Plant Productions
Year:2019 | Volume:41 | Issue:4|Papers Count:10

Background and Objectives: Aiming to remove or reduce the chemical input in order to obtain high quality and yield sustainability, plants production in sustainable agriculture. On the other hand, the combined application of chemical and bio-fertilizers can improve yield and quality of medicinal plants. Basil (Ocimum basilicum L. ), a member of Lamiaceae family, is an annual plant and is widely used as a vegetable and as an aromatic plant. Considering the importance of medicinal herbs and the global trend for their production and reproduction in sustainable and low-input agricultural systems as well as a lack of research on the response of Basil's medicinal plant to the combined nutritional systems (chemical and biological), the aim of this study was to compare the effects of various nutritional systems with chemical and biological nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers as high-quality nutrients on some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Basil. Materials and Methods: This research was conducted as a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications at the Research Center of Faculty of Agriculture, Shahed University, Tehran, in 2014. The experimental factors included nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer combinations, 100% chemical based on a soil test, 100% biological (for nitrogen, Azotobacter crocococcus and Azospirillium lipophorum, for phosphorus, and Pseudomonas fluorescence) and combining a system of 50% chemical fertilizers with biofertilizers. To provide nitrogen fertilizer from the source of urea containing 46% pure nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer were used triple superphosphate containing 46% phosphorus oxide (P2O5). Biofertilizers used to provide nitrogen are a mixture of Azotobacter crocum (Azeto-5 strain) and Azopyrillium lipophorum (93 strain), and for phosphorus from the mixture of Pseudomonas putida (P-168 strain) and Pseudomonas fluorescence (P-169 strain), all of which have a concentration 10 CFU/ml provided by the National Institute of Soil and Water Research of Iran. Results: The results showed that different combinations of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers and also the interaction between these two had a significant effect on plant height, the number of leaves and shoots yields, percentage, and yield of essential oil. The highest number of leaves per plant was found in treatments N2 × P4 (100% chemical nitrogen with combined of bio-fertilizer and 50% chemical phosphorus) and N4 × P4 (combin of bio-fertilizer and 50% chemical phosphorus combined with bio-fertilizer and 50% chemical nitrogen) respectively with the mean of 54. 72 and 54. 44 leaves per plant. Interaction of nutrition systems showed that the highest leaves and essential oil yield was in combination N4 × P4 respectively with the average 596. 33 kg. ha and 6. 56 lit. ha-1-1. The uses of combination system of nitrogen and phosphorus increased the mean composition of the oils constitutive such as Linalool, Carvacrol and Eugenol compared to control. Discussion: The results of this study indicate that the use of bio-fertilizers phosphorus and nitrogen, either alone or in combination with 50% chemical fertilizer to improve the quantity and quality of basil had a positive impact. They can, instead of continuous use of chemical fertilizers, be used to optimize the biological inputs for sustainable agriculture and reduce the pollution caused by the use of nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizers.

Background and Objectives: Olive (Olea europaea L.) is one of the ever green trees that is tolerant to Drought. Olive is an economically important species of the Mediterranean area. So understanding the mechanisms by which has olive plants face drought stress under environmental conditions is essential for the improvement of olive yield and oil quality. Olive (Olea europaea L. ) is one of the fruit trees which become important in the Iranian fruit industry. It seems that olive tree has potential for resistance to drought conditions of semi-arid regions of Iran. So, there is a high production potential for olive trees in many regions of Iran. Different olive cultivars respond differently to drought showing differences in terms of adaptation, dry matter distribution, growth characteristics, gas exchange and response to water shortage in pot conditions. This study was aimed at investigating the effect of drought stress on some vegetative and physiological characteristics of some superior local olive genotypes in pot condition. Materials and Methods: This experiment was conducted in Dallaho Olive Research Station (Geographical characters were longitude of 45˚ , 51΄ E and latitude of 34˚ , 30΄ N and the height of sea level 581m) located in Kermanshah province. In order to select drought resistant or tolerant local olive genotypes an experiment in pot conditions was conducted. Seven olive genotypes (D1, Dd1, Gw, Ps1, Bn3, Bn6 and Ds17) were used as plant materials. A pot experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications and two factors (irrigation regimes and genotypes) was conducted in 2015. Irrigation treatment included 100% (control), 80%, 60% and 50% of evapotranspiration respectively. Some