effected on economy and political condition but also influenced on art and culture, so that literature movements of this era (60s, 70s) have been surpassed. Literature of this period, in spide of many works in early years after coup detat, no seriouse works have been presented. But some valuable stories and novels composed and presented during these critical years. In this article we tried to show the main tendencies and happenings of story writing after coup detate until 1964 and classify and analyse them.

This article tried to make clear the present condition of Persian language and literature. For finding the favourite elements of university course of Persian language and literature, we need consider and analyse the present condition of it in order to present actual and realistic ways. As an introduction, at first we consider the history of modern system of education and programme of text books of this course. Then we study the records of previous researches about the sabject. Then the changes have been down on educational programmes during the Islamic revolution have been studied and analysed the different dimensions of present condition. In the last part of the article the solution of problems as seven effective solutions for basic elements such as teachers, students, the quality of examination, text books have been suggested.

In this article, first of all, we consider the phenomena of death and its nature from different aspects such as individual, social, religious, moral and psychological points. Then we analyse the imagery of death from Hazrat Ali (A.S) point of view and the influence of its memory on human being(s) soul and behaviour. The results are: 1. Death from Hazrat Ali (A.S) viewpoint is a common and mystical matter that happens for every one. It is a natural periods of human life and a transmigration from the dark world to the bright heaven. And the souls live there according to their behaviours and actions. 2. Nahjol Balaqeh has looked upon the death optimistically and accept the world after death according to the religious and mystical thoughts. Hazrat Ali (A.S) tried to image the death by use of natural alive elements.

In this article, with the title of "city and poem" the author tried to present the place of city and related sciences of it in contemporary literature. The purpose of this writing is searching of some viewpoints of poets about city, structures, outputs and various revenues, because the poets like the other citizens have the right presenting of thinking and their belief about the living in the city and their settlements. Therefore, it was tried, for the basis of descriptive and analytical method, to do the composed consultation from literature and urban planning in different titles such as "city, social ecology and poets", "city, architecture and poets", "city, migration and poets" and etc. The writter is hopeful that city makers, architectures, city planners and all experts in city fields to investigate deeply in belief and thought of this group of citizens in architectural style, management and planning. The writer is also hopeful that they respect to the wishes and needs of this group of citizens whom they are the expressive language of other citizens.

Epic and mystry, in spite of their apparent heterogenerous, "epic texts" and "mystical texts" have compatibility and harmony. The author blieves that the epic texts and mystical texts, at least in Persian language, both are the creature of imagination of literary men that by use of literary art and creativity they have been created. More than being thought and relate to reflection, epic and mystical texts relate to literary technique and is creature of art ability of literary men.

Beside the three form of epic (national epic, historical epic, religious epic) the fourth form of epic can be accepted that is "mystical epic". This kind of epic can be found in mystical composed after fifth century. In this kind of epic sufi or mystic like a hero fights against inner devils and in a bloodshed war gains uper hand over enemies. We can find this king of epic in mystical poems of Attar, Sanaee and especially in Mowlana(s) odds. This article attempts to consider the meaning and concept of mystical epic and the reflection of this kind of epic in Mowlan(s) odds "Shams Nameh" and study the Mowlan(s) mystical epic in three field; "the epic characteristic, the epic imaginary and epic statement".

Literature is like a mirror of a society and is a reflector of social changes in every era. The literature of war specially poem shows the eight years sacred defence of Iranian people. This article tried to show the reflection of events caused by war on subjets, meaning and forms of poems. First of all we considered the speciality of war poems and it(s) meaning and forms and studied special transformations of every form. The results show that the influencees of war on literature, caused new subjects and meaning that there were not before and set forth the poet(s) thoughts and feelings. The forms of war poems are very various and poets use these various kind of poetry as classical or modern forms.

Mathnavi is one of the great Islamic and human knowledge, compiled by Mawlana Jaloloddin Mohammad Balkhi known as Romi, that has satisfied the soul of the loving people from the biginning and guides needy people step by step in order to represent mystical position and help them to past these stages. Mathnavi is also part of human knowledge and has quality of human knowledge such as social condition, historical situation and place and time limitations. In this research the author tried to consider these limitations through one of short stories. It is clear that when a social culture and political thoughts direct the society towards a special direction, no one can save himself from these changes. The social paraphrase of the Arab and philosopher story in Mathnavi shows the influence of history, society and especial condition of Islamic culture during 5th and 7th centuries on Moulana(s) thoughts.

Dialogue is a worthy and valuable matter that in culture and civilization has a special presentation and utilization. So the aquintance with its basis in present time is necessary. Dialogue is a kind of verbal communication if it will be mutual, in other word, dialogue is converting unknown and ambiguous information to known and clear information and emergence of potentiality to realization. This communication and mutual relationship will happen correctly if it has six communicable factors. This article tried to arsewer this question that whether the communication happenes in the art and beauty stage or on the polelical and scientific scene. With reference to a story from Mathnavi and criticize the philosophers point of views such as Plato, I consider the history of dialogue and hint to the factors of dialogue among cultures and civilizations.