vegetative characteristics such as plant height, leaf number, leaf, shoot, and root fresh and dry weight, root dry weight/ shoot dry weight ratio and some physiological traits including (RWC) percent, ionic leakage, total chlorophyll and malondialdehyde were measured. Results: The obtained results showed that Bn3 genotype had the highest height and D1 had the lowest height. Bn3 genotype had the highest number of leaf and D1 had the lowest but D1, Dd1 and Gw were in a statistic class. Genotypes showed significant differences in leaf fresh and dry weight so that Bn3 genotype had the highest leaf fresh and dry weight and D1 had the lowest. Genotypes indicated significant differences in pot in shoot and root fresh and dry weight, root dry weight/shoot dry weight so that Ds17 genotype had the lowest shoot fresh and dry weight and Gw had the lowest root fresh and dry weight and Bn6 had the lowest root dry weight/ shoot dry weight ratio. Irrigation treatments showed significant differences in recorded vegetative and physiological characteristics so that 100 percent irrigation treatment increased relative water content percent (RWC), total chlorophyll. Among olive genotypes, Bn3 and Ds17 had the highest, relative water content percent (RWC), total chlorophyll and MDA was produced to a less degree. The results indicated that olive genotypes had different resistance to drought. Vegetative growth status of Bn3 and Ds17 genotypes were better in drought stress conditions. It can be concluded that Bn3 and Ds17 genotypes had a relatively high resistance to drought stress. Discussion: In the arid and semi-arid as well as sub-tropical regions, water shortage is a normal phenomenon and seriously limits the agricultural potential. Therefore, under irrigation or rain-fed conditions, it is important for the available water to be used in the most efficient way. The proper genotype can play a major role in increasing the water use efficiency and the productivity by applying the required amount of water when it is needed. Irrigation treatments had a significant effect on vegetative characteristics. Deficit irrigation caused decrease in vegetative characteristics of olive Genotypes. The tolerance or sensitivity to water deficit is cultivar dependent. Some physiological mechanisms are not only related to environmental parameters but also to the species genetic characteristics. There was a significant difference among examined olive Genotypes for concentrations of total chlorophyll (Chlt). Deficit irrigation caused a significant decrease in Chlt content of leaves. Results of the present study showed that olive cultivars differ considerably in Chlt contents. The decrease in chlorophyll content has been considered to be a typical symptom of oxidative stress and may be the result of pigment photo-oxidation, chlorophyll degradation and/or chlorophyll synthesis deficiency.

Background and Objectives: Gladiolus grandiflora Hort. belongs to Iridaceae family and it is one of the most important cut flower and bulb in the world. Fragrance, long vase life and color variation make it different in floriculture. Breeding and introduction of new cultivars with innovation in ornamental are important. The aim of this research was of introducing new hybrids of gladiolus through hybridization. Four cultivars in Amsterdam, White prosperity, Advance red and Rose supreme were chosen for hybridization. Materials and Methods: Progenies were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The Research was conducted in Ornamental Plants Reserch Center (OPRC) in Mahallat from 2015 to 2016. Quantitative traits included leaf length, leaf width, stem diameter, number of leaf, days to germination, weight and diameter of cormelet. Finally, statistical parameters such as coefficients of correlation, mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variability, principal component analysis and cluster analysis were estimated. Results: Analysis of variance among progeny (hybrids) showed that the progeny has significant differences (p≤ 0. 01) in all traits and a wide variation in progenies was observed for all traits. NIOP9 progeny in leaf length, leaf width, stem diameter, number of leaf, days to germination, weight and diameter of cormelet was superior progenies compared to other cormelet. Lilcewise, progeny NIOP4 with 2. 49 per seed was superior to cormelet. Correlation coefficients among the different progenies revealed that the most positive and significant correlation was between the number of leaves and crown diameter (r= +0. 93) and the lowest level (r=-0. 17) of correlation was found between the number of days to germination and number of cormelet. The highest coefficient of phenotypic variation of 57. 17% was obtained for the number of cormelet and the lowest of 11. 15% for the number of days to germination. The highest heritability in traits was estimated as 98. 46 and 96. 46% for the number of cormelet and cormelet diameter, respectively and the lowest as 12. 90% for the crown diameter. Discussion: All traits showed significant differences in progeny. These results indicate that the major traits in the phenotypic and genetic diversity coefficient were very low, indicating that they had less environmental effects, since the progeny was cultivated under similar and controlled conditions (greenhouse).

Background and Objectives: Garlic (Allium sativum( is one of the most important pharmaceutical and industrial plants with medicinal properties such as lowering blood pressure and cholesterol, fighting against infectious diseases, cancer prevention, anti-diabetic properties, antioxidant and anti-fungal properties. It is a rich source of organosulphur compounds such as allicin (diallyl disulphide oxide) which is produced enzymatically from alliin (S-2-propenyl-L-cystiene sulfoxide) if cells are damaged. Hairy root culture using Agrobactrium rhizogenes is one of the practical methods for studying secondary metabolite pathway. These hairy roots are genetically stable and grow rapidly. Materials and Methods: In this study, the hairy root induction is studied in two separate experiments which were run in a factorial completely randomized design with three replications. In the first experiment, the effects of bacterial strain (ATCC15834 and A4), variety (Gorgon and Ramhormoz), inoculation medium (MS, MS containing 3% sucrose and MS containing 6% sucrose) and bacterial densities (OD600 = 0. 6 to 0. 9 and 1. 2 to 1. 5) were examined. In the second experiment, the effects of co-culture medium (MS, MS containing acetosyringone, B5 and B5 containing acetosyringone) and coculture time (24, 48 and 72 hours) were studied. Results: A systematic study using two strains and densities of Agrobactrium rhizogenes was carried out to determine the best condition for hairy root induction in two varieties of garlic in different inoculation and co-culture media. Results showed that bacterial strain A4, MS inoculation medium containing 6% sucrose, OD between 0. 5 and 1, MS co-culture medium containing acetosyringone, and co-culture time 72 hours had the highest percentage of hairy root induction. Hairy roots were approved using polymerase chain reaction for gene rol B. Amplification of the specific gene was noted in the transformant at 780 bp. Discussion: Hairy root cultures have received more attention in recent years and were extensively used to produce important secondary metabolites and also as experimental systems for secondary metabolic pathway elucidation studies. The results of this study may be very helpful for hairy root induction in garlic which could further be useful for studying gene function and consequently, production of secondary metabolites in this plant.

Background and Objectives: Water deficit stress is one of the most important environmental stresses which affect the crop production. Genetic improvement or application of drought tolerant genotypes is recommended to increase crop production under water restricted conditions. The objective of the current study is investigating the withholding irrigation effect in terminal stages of the growing season on agronomic performance of rapeseed new genotypes in a semi-arid climate. Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted during 2015-2016 growing season in Karaj, Iran. Experimental factors (two water irrigation regimes and 17 rapeseed genotypes) were investigated with factorial arrangement of treatments based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. In this study, several different traits including plant height, number of silique per plant, number of grain per silique, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, biomass, oil percentage and oil yield were measured. To determine the most tolerant genotypes, stress tolerance indices (SSI, TOL, STI and GMP) were calculated under stress (withholding irrigation from silique setting stage until the end of the growing season) and non-stress (normal irrigation) conditions. Also, agronomic water use efficiency (WUEagr) was calculated for both irrigation conditions. Results: Mean comparison of the interaction between withholding irrigation and genotypes showed that the responses of genotypes were different in terms of plant height, number of silique per plant, number of grain per silique, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, biomass, and oil yield at irrigation different treatments. Finally under withholding irrigation treatment from silique setting stage until the end of the growing season, Lauren hybrid was identified as the superior genotype due to suitable agronomic traits such as plant height (158. 9 cm), number of silique per plant (158. 6), number of grain per silique (18. 6), 1000-grain weight (3. 44 g), biomass (15471 kg. ha ), grain yield (3854. 3 kg. ha-1 ), oil percentage (43. 33%) and oil yield (1668. 3 kg. ha-1). Based on the stress tolerance indices among 17 rapeseed genotypes, the most tolerant genotypes were Lauren, Zorica, Alonso and Zlanta. Finally with considering to WUEagr (Kg. ha1-1. mm ), Zorica (0. 92), Artist and Lauren genotypes (0. 88) had the highest WUEagr under normal irrigation conditions, while Alonso (0. 86), Lauren (0. 84) and KL3721 (0. 82) had the highest WUEagr under withholding irrigation conditions. Discussion: Generally in this study, the amount of the studied traits was decreased under conditions of withholding irrigation compared to the full irrigation. Yield components such as silique number per plant, grain number per silique and 1000-grain weight could be considered as key traits affecting rapeseed grain yield under withholding irrigation.

Background and Objectives: Khouzestan province with about 1000 hectares of seed clover is the most important region for seed production of berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum) in Iran. Extending the cultivation area of berseem clover (BC) is important due to the favorable effects of BC on soil fertility and the necessity of this region to a desirable crop rotation. The harvest date of summer crops such as corn leads to delay in optimum sowing date of BC. Several investigators in other areas have demonstrated that early sowing dates improved yield of BC. On the other hand, the most important factor in crop yields is water irrigation; it plays an important role in sustainable agriculture. Based on the existing literature, early sowing date reduces the number of irrigation events and increases water irrigation use efficiency (IWUE). Therefore, this experiment was conducted to evaluate the response of spring BC sowing date and last irrigation cutoff time on seed yield and IWUE. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out in Safiabad Agricultural Research Center in two years (2014-15). Soil texture of the experimental field was silty clay loam, well drained without salinity (ECe=1. 2ds m-1), with 0. 75 percent organic carbon. The statistical design of the experiment was split plot based on a randomized complete block design with four replications. The main plots were allocated to sowing date including 10 Mar, and the sub plots were assigned to irrigation cutoff dates including 5 th th st Feb, 20 Feb, 2 th Mar and 12 Jun. Daily evaporation from class A evaporation pan of the Safiabad weather station (nearby the experimental field) was measured to calculate water irrigation depth, and BC evapotranspiration was calculated by applying a pan coefficient of 0. 8. Irrigation interval was managed based on 80 mm accumulated evaporation from the pan evaporation. The measured traits included seed yield, IWUE, number of seeds per inflorescence (NSI), number of inflorescences per square meter (NI), days to flowering, straw production, total dry matter (TDM), harvest index (HI) and weighed a thousand seeds. th th Jun, 15 th Jun and 25 Results: here was a significant difference between the irrigation cutoff date for all traits except the number of days to flowering and HI. The results of the mean comparison showed that the, sowing date of 20) and IWUE (0. 72 kg. m th Feb and irrigation cutoff in 15 th Jun, with seed yield (631 kg. ha-1) was better than the other treatments. In this treatment, the plant growth period in the first sowing date (88. 6 days), and the NI (623 numbers), and the NSI (37. 1 numbers) was higher than the other treatments. The correlation between seed yield and other traits was positive and the stepwise regression analysis showed a positive and high effect of NI on seed yield in BC. -3 Discussion: The results of this trial confirm previous findings that BC early sowing dates, will had higher seed yield. Also, the results showed that delaying in irrigation cutoff is effective in decreasing IWUE, so that irrigation until 25 June, In spite of significant increasing in yield, decreased IWUE significantly.

Background and Objectives: Drought is one of the major environmental constraints that limit plant growth and productivity more than any other environmental factor. Drought stress reduces normal growth, disturbs water relations and nutrition uptake in plants. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can increase plant tolerance to drought via direct water uptake and transport through fungal hyphae to the host plants, enhance nutrient uptake, improve osmotic adjustment and antioxidant activity. This study was conducted to evaluate the influence of three AMF species (singly or in combination) on DS alleviation of zinnia seedlings (as a potentially drought-tolerant fl ower crop) grown under different DS levels. Materials and Methods: To study the effects of three identified isolates of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on growth and elements concentration (P, K, Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn) of zinnia plants (Zinnia elegans L. var. Magellan Red) under drought stress condition, a greenhouse experiment was conducted with two factors including mycorrhiza at five levels (no mycorrhizae as control, Rhizophagus irregularis, Rhizophagus intraradisces, Funneliformis mosseae, Mix ) and four levels of drought stress (100% FC as control, 80% FC, 60% FC and 40% FC) with six replicates based on a completely randomized design (CRD). Seedlings with four true leaves were transplanted into 1 L pot and immediately inoculated with 210 spores per pot of the each of above symbionts. Control plants received the same amount of autoclaved inocula. The plants were irrigated with distilled water for 50 days to obtain certain amount of infection; then four irrigation regimes were achieved for four weeks. Results: According to the results, vegetative growth traits like fresh and dry weight of shoot, root and flower leaf area and flower diameter were reduced significantly with increasing drought stress levels. Drought stress reduced uptake and transport of elements. The utilized AMF improved growth and nutrients uptake under drought stress considerably in 40% FC where R. irregularis, R. intraradisces, F. mosseae and mix increased dry weight of shoot by 20, 22, 20, 11 percent respectively in comparison with control. Discussion: In conclusion, it is suggested that AMF inoculation improves drought tolerance of zinnia plants at least in part through the enhanced uptake of slowly diffusing mineral ions such as PO4 2-. Moreover, arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization provides better osmotic adjustment which can be correlated with K 2+ and Zn accumulation in top portions of inoculated plants. The results of this study showed that zinnia plants exhibited a better symbiotic relation with three identified isolates of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi especially with mixed treatment.

Background and Objectives: Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. ) is one of the most important legume crops and it is rich in oil (4753 %) and protein (25-36 %). Peanut has very high nutrient requirement. On the contrary severe mineral nutrient deficiency due to inadequate and imbalanced use of nutrients is one of the major factors responsible for low yield in peanut (Kabir et al., 2013). Zinc (Zn) plays an important role in the production of biomass. Furthermore, Zn may be required for chlorophyll production, pollen function and fertilization (Kaya and Higgs, 2002; Pandey et al., 2006). Among the nutrients, Zn deficiency causes yield loss to the maximum of 40% in peanut (Arunachalam et al., 2013). Plant response to Zn deficiency occurs in terms of decrease in membrane integrity, susceptibility to heat stress, decreased synthesis of carbohydrates, cytochromes nucleotide, auxin and chlorophyll (Singh, 2007). Calcium (Ca) is required by peanut plants from the initial stage of pegs appearance until pods maturity. Ca deficiency aborts or shrivels fruit and leads to high percentage of empty pods. The comparison of the various methods of peanut plants fertilization is more important. Peanuts need full sun and topping of main stem in peanut plants could improve solar radiance penetration in to the canopy. Thus, the objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of plant topping, Zn and Ca nano-fertilizers and their application on peanut yield. Materials and Methods: This experiment was carried out in 2016 cropping season as split split plot arrangement based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Nano-chelates including nanochelated Zn, nano-chelated Ca and simultaneous usage of nano-chelated Zn and nano-chelated Ca fertilizers and check as the main plots, the application of methods such as the soil utilization of nano-chelates, foliar application and integrated method of the soil utilization and foliar application of fertilizers as sub plots, and topping of the main stem at 10 and 20 centimeters above the floor and no topping as control comprised the experimental treatments. Results: In this experiment, the highest seed yield, biological yield, fruit (pod) yield and peanut hull production were observed as affected by simultaneous usage of Zn and Ca nano-chelates, integrated method of the soil utilization and foliar application of Zn and Ca nano-chelates and topping of the main stem at 20 centimeters above the floor. The greatest fresh forage and hay yield was shown under simultaneous usage of Zn and Ca nono-chelates integrated method of the soil application and foliar spraying of Zn and Ca nano-chelates and topping of the main stem at 10 centimeters above the floor. But the highest percentage of hollow pods per plant and fruit harvest index were achieved under no topping of the peanut stem. Discussion: It seems that dividing Ca nano-chelate application could improve peanut reproductive growth. But Zn deficiency during the reproductive growth enhanced hollow pod numbers due to probable photosynthetic capability increment of peanut plant. In general, simultaneous application of Zn and Ca nano-chelates and integrated methods of their usage and topping of the main stem at 20 centimeters above the floor increased fruit and grain yield of peanut under Guilan climatic condition.

Background and Objectives: Drought stress is a major limitating factor on crop production and plant distribution worldwide. Reduction of RUE, water stress also affects foliage expansion and eventually radiation capture. Water stress almost decreases fresh root weight. Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L. ) is an important commercial crop that supplies approximately 30% of the world’ s sugar. Research has showed reduction in the leaf area and a smaller decrease in the taproot growth of sugar beet when subjected to drought stress. Phytohormones are part of signaling pathways or their presence may stimulate signaling reactions molecules that are responsible for plants to response stresses. Exogenously applied jasmonates elicit several different physiological responses to stress and therefore increase plant resistance. For instance, MeJA was reported to improve resistance against drought in rice. Materials and Methods: This research was carried out in 2015 in the research field station of Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran (50 0 0 51/N, 32 19/E and 2050 m a. s. l). A field experiment was conducted as split-plot arrangement in a randomized completely block design with three replications on sugar beet (Monogerm Castille seed). The main plot included three irrigation treatments 100% (control), 75% and 50% of water requirement and the sub plot included 3 levels of jasmonic acid applied sprayed with water (control), 5 and 10 µ M jasmonic acid. Foliar spray was done at 6-8, 12-16 and 20-24 leaf stages. Plants were grown under full irrigation until the 16-20 leaf stage, when water stress was applied. Results: The result showed that light absorption percent and extinction coefficient were significantly affected by irrigation level, jasmonic acid applications and their interactions. The interaction between drought level and jasmonic acid application showed the highest increase in light absorption percent (73. 07) and extinction coefficient (0. 58) were recorded in 100% of water requirement and 10 µ M jasmonic acid application. Drought levels led to decrease of radiation use efficiency. Jasmonic acid increased radiation use efficiency. In terms of the trend of the leaf area index, dry matter accumulation of shoot and root had the highest in 100% of water requirement and application 10 µ M jasmonic acid. The improvement of leaf characters of sugar beet by jasmonic acid of treatment may be due to the fact that jasmonate antagonistically regulates the expression of stress inducible proteins, associated with drought stress in rice. Discussion: With the increase in leaf area index, dry matter accumulation increased. Jasmonic acid improved sugar beet growth under drought stress by inducing plants to increase organic osmoprotectants. JA spray could be adopted as a potential growth regulator or antioxidant to improve growth under water deficit stress on sugar beet.

Background and Objectives: The best way to increase the tolerance of plants against stresses is to know the specific characteristics of the cultivars, which is needed both for planting in different climatic conditions and for breeding programs of these cultivars. For this reason, the exact study of the physiological traits of native cultivars of each region in the various stages of growing of grape is necessary. Materials and Methods: Sampling was done in five times. During the dormancy season (Winter 2013) three times samplings of stems with buds were done and biochemical parameters of proline, electrolyte leakage and soluble sugar were measured. The aim of this study was to investigate some of the effective parameters of cold tolerance in five cultivars of grapevine including “ Bidaneh Sefid” , “ Bidaneh Ghermez” , “ Lal” , “ Sahebi” and “ Fakhri” in a randomized complete block design (RBCD) with three replications. In the growing season (spring 2013) two times samplings were collected from the leaves of cultivars and biochemical parameters such as proline, malondialdehyde (MDA), soluble sugars, photosynthesis pigments, total protein, activity of antioxidant peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and ascorbate peroxidase enzymes were measured. Results: Result showed that there were significant differences between the cultivars in both winter and spring and in all considered characteristics. The winter cultivar of 'Fakhri' with minimal electrolyte leakage in all three times of sampling (33. 12 µ Siemens/gr Fw in January, 23. 17 µ Siemens/gr Fw in February and12. 89 µ Siemens/gr Fw in March) was more prepared to tolerate environmental stresses than other cultivars. In the spring, in both sampling times of spring season, cultivar of “ Bidaneh Ghermez” with the least amount of malondialdehyde (3. 7 µ mol/gr FW in late April and 4 µ mol/gr FW in early May) and the highest proline (10. 27 µ mol/gr FW late April and 7. 39 µ mol/gr FW in early May), and protein (respectively 0. 26 mgr/gr FW late April and 0. 23 mgr/gr FW in early May) were more prepared to tolerate environmental stresses than other cultivars that were examined in this study. The cultivar of “ Lal” with the highest level of malondialdehyde (9. 52 µ mol/gr FW in late April and 4. 52 µ mol/gr FW in early May) showed lower relative stress endurance compared with other studied cultivars. In the winter, cultivar of 'Fakhri' had higher stress forbearance than other cultivars. Also, in the spring, cultivar of “ Bidaneh Ghermez” had more and “ Lal” had the lowest stress endurance than other cultivars that were examined in this study. Discussion: Considering all the traits studied, it can be stated that in winter tolerance of seeded cultivars is more suitable than seedless cultivars. Seedless cultivars are more sensitive to temperature variations and generate severe reactions